Table of Contents
Mmene Kusankha Kuyenera kwa Masukulu a Anthu Onse Kumatetezera Ufulu Wawo
Ku United States, Konsichushoni imatsimikizira kuti ufulu waukulu wa nzika zonse, koma ufulu umenewu sumagwira ntchito mwadala ku boma ndi maboma akomweko, kuphatikizapo sukulu za boma. Chiphunzitso chalamulo cha kusankha kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wambiri umenewu watetezedwa pamlingo wa boma kudzera ku Bill of Rights yomwe ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maiko kudzera ku Demetrisement ya 14. Njira imeneyi, inakula kuposa zaka zana limodzi za khoti Lapamwamba, yathandiza kwambiri kuteteza malo alamulo a ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofanana.
Kumvetsetsa Kusankha Koyenera
Kusankha ndiko njira yalamulo imene Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States lagwiritsira ntchito zitetezero zakutizakuti ku Bill of Rights ku maboma. Mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa Bill of Rights yonse panthaŵi imodzi (imene inakanidwa m'nkhani ya 1833 Barron v. Baltimore [FLD:1]), Khoti latenga njira yachidule, kugamula pa maziko oyenera kuti ngati chitetezo chapadera chiri "chigwirizano ndi chigamulo cha ku Amereka cha chilungamo."
Malamulo osankhira agona pa Demendment [FLT:] yachivomezi chachinayi , , yovomerezedwa mu 1868, imene ikunena kuti: "Boma silidzapanga kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo lililonse limene lidzatsegulira kapena kuteteza nzika za United States; ndiponso Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira Komiti ya Auglo Clausce monga galimoto yogwiritsira ntchito Bill ya ufulu wotetezera ku maboma. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti lamulo loletsa ufulu wa kuyankhula mwaufulu, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndi ufulu wa kusakhala pambali ya munthu.
Kupita Patsogolo kwa Mbiri Yakale kwa Kusankha
Chiphunzitsocho chinayamba kupangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. [FLT] .GUTY] Getlow v. New York (1925) , Khoti linavomereza kuti ufulu wa Kukonzanso mawu woyambirira wotetezera zinthu zotetezera ku magawo kudzera m'CYCentury Claus . Woweruza Edward Sanford analemba kaamba ka unyinji wa anthu kuti "pazifuno tingakhoze ndi kulingalira kuti ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wa manyuzipepala amene amatetezeredwa ndi Coustrygamendment ndi Congress zili pakati pa zoyenera zazikulu zaumwini ndi za'zo zotetezedwa ndi zoikiridwa ndi dongosolo la KGenekidition kuchokera ku United States.
Nkhani zotsatira zinafutukulidwa ku ufulu wina: . Connecticut [[FL:1] near v. Minnesota[[FL:2] (1931] yaphatikiza ufulu wosindikiza; [[FLT:]. [FLT]] Connet v. [[FLT:] Connet .[45] [19] [19] (1940]) [[FLT] kuphatikiza Free Evieto E; [[12:] [[FL:][FLT:][FLT:]] [[4].[4] KGUP] v[FL: 10.5] [ziyense] [ziyero zopikizidwa ndi zopanda chiwopsezonse, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera kwa chiwopsezonse chokwanira.[4]
Chiyambukiro pa Sukulu Zapoyera
Sukulu za boma zimayambukiridwa mwachindunji ndi chiphunzitso chimenechi chifukwa chakuti ziyenera kuchirikiza zoyenera za ophunzira. Makhoti agamula kuti ophunzira samataya ufulu wawo pamene aloŵa kusukulu, koma ufulu umenewu ungakhale wolinganizika ndi kufunika kwa sukulu yosungitsa dongosolo ndi chilango. Monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu limalengezedwa motchuka mu . .Dess Independent Community School Dis Office [19949]: "Sizinganenedwe kuti kaya ophunzira kapena aphunzitsi angapereke ufulu wawo wa kulankhula kapena mawu awo pa chipata cha sukulu."
N’zosatheka kunena kuti ophunzira kapena aphunzitsi amataya ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa chipata cha sukulu. . , janja Abe Fortas, . Des Moines [1] (1969)
Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli lagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo chophatikizidwa m’Chisinthiko cha 14 chifutukukira m’makalasi, m’makhonde, ndi m’ntchito za kusukulu.
Ufulu wa Kulankhula
Umodzi wa ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezeredwa ndi kuphatikiza ndi kusankha ndiwo ufulu wa kulankhula . Ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wofotokoza malingaliro awo, malinga ngati sasokoneza malo a maphunziro. Nkhani za pamwambo monga [[FLT] . [FLT] . .Des Moines :4]
Mu Trinkir , Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza kuyenera kwa ophunzira kuvala zida kuti atsutse Nkhondo ya Vietnam, kupeza kuti sukuluyo sinasonyeze kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. Woweruza Abe Fortas anafotokoza kuti "mantha osasiyana kapena mantha a zipwirikiti saali okwanira kugonjetsa ufulu wa kulankhula. Mlandu umenewu unaphatikizapo chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula waufulu wa Copt Firme Amendment m'nkhani ya sukulu, kupangitsa masukulu kukhala ovomerezeka ku malamulo alamulo.
Komabe, zigamulo zotsatirapo zasonyeza kulakwa kwakukulu. [[FLT: 0] [FLT .[FLT :1] . . . Fraser (1986) , Khoti linasunga kuti sukulu zikhoza kulanga zinyansi, zonyansa, kapena zolankhula zosayenera zimene zimapeputsa ntchito yasukulu. [FLT] ] [kayakuti: Hazelwood School v. Kultier . [[FLT:] [1998] [1] [1] [FLT:] [FL:], Khotilo linagalamu la , linalamula kuti sukulu ipopeke ndi manyuzipepala ngati "igwirizana ndi "' zogwirizana ndi zomveka kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito zomveka. [FNUT]
Lerolino, mawu a ophunzira amafikanso ku malo ochezera a pa Intaneti opangidwa. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono alimbana ndi kuti kaya sukulu zingalangire ophunzira pa Intaneti zimene zimayambitsa kusokonezeka. Madera ena agwiritsira ntchito Tchinder [ muyezo, pamene ena asankha mawu a makompyuta. Khoti Lapamwamba posachedwapa likhoza kulangiza ophunzirawa [FL:2] [FLT]] [FLT] [3] Mahanoy Profece School School v. B. [FLL:] [20] [20] [2] [2] [12] [mayenerect:], amalamulira kuti sukulu singathe kulanga ophunzira chifukwa cha kulankhula kwa kapesechete, chifukwa chakuti maphunziro ayamba kukamba nkhani yolankhula yonyansa.
Kuyenera kwa Ufulu Wachipembedzo
Sukulu za boma ziyeneranso kulemekeza ufulu wa ophunzira. Makhoti adanena kuti ophunzira angapemphere kapena kukambitsirana za chikhulupiriro chawo, ngati sichidodometsa ntchito yamaphunziro ya sukulu. Chitetezero chimenechi chimachokera ku kuphatikizidwa kwa Commergation Free Self ndi ndi Clausssions .
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Claus kunaphatikizidwa ku [[FLT: 0]. Everson v. Boma la Maphunziro () (1947) , limene linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku boma ndi maboma akwawo lamulo lakuti "pali msonkho uliwonse, waukulu kapena wochepa, ungasungidwe kuchirikiza ntchito iliyonse yachipembedzo kapena mabungwe. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mapemphero otsatizana a boma ndi malangizo a chipembedzo m’masukulu a anthu onse: [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT]. Malamulo a m'matchalitchi a [1] [12]
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Free Exeniped Claus , yophatikizidwa m' [[FL: 0] Cantwell v. Connecticut [[FL:2] (1940]) imatetezera ufulu wa ophunzira wa kupemphera mwaufulu, kukambirana zachipembedzo, ndi kugaŵira mabuku achipembedzo, nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri imene sasokoneza ntchito zasukulu kapena kuumiriza ophunzira ena. Sukulu zingasamalirenso zosoŵa zachipembedzo, monga kusaloledwa kwa maholide a chipembedzo kapena kulola kuti asakhale ndi chakudya. Kuyenera pakati pa kukhazikitsa ndi kutetezera kwaufulu ndi kutetezera kwaufulu kwaufulu kumakhala kosangalatsa, kaŵirikaŵiri kothetsedwa kupyolera [FON] m'mayeso [FF: FF] [FF] [10] Otetezedwa pansi pa mawu a anthu ena otetezedwa. [F]
Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha ndi Kutetezedwa pa Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru
Demetrition yachinayi, yophatikizidwa motsutsana ndi maboma . [FLT .[FLT:] .[1961], imateteza ophunzira ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi nthenda m’masukulu a anthu onse. Komabe, malo a sukulu amafunikira muyezo wotsika kuposa chifukwa chokwanira. [FLT:] [[FLT]] New Jersey v. T.O. [FLT.:6] [1985]) [195] [195], Khoti Lapamwamba likufuna kuti akuluakulu azikhala ndi "kukayikira kwabwino" /$3] kuposa kufunafuna zinthu za wophunzira. Kufufuza zinthu zofunikira "kusinthana ndi "kusinthasinthana ndi "kusinthana kwa zochitika za m'malo oyamba."
Kulinganiza kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti ophunzira amakonda ufulu wachinsinsi, oyang'anira sukulu ali ndi njira yaikulu yopitira kusungirira chilango ndi chisungiko. Kuyesa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa ophunzira kunachirikizidwa mu .VT:1]Vernonia School District 47J. Acton[ (1995] [195] [1995] [195] [mayezezezedwe a mankhwala osokoneza bongo [[FLT]] [FLT] [2002]] [2002] [mayeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo angaloledwe ngati sukulu ikusonyeza kufunikira kwapadera. Koma kukayikira kwa ophunzira onse.
M'nyengo ya manambala, kufufuza kwa matelefoni a m'maseŵero a ophunzira kwadzutsa mafunso atsopano. Khoti Lalikulu mu . Riley v. California [1] (2014] adagwiritsira ntchito chilolezo cha matelefoni a m'manja kuti agwire anthu achikulire, koma makhoti aang'ono agwiritsa ntchito muyezo wololera wochititsa kukayikitsa kwa akuluakulu a sukulu. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kukhoza kwa masewera a sukulu kufunafuna mafoni popanda chilolezo kapena chilolezo cha makolo, kusonyeza kuyesayesa kopitirizabe pakati pa kutetezeredwa ndi kugonana ndi ku sukulu.
Kusintha Moyenerera Pochita Zinthu Zopereka Chilango
Kugwirizana kumafikanso ku njira zofunikira za kutetezera pansi pa 144th Amendment. Mu Gos v. Lopez [[FLT] [1997] [, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti ophunzira ayang'anizane ndi kuchotsedwa kwa masiku khumi kapena ocheperapo ali ndi ufulu wa kuchepetsako njira yoyenerera: kulankhula kapena kulemba chidziŵitso cha milanduyo, mafotokozedwe a umboni, ndi mpata wa kupereka mbali yawo. Zopimira kapena kuthamangitsidwa, njira zambiri zamwambo zimafunidwa kaŵirikaŵiri.
Mlandu umenewu unaphatikizapo Claus Century m'chilangizo cha kusukulu, kuletsa machitidwe osadzifunira kapena opanda chilungamo. Khotilo linazindikira kuti maphunziro a boma ndi chikondwerero cha katundu chotetezeredwa ndi Mendustry Wachinayi, ndi kuti mbiri ya wophunzira ndi mipata yamtsogolo imakhala chikondwerero chaufulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti sukulu zimasintha mwamsanga kuchitapo kanthu pakachitika ngozi, ziyenera kutsatira miyezo yapadera ya chilungamo.
M’zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhaŵa za malamulo a zikole zoyendera limodzi ndi chilango chosalekeza cha ophunzira ochepa zachititsa zitokoso za lamulo kunena kuti malamulo ameneŵa amaswa njira yoyenera kapena chitetezo chofanana. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuphatikizana kosasankha sikumaletsa mwachindunji kulinganiza kwa ufuko, chitetezero chofanana cha 14neth Amendment (chophatikizidwa mwapadera mwa .[FLT :1] Brown v. Board of Education [1954]]) )) imaletsa tsankho lamwambo, ndipo sukulu ayenera kutsimikizira kuti chilango sichigwiritsiridwe ntchito m'kakhalidwe la fuko.
Mavuto ndi Zolephera
Pamene kuli kwakuti kuphatikizana kumatetezera ufulu wochuluka, kuli ndi malire. Sukulu zingakhazikitse ziletso zoyenerera kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi dongosolo. Mwachitsanzo, kulankhula kumene kumachirikiza chiwawa kapena chidani kungaletsedwe ngakhale ngati ufulu wa kulankhula utatetezeredwa. Khoti mu . Mitchell (1993]]) lichirikiza chilango cha milandu ya chidani, ndipo makhoti aang'ono alola masukulu kulanga ufuko kapena kuvutitsa anthu odana ndi ufuko.
Kuwonjezerapo, si Bill of Rights zotetezera zonse zimene zimaikidwa. Mpando wachiŵiri wa kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, ngakhale kuti waphatikizidwa mu [FLT]] McDonald v. Chicago (2010]) (20:0) , umalola maboma kuyang'anira mfuti m'malo ovuta ngati sukulu. Mlandu wa Third Reformation yolimbana ndi asilikali sunagwiritsidwepo ntchito ku maboma. Mkhalidwe wa ezaukulu wa a a bungwe la Geography sugwiritsidwa ntchitobe ntchito.
M'nkhani za sukulu, makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso olinganiza zoyenera za kosi ya wophunzira poyesa kulinganiza ufulu wa ophunzirawo ndi chikondwerero cha sukulu cha kusunga malo otetezereka, adongosolo, ndi amaphunziro. Kulinganiza kumeneku kuli kwachindunji ndipo kungatsogolere ku zotulukapo zosasintha kumadera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, madera ena asunga malamulo a kavalidwe a sukulu amene amaletsa mauthenga andale, pamene ena awononga iwo mopambanitsa. Kufunika kwa masukulu kuti nthaŵi zina apeze njira zachipembedzo zotsutsana ndi malamulo oletsa kusokonezeka maganizo a anthu, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'malemba a LGBTQ ndi magulu a ophunzira a chipembedzo opatula milandu.
Nkhani Zothetsa Vuto: Zaumisiri ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani Zamayanjano
Chisinthiko chaluso chikupitirizabe kuyesa malire a kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosankha. Masukulu tsopano amalimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, ziwopsezo, ndi mawu a ophunzira oletsa mavairasi. Khoti Lapamwambalo Mahanoy [1] mu 2021] chigamulo choperekera malangizo koma anasiya mafunso ambiri. Makhoti akung'onoang'ono ayenera kuona pamene sukulu ingalangize wophunzira pa mabungwe a za chikhalidwe a sukulu kapena ophunzira ake. Makhoti ena agwiritsira ntchito [[FLT:]'screct" muyezo wa "kuyendetsa zinthu zapangika, pamene kuli kwakuti ena afunikira kuyandikira ndi kutsendeka kusukulu.
Nkhani ina imene ikubuka ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito luntha la kupeka ndi kuyang'anira m'masukulu. Kuyang'anira ziwiya zopekedwa kusukulu, ndi kusonkhanitsa mabizinesi kumakweza nkhaŵa za Kusintha kwa Four. Pamene kuli kwakuti sukulu zingakhale ndi luntha lalikulu pansi pa T.L.O., makhoti ena apeza kuti kuyang'anira kosalekeza, popanda chiwonetsero kungasokoneze ziyembekezo za ophunzira zoyenerera za . Maboma ayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuwonekera ndi zigamulo za sayansi yoyang'anira sukulu.
Mabuku Oletsedwa ndi Kulamulira Ntchito
Mpando woyamba wa Amereka umakhalanso ndi ufulu wopeza chidziŵitso. [FLT] Board of Education , Island Parents Union Free School v. Pico (1982] , Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga kuti makomiti a sukulu sangachotse mabuku m’malaibulale a sukulu chifukwa chakuti safuna malingaliro awo. Lingaliro linati "mabungwe a sukulu ali ndi nzeru zazikulu m'makonzedwe a zinthu za kusukulu, koma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru imeneyi mogwirizana ndi malamulo opitirirapo a malamulo oyambirira. [ngakhale kuti, nkhani imeneyi, yokhazikitsa, inakhazikitsa kuti ophunzira ali ndi chidziŵitso choyenera, ndi kuchotsa malingaliro a m'mabuku oyambirira otsutsa.
Zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala ndi mavuto ambiri m’mabuku, kaŵirikaŵiri olaula za fuko, chisembwere, ndi kugonana. Makhoti akulimbana ndi kaya mabungwe a sukulu angachotse mabuku ozikidwa pa "kunyada" (monga ngati mu Pico) kapena ngati kuchotsa koteroko kuli kukondera kosadziŵika. Kuphatikizapo kwa Malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera aulere ndi ziganizo zaulere ndi mapepala a nyuzipepala kumatanthauza kuti boma ndi makomiti a sukulu ayenera kulemekeza malire a lamulo ameneŵa.
Kumaliza
Kusankha kumachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kutetezera ufulu wa ophunzira m'masukulu a boma. Imatsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha malamulo si cha m'mabungwe a boma okha koma chafalikira ku malo a maphunziro, kukhazikitsa malo kumene ufulu wa kuyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kuchirikizidwa. Kuchokera ku ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wachipembedzo kukakhala pandekha ndi njira yoyenerera, Bill of Rights , yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kudzera ku Geneth Amendment, imapatsa malo otetezera kuti sukulu iliyonse ya anthu ilemekeze.
Komabe kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu umenewu sikuli kotheratu. Sukulu ziyenera kulinganiza ufulu wa munthu ndi anthu onse ofunikira chisungiko, dongosolo, ndi ntchito yamaphunziro. Pamene luso latsopano ndi masinthidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu akuchitika, makhoti adzapitirizabe kuwongolera malire a kuphatikizana kosankha m'masukulu. Kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, oyang’anira, ophunzira, ndi makolo amene amafuna kudutsa pamphambano zovuta za malamulo ndi maphunziro a anthu.
Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa ntchito ya kusankha kuphatikiza [1], [[FLT:] Cornell Information Information's, ndi [[FLT:] Contion Contatetion [[FLT] Contact:] Super Confective [[FLT:]] kusanthula kwa kutha kwa 145]. Landmark Country Courting [[FL:][FLT]] [12]] malingaliro ngati [FLT:] [12] [12] Kuŵerenga kwa ophunzira kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.]