Kuzindikira Mmene Ndalama Zingayendere

Pamene ogula ayang'anizana ndi mikangano ya zachuma . Kaya pakhale kutsutsana kwa khadi la ngongole, kulephera kwa ngongole, kulakwa kwadzidzidzi, kapena kusungidwa kwa ngongole . Lamulo lalamulo la [[FLT: 0] limagwira ntchito monga chitetezo chachikulu. Oyambira pa Lachisanu ndi la 14, Blanty ku U.S., njira yoyenerera imafunikira kuti boma (kapena gulu lililonse laumwini lochita zinthu pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma) lichotse munthu wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, litsatire njira zolungama. M'dziko la zachuma, zimenezi zimatanthauza kulandira chidziŵitso chokwanira cha kachitidwe kalikonse koipa ndi kupatsidwa mpata wodzitetezera ndi kudzitetezera.

Malamulo oyenerera saamodzi okha oyenerera kulinganiza zinthu; zofunika zake zachindunji zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake. M'mikangano ya zachuma, mitengoyi imaphatikizapo ufulu wa katundu [1] Ndalama, ngongole, maakaunti, kapena kukhoza kupeza nyumba kapena ntchito. Popanda njira zotetezera, ogula angatengedwe ndi mabanki, okongola ngongole, osonkhetsa ngongole, kapena ngakhale mabungwe a boma. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene njira yotetezera, malamulo amene amaisungitsa, ndi njira zothandiza anthu angatengere ufulu wawo.

Maziko a Lamulo a Kachitidwe Koyenera

Komiti ya Zakuti Claus ya Fite Amendment imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, pamene pepala la 14 la Demendment limateteza boma ndi maboma akwawo. Chiganizochi chili ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyana: chimalongosola zofunikira pa kachitidwe ka [, kamene kamakhudza kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza, ndipo kugonjera koyenera kwa boma, kumene kumateteza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri ku ku zododometsa boma. M'mikangano ya zachuma, njira yoyenerera ndiyo njira yaikulu, koma njira yoyenerera yoyambira pamene lamulo kapena malamulo asokoneza ufulu wa zachuma.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhazikitsa njira yololera kukonza njira zimene zikufunika kuchitika. Mathews v. Elditridge , khoti limakhazikitsa zinthu zitatu zolinganiza: (1) chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa ndi ntchito ya boma; (2) ngozi ya kuchotsa chikondwerero cholakwikacho kupyolera m’madongosolo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi mtengo wothekera wa chitetezo chowonjezereka kapena choloŵedwa mmalo ndi zikole; ndi (3) chiwongola dzanja cha boma, kuphatikizapo katundu wa makampani ndi maulamuliro amene angapereke. Kuyesa kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’malamulo ophatikizapo mapindu a boma, komanso mmene makhoti amapendera njira zogwirira ntchito m'malamulo monga chitsanzo cha boma.

Mbiri Yakale: Goldberg v. Kelly and the Welfare Context

Chimodzi cha zigamulo zofunikira kuchitika, Goldberg v. Kelly [1] (1970), adakhulupirira kuti asanathetse mapindu a ubwino, boma liyenera kupereka chinsinsi kwa wolandira. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo umakhudza ndi thandizo la anthu onse, mfundo zake zimagwira ntchito pa nkhani za ndalama. Khoti linazindikira kuti munthu wodalira pa ubwino wake, kutha kwa mapindu kukhoza kukhala koopsa, ndipo chifukwa chake kumvetsera kwapasadakhale kuyenera kuteteza ku kusoŵa zinthu. Malamulowa aperekedwa ku zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo kugula zinthu, kuphatikizapo ngongole, kumene kutayikiridwa kwa ndalama, ngongole, kapena nyumba ingakhale ndi zotsatira zowononga. Khoti likufuna ndi kumvetsera mwamsanga pambuyo pake

Kusintha kwa Ndalama Pakabuka Mavuto Azachuma

Kulemba Malipoti a Ngongole ndi Kuteteza FCRA

Fair Curting Report Act (FCRA) [FLT ] ndi limodzi la malamulo ofunika kwambiri a boma ogwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyenera m'zandalama za ogula. FCRA imafuna makampani opereka lipoti la ngongole (CRC) kutsatira njira zoyenerera kutsimikizira kulondola kothekera kwa malipoti a ogula. Ngati wogulayo atsutsana ndi lipoti la ngongole, CRA ayenera kuchititsa ntchito yaganyu m’masiku 30 ndi kudziŵitsa wopereka chidziŵitso. Woperekayo ayenera kupenda ndi kubwerera. Ngati chidziŵitsocho chapezedwa kukhala chosalondola, chiyenera kuwongolera kapena kuchotsedwa.

Njira zimenezi zimapatsa ogula ufulu wotsimikizirika, wosungidwa kutsutsa chidziŵitso chosalondola . FCRA imalolanso ogula kujambula mafaelo a kuswa dala kapena kuswa dala. Mwachitsanzo, ngati CRA imalephera kuyambitsanso kapena kunyalanyaza umboni wa cholakwa, wogula angakhale ndi ufulu wa kulipira zenizeni, zowonongedwa za statory, ndi malipiro a loya. Mankhwala a lamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti ufulu woyenera kumvedwa uli ndi mano.

Kuposa kufufuzanso, FCRA imafuna CR chaza lolembedwa pamene ntchito yoipa yachitidwa pa lipoti la ngongole . "m., kumanidwa ndalama za ngongole kapena kuchuluka kwa chiwongola dzanja. Wogulayo ayenera kulandira dzina, keyala, ndi nambala ya telefoni ya CRA imene ikupereka lipotilo. Kuonekeratu kumeneku kumathandiza ogula kutsimikizira kulondola kwa chidziŵitsocho ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, kuyambitsa mkangano. Popanda chidziŵitso chotero, wogula sangakhale ndi njira iliyonse yodziŵira za zolakwa kapena kuwawongolera.

Zimene Mungachite: Kutsutsa Nkhani ya M’makalata Anu a Chikalata cha Chilolezo

Kulimbitsa mphamvu zofunikira pa FCRA:

  • Pezani malipoti anu a ngongole aulere kuchokera ku Annuary Credit Report.com.
  • Muzidziwa nkhani zolakwika zimene mwalemba kapena zimene munalipira pa nthawi imene munatsala pang’ono kulipira.
  • Lembani kalata yonena za mkangano ku CRA (a) imene inapereka lipotilo.
  • A CRA ayenera kufufuza ndi kuyankha pamasiku 30 kuti apereke mkangano wanu kwa wopereka mapepala a zinthu (mwachitsanzo, kampani ya makadi a ngongole kapena bungwe lopereka ndalama).
  • Ngati mkanganowo sunathetsedwe, mungawonjezere ndemanga ya mkangano pa cholembera chanu (mawu 100 kapena ocheperapo) imene iyenera kuphatikizidwa m’malipoti amtsogolo.
  • Ngati CRA kapena mphatso iswa FCRA, mungafune uphungu walamulo kapena kulembe dandaulo ndi Faceral Trade Commission (FTC) kapena Consum Financial Protection Bureaual [CFPB]]

Kupereka Ngongole ndi Kachitidwe Kabwino Kopereka

Fair Devolution Collections Act (FDCPA) Act (FLT: 1] imapatsa ogula njira yofunikira kutetezera mwamphamvu ku machitachita osungira ngongole yozunza. Asanawongolere FDCPA, osonkhetsa ngongole angawopseze, kuvutitsa, kapena kupotoza ndalama zimene zili ndi ngongoleyo, kusiya mpata wochepa wokayikitsira kuwona kulimba kwa ngongoleyo. FDCPA imafuna osonkhetsa kuti alembe chidziŵitso cha kubwezeredwa kwa ngongole kukalipa masiku asanu a kukambitsirana koyamba kwa wogula. Zimenezi ziyenera kuphatikizapo unyinji wa ngongoleyo, dzina la woyamba, ndi ndemanga yakuti wogulayo ali ndi wotsutsana ndi ngongole mkati mwa masiku 30. Ngati kutsutsana kwa ngongole kuyenera kuletsa kusungidwa kwa makhola okhongo.

Zitetezero za malungo zimenezi ndizo njira yofunikira: dziŵitsa, mwaŵi womvedwa, ndi chiyeneretso chauchete. Ngati wosonkhetsa ngongole alephera kugwirizana ndi , mwa kupitirizabe kuitanira pambuyo pa mkangano, kapena mwa kufunsa popanda kutsimikizira koyenera . Wogulayo angasunge chiwongola dzanja kuti awonongeke, kulinganiza kungawonongere $000, ndi ndalama za loya. Kuyenera kwaumwini kwa kachitidweku kumapanga chisonkhezero champhamvu kwa osonkhetsa zinthu kutsatira njira zabwino.

Accounting Bank Wauve ndi Zakudya Zosafunika

Pamene wobwereka ndalama apeza chigamulo ndi kufunafuna kuumitsa ndalama za kubanki kapena malipiro a magani, njira yoyenerera imafunikira kuti wogula alandire chidziŵitso cha pasadakhale ndi mwaŵi wakutsutsa ntchitoyo. Mu Fuentes v. Shevin [772], Khoti Lapamwamba linachititsa malamulo amene amalola kulanda katundu popanda kudziŵa kapena kumva, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokayikitsa. Ngakhale kusoŵa kwa kanthaŵi kwa katundu kuyenera kuchitidwa mwa njira yoyenerera. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusoŵa kwa mapost-garnsh kukufuna lamulo ndi kudziŵitsa oyenera, maboma ena ali ndi njira zimene zikuswa njira zoyenerera kuyendetsa ntchito yoyenerera. Zikayikirenizo popanda kusoŵa ndalama kapena kusoŵa ndalama zina. Kuyenera kudziŵikiridwa kwa kusoŵa kwa osoŵa osoŵa.

Ophunzira Olipirira Ntchito ndi Boma Limapindula

Zopereka za ngongole za ophunzira za Federal, kuphatikizapo ndalama zolipirira msonkho ndi zobwezera msonkho, zimafuna boma kupereka chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kutsutsa kupulupudza asanachitepo kanthu. Pansi pa Act ya Education Administration, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro iyenera kutumiza chidziŵitso cha kubisa, kulola wobwereka kupempha kuganizidwa. Mofananamo, Bungwe la Social Security Administration liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso asanapereke phindu la malipiro opambanitsa. Zofunika za kachitidwe kameneka zimasonyeza malamulo a chinsinsi a chinsinsi ndi mwaŵi womvera.

Mankhwala Ochizira Matenda

Ngati bungwe la zachuma kapena bungwe lina lalephera kupereka njira zoyenerera, anthu ogula amakhala ndi njira zingapo zochitira zinthu zovomerezeka ndi boma.

  • milandu ya anthu pansi pa malamulo a boma (FCRA, FDCPA, Choonadi mu Lending Act, etc.) kaamba ka inde, malamulo, ndi zilango, kuphatikizapo ndalama za loya.
  • Class kachitidwe ka milandu pamene njira ya kuswa iyambukira ogula ambiri (m’chitsanzo, thamo la ngongole lolephera kusanthula mikangano).
  • Madandaulo a lamulo ku CFPB, FTC, kapena loya wamkulu wa boma, amene angatulukepo mchitidwe wosungitsa, malipoti, ndi kubwezera.
  • Thandizo lopinga kuletsa kuswa kosalekeza [1] Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la khoti lochotsa mpambo wa ngongole wosalongosoka kapena kuleka kuvutitsidwa ndi wosonkhetsa ngongole.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti chitetezo choyenera cha Konsichushoni chimagwira ntchito mwachindunji kwa akanema a boma okha. Komabe, mabungwe ambiri a zachuma amagonjera malamulo amene amaphatikizapo malamulo oyenera a kachitidwe ka zinthu, ndipo m’zochitika zina, boma lingaikidwe kukhala loyenera kulola khalidwe laumwini limene limalanda ogula njira yofunikira ([[FLT: 0]]e.g., pamene makhoti a boma alola kuti munthu adwale).

Msampha Wofala ndi Mmene Mungapewere

Ngakhale kuti anthu amatetezedwa chonchi, nthawi zambiri zinthu zimene amagula zimawalepheretsa kuchita zinthu zina.

  • [[MLT: 0] Kukhazikitsa masiku amapeto: [[FT:1] Mawindo ambiri a mkangano ngofupika (masiku 30 kaamba ka mikangano ya ngongole, masiku 30 kaamba ka kutsimikizira ngongole). Kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga nkovuta.
  • Mapepala okwanira: Kuphophonya popanda umboni wochirikiza kaŵirikaŵiri sikumakwanira. Anthu ayenera kusonkhanitsa zikalata za maakaunti, zolembera za malipiro, malipoti a polisi (kubera matchulidwe), ndi makalata alionse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Khoti losavomereza limalamula: Ngati wosonkhetsa ngongole akukuimbani mlandu ndipo simuyankha, chiweruzo chomaliza chingaloŵe, kutaya kuyenera kwanu kwa kutetezera. Kuyankha ku mlanduwo panthaŵi yofunikira (kaŵiri masiku 20-30) kusungitsa zoyenera zanu zofunikira.
  • Kusadziŵa malamulo anu a boma: Maboma ena amapereka chitetezo champhamvu cha mlomo kuposa lamulo la boma, monga ngati kukangana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kapena kusafuna ndalama zowonjezereka. Ogula ayenera kuyang'anira malamulo a boma otetezera.

Mtsogolo mwa Kulinganiza Ndalama Zofunikira

Pamene malonda a zachuma akuwonjezereka pa Intaneti, njira zofunikira zamwambo zimayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Malamulo ndi makampani opanga zosankha ongoyendera okha ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mabanki ndi makampani opereka ngongole angapange zolakwa zimene zili zovuta kuzindikira kapena kutsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo, makampani opanga makampani angakane ngongole yozikidwa pa chinthu chololeka chimene sichikuonekera kwa wogula. Ochirikiza mfundo za malamulo a boma amatsutsa kuti njira yofunikira imafunikira [[FLT: 0] kuchulukitsa kapena kutha kwa machenjera.

Dera lina limene likutuluka ndilo kugwiritsira ntchito mawu a kutsekereza kuti achotse kuyenera kwa kusuta m'khoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuchotsa sikuli mwachibadwa kukana njira yoyenerera, kukakamiza, kukhazikitsa ntchito ya kalasi yopinga ndi olanda atha kuchotsa ogula mphamvu yotsutsa kuphwanya malamulo a dongosolo. CFPB yafufuza malamulo oletsa malamulo otere m'mapangano a zachuma. Ogula ayenera kuŵerenga mosamalitsa pangano lililonse asanasaine, ndi kulingalira ngati akupatsa ufulu wofunika kwambiri wochita zinthuzo.

Mapeto ake: Kupatsidwa Mphamvu Mwachidziŵitso

Malamulo asinthanso njira zimene anthu ayenera kutsatira akayamba kusemphana maganizo. Mungakhale mukulimbana ndi vuto la ngongole, wokhometsa ngongole, kapena banki yosafunika, kumbukirani kuti muli ndi ufulu wozindikira ndiponso kumvetsera. Lamulolo lili kumbali yanu, koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito.

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu woyenerera waswedwa, lingalirani ndi loya woteteza wogula kapena kupangitsa kudandaula ndi CFFB . Ngati mukufuna kudziŵa zambiri za ufulu wanu pansi pa FCRA, chezerani FCRA] nkhoswe yanu ya FCRA . Kumvetsa kwambiri njira ya malamulo, [[FLT: 4.] Cornell Information Institute .GOLETY] imapereka chithunzi chabwino kwambiri.