Chiyambi: Mbali Yoyambirira ya Kuchirikiza Utsogoleri Wachibadwidwe m’Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chiyambi cha nthanthi yachiweruzo m'malamulo a ku America, makamaka mkati mwa kumasulira kwa United States Constitution . Pa maziko ake, kuyambirira kwake kumavomereza kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kutembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake panthaŵi imene inatengedwa . Nthano yoyambirira ya anthu yomvedwa ndi mibadwo yolimba. Ochirikiza amanena kuti njira imeneyi imapereka maziko osasunthika, otsimikizirika a lamulo, kuletsa chikalatacho kusinthidwa ndi mphepo zandale kapena zokonda zaumwini za oweruza. Malamulo alamulo sangokhala chabe ubwino wongoyerekezera; amakhazikitsa malamulo, amatsimikizira kugwirizana kwa malamulo, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kukhulupirira dongosolo lalamulo, ndi kutsimikizira anthu onse kuti adalire m’malamulo.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene mfundo yoti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa mwa kupenda mfundo zake zachikhalidwe, njira zake, zinthu zothandiza, ndiponso mavuto amene zimakumana nawo.

Malamulo a Chiyambi cha Malemba

Kumasulira kumakhala ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika kwambiri zimene zimatsogolera ntchito yake. Choyamba, kumagogomezera tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira a m'malemba alamulo. tanthauzo lakuti munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kujambula. Njira imeneyi imadalira kwambiri pa zinthu za m'mbiri monga Fédalist Pappos [, mabuku a Convention, saintement, ndi Thessage system , diction systemsss pakati pa kumasulira ndi kumanga. Kumanga kumeneku kumasonyeza tanthauzo la malemba oyambirira, pamene kuli kopindulitsa pamene malemba amakono, kudzaza pamene malemba akusinthasintha.

Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga njira yodalirika yofotokozera. Pamene oweruza mosasintha agwiritsira ntchito kufufuza kofanana kwa mbiri, zotulukapo zimakhala zotsimikizirika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu . [FLT] Dificial of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2008) (, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira kumasulira Second Constment, kupenda kumvetsetsa kwa 18 cha kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida. Chigamulo chinapereka muyezo wowonekera bwino lomwe latsogolera nkhani za ufulu wa mfuti, kuchepetsa kusatsimikizirika kwa malamulo ndi nzika zofanana.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale ndi Maziko a Maphunziro

Maziko a nzeru za chiyambi choyambirira ayambira ku chiyambi. James Madison, mu Federalist No. 37, anachenjeza kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kuikidwa kuti “kuloŵerera kwa zinthu zazikulu zokondweretsa. Pambuyo pake, Woweruza Antonin Scalia, wochirikiza wamakono wotsogolera, adatsutsa kuti kuyambika ndiko njira yokha yovomerezeka yomasulira chifukwa chakuti imakhudza demokrase. Iye ananena motchuka kuti, “Malamulo si amoyo; ndi akufa, akufa. Malingaliro ameneŵa amasiyana ndi “malamulo okhalapo kwa moyo , amene amalola matanthauzo a anthu.

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinalandiranso mphamvu m'ma 1980 ndi ma 1990, zogwirizana ndi ziŵerengero zonga Robert Bork ndi Federalist Society. Lerolino, maluso oyambiriro amaphunzitsidwa m'masukulu a malamulo ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oweruza m’mitundu yonse ya malingaliro, ngakhale kuti mwa kusiyanasiyana monga “chifuno choyambirira” vs. “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira. Uchikulire wanzeru umenewu umathandizira kukhazikika mwa kupereka maziko amphamvu amene angakambitsiridwe ndi kuyengedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Mmene Kuyambirira Kumalimbikitsira Kukhazikika m’Chilamulo cha Malamulo

Kukhazikika kwa lamulo la malamulo kumachokera pa kumasulira kotsimikizirika, kosasintha.

Miyezo Yomveka ndi Yosasintha

Pamene oweruza amamatira ku tanthauzo loyambirira, iwo amadalira pa mfundo yotsimikizirika: kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa mawu. Izi zimachepetsa nzeru zimene zingatsogolere ku malamulo otsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus [1] Commerce (Malamulo, Gawo 8 Classic 3) akhala malo ankhondo ya mphamvu yaikulu ya boma. Oweruza a m’mwambo amayang'ana kuyambika kwa nyengo ya “m'maboma angapo". Chochititsa malondacho chinatanthauza malonda, osati kupanga kapena kulima. [[FLT:] Kugwirizana ndi dziko la United States. [FLT: 4.] [5] [95], Khoti loyambirira la G. [FLT], linagwiritsira ntchito khoti la Grounicesting , ku Gawo loyambirira ku Gawo logwirizana ndi Count, Count Acts Count, Cong.

Kuchepetsa Chilango cha Kuweruza

Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso chimaletsa oweruza kuloŵetsa malamulo odzifunira m’kumasulira kosino. Mwakufuna kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale, kumatsogolera kupanga zigamulo zachiweruzo ku umboni watanthauzo. Zimenezi zimachepetsa upandu wa zosankha zimene zinasintha njira kapena kupanga ufulu watsopano popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi demokrase. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[1]] Rave v [2] [7] [7] [7]] [7], zimene akatswiri ambiri amasuliza chifukwa cha kusoŵa tanthauzo loyamba la Reformation of 147". Otsutsa kuti chigamu cha kuchotsa mimba, chotsogolera zaka makumi ambiri ku kutsutsa ndi mikangano yandale. Kusiyana koyambirirakusiyana kofanana ndi [FLT: FL:] [FF] [5] [3], zimene zimatsutsa kumbuyo kwa Kusintha kwa ufulu wa Zamankhwala: [K]

Kudziŵiratu za Munthu Aliyense Ndiponso Makampani

Lamulo lokhazikika limalola nzika, mabizinesi, ndi maboma kulinganiza zinthu zawo ndi chidaliro. Mwachitsanzo, mafotokozedwe oyambirira a amapatsa Clause (FT) (FTHP) kutanthauza tanthauzo loyamba la “chuma” ndi“ ntchito ya onse. [[FLT]]] KLO v. Mzinda wa New London [2005], Bwalo linasunga chitukuko cha chuma chimene chikanayenerera kugwiritsira ntchito poyera. Chosankha chimene chinapanga chotchuka. Thosolo linatsutsa kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa “kugwiritsira ntchito kofala monga chuma cha boma kapena kupindula ndi kulephera kwa anthu. Malamulo ambiri, malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo otchuka, kuvomereza ufulu wa kukwaniritsa ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha Malamulo kwa Malamulo Olimbikitsa pa Nkhani ya Kuweruza

Kumasulira kumachitira ulemu kachitidwe ka Chigawo V monga njira yoyenera ya kusintha kwa lamulo. Pamene chitaganya chisintha, Konsichushoni iyenera kukonzedwanso kupyolera mwa ntchito ya demokrase ya kukonzanso, osati mwa kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo. Zimenezi zimasunga mbali ya Konsichushoni monga maziko okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, [[[FLT:] Fitentententh [5] Development [185] [55] [pamlingo wofanana], imene inakhulupirira kuti Aafirika sanali nzika. Kusinthako kumawongolera kulakwa kwa lamulo. [FLT:] [FTT] [5]

Mapindu a Chiphunzitso Choyambirira cha Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo

Ubwino wa kuyambirira sikumangotanthauza kudziŵiratu chabe, koma kumalimbitsanso kuyenera kwa Malamulo ndi demokalase.

  • imatheketsa kulemekeza Konsichushoni monga chikalata cha maziko. Pamene Constitution itembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba, imaonedwa kukhala lamulo lalikulu kwambiri, osati chiŵiya chofeŵa. Ulemu umenewu umachirikiza lamulo.
  • Zifukwa zodziŵiratu zotsatirapo za lamulo. Mabizinesi ndi anthu angaone ngati malamulo a zochita zawo mogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kutsimikizira ndi kusatsimikizirika.
  • imasunga luntha lachiweruzo ndi zokhoza kuchenjeredwa. mwa kusungitsa kumasulira ku umboni wa mbiri yakale, kuyambirira kumaletsa oweruza kuŵerenga mapindu awoawo m'malembo. Zimenezi zimasunga kulekana kwa maulamuliro.
  • imasintha kwambiri. kusintha kwakukulu kumafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu mwa kukonza, osati malingaliro a zigamulo zisanu. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi masomphenya a woyambitsa wa republic yozikidwa pa ulamuliro wotchuka.
  • Kukambitsirana kwa pakati pa ziganizo. Makhoti akagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira, makhoma ndi akuluakulu a kampani akudziwa malire a malamulo. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kugwirizana ndi kuwongoletsedwa m’migamulo imeneyi.

Kukhazikika Chifukwa cha Zoyambirira: Kukhulupirira Zoyamba ndi Kupenda Nyenyezi

Chiphunzitso chofala nchakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanyalanyaza kotheratu. Mwanjira, akatswiri ambiri a zaumulungu amavomereza chiphunzitso cha decis monga mphamvu yokhazikitsa, ngakhale kuti angatengenso zitsanzo zimene zimatsutsana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira. Chilungamo Scalia kaŵirikaŵiri chinatchula kufunika kwa kukhazikika m'lamulo la malonda, kumene ziyembekezo zinakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, m' [FLT]] [FLT] [FT]] [FT] Broodbreat v. Caselve . [matsutsa poyera] [[FLT:]] [2] [zifu] [2] [ziyezo], Courts , zochirikizidwa bwino kwambiri [[FLT] [FL:] [F] [F] [FLT] [7] [ip] [ip] [ip] [iptions) yosagwirizana ndi yosalondola yosailiratutsatsa kulakwa.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza Kupeka Mawu Oyambirira

Ngakhale kuti Baibulo la Chipangano Chatsopano lalembedwa bwino, n’lovuta kulimvetsa bwino.

Mavuto Odziŵira Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Kupenda mbiri yakale sikumakhala kolunjika nthaŵi zonse. Nthaŵi yoyambirira inali yosiyana, ndipo “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” lingatsutsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Sumplified kutsutsana kuti kaya “asilikali olamulidwa bwino" amachepetsa kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida zankhondo. Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale chikuto cha mbiri yosankha, kumene oweruza amasankha kumene kumachirikiza zotsatira zawo zabwino. Komabe, akatswiri oyambirira amavomereza njira imeneyi yovuta yofotokoza mbiri yakale monga kugwiritsa ntchito corpus zinenero ndi kupenda bwino malemba otsegulira. Kukhazikika kumayendera phindu pa nkhani. Kufufuza kowona mtima, kowonekera bwino.

Ngozi ya Kunyalanyaza Zosoŵa za Zamoyo

Kusuliza kofala kuli kwakuti kuyambika kwa Chibadwidwe kungatsogolere ku zotulukapo zimene zimadzimva kukhala zosalungama kapena zosagwirizana ndi mapindu amakono. Mwachitsanzo, mafotokozedwe oyambirira a [FLT: 0] Chitetezero cha Claus [1] chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa ntchito, monga momwe zimawonera mu . [FLT]] [3] nthanthi za Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [1] [2] [2002] [2002] [2] [2] [2]. Khoti la ambiri linadalira pa tanthauzo loyamba la Declement (li linali lakhungu) kugamula mafuko mosadziŵa. Otsutsa kutsutsana ndi kusiyana kwa mafuko. Otsutsa kutsutsana ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo oyenera kubweretsa kupyolera kupyola m'kulongosola malamulo kapena kulongosola malamulo oweruza.

Kuyamba kwa Baibulo ndi Vuto la Kusintha kwa Mbiri

Olemba Malamulo ena amavomereza kuti tanthauzo la Konsichushoni likhoza kusintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi kupyolera mu “kumanga kwa zaka zambiri” kunja kwa makhoti , mwachitsanzo, mwa ntchito ya ndale zadziko. Zimenezi zingayambitse kukwiyitsa. Predentint] mphamvu yochotsapo [ ndi malo ena amene tanthauzo lake la poyamba lingawombane ndi ntchito yanthaŵi yaitali. Woyamba angatsutse kuti Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa mabwanalansi oyang'anira, koma kuti atsatirire pa [FLT:] MPREY'FFFF: FFFFFF: [2].[5] United States[FLT] [FFFF] kachiŵiri] kukhazikitsanso kukhazikitsa chiyenere.

“ Vuto la Kugwa kwa Nkhonya”

Osuliza amadzutsanso “vuto lakufa”: Nchifukwa ninji mbadwo wakufa uyenera kumanga amoyo? Ofufuza za mbadwo akuyankha kuti Konsichushoni inalinganizidwa kukhala yovuta kutsimikizira kukhazikika. Kusintha kwa mbadwo wamakono kumalola mibadwo kulankhula, koma kokha ndi kulephera kwamphamvu. Kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wanthaŵi yaitali ku zinthu zazikulu. Monga momwe James Madison anakanirana mu [FLT: 0] M'katesitanti No. [62:1], “Kulamulira boma limene liyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi anthu, vuto lalikulu likugona pa izi: choyamba muyenera kutheketsa boma kulamulira; ndipo m'malo otsatirapo kudziletsa. Chigwirizano cha kudzilamulira.

Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yatsopano ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Kuyamba Chiphunzitso cha Chibadwidwe kudakali chiphunzitso chochititsa chidwi. Kukula kwa “Chiphunzitso chatsopano choyambirira” kumagogomezera tanthauzo lapoyera mmalo mwa cholinga choyambirira, ndipo kumaphatikiza ziŵiya zonga corpus zinenero. Kutsutsana kukupitiriza pa mbali ya chitsanzo, kulemera kwa mbiri yapambuyo pa kugwirizanitsa, ndi mmene angagwiritsire ntchito chiphunzitso choyambirira ku Demendment [[FLT: 1]] ya ufulu wa anthu a m'chipembedzo].

Kuti zinthu zikhale bwino, mfungulo yake njakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka njira imene ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mosalekeza pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Ngati wina avomerezana ndi zotsatira zake, kuwonekera kwa malingaliro oyambirira kumalola kuyang’aniridwa kwa anthu ndi demokrase. Zimenezi nzabwino kwambiri kuposa njira imene oweruza amalengeza zotulukapo popanda maziko a malamulo.

Kumaliza: Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Anthu Monga Mphuthu ya Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo

Kusintha malamulo kumathandizira kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mwa kupereka nangula wokhazikika, wa mbiri yakale kuti afotokoze. Kumachepetsa luntha la chiweruzo, kumachirikiza kudziŵikitsidwa, kusamala ntchito za demokrase, ndi kulimbikitsa kulinganiza mwa kukonzanso osati kulembedwanso . Pamene kuli kovuta kukhazikitsa zinthuzo kusiyanitsa tanthauzo la poyamba, kuumirira, kulimba, ndi kuopsa kwa mbiri yakale yosankha, ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo asungika. Pamene dzikolo likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kugaŵidwa mwalamulo, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimatsutsa kuyesa kuonetsa malamulo amakono. Mwakukhazikitsa lamulo m'chiyambiyambi cha anthu, mfundo zoyambirira zimatsimikizira kuti malamulo akukhala maziko okhazikika a dziko la America, otsogolera anthu onse, oyenerera kutsogolera anthu ndi akuluakulu a mbadwo.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani[[FLT: 1]: [[FULT :2] Mapepala Oŵerengera (National Constitution Center); Digatority of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S 570 (2008) [2006]; Katswirilu Kalembedwe ka mfundo zalamulo zachikhalidwe [1]; [FLT:]; [FLT:]; [FLT:] ANTINTINSCSIAN, “UF: SCCSIAIN, “UNA: Kuipanya kwa OK: [F:]