Maphunziro: Udindo Wogawana M’mayiko Ena, M’dziko Lonse, ndi M’mayiko Ena

Maphunziro ku United States amagwira ntchito monga njira yoikika kwambiri kumene maboma a boma, boma, ndi a m'dziko limodzi aliyense ali ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. samatchula mwachindunji za maphunziro, Kusintha kwa khumi kumasungitsa mphamvu imeneyi ku maboma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, boma lakhala ndi mbali yaikulu mwa kupereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mabungwe otsatirapo amapangitsa mipata iŵiri ya kukonza zinthu ndi kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yabwino ndi zigawo.

Boma la boma limathandizira pafupifupi 8 mpaka 10 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za K-12 za maphunziro, makamaka kudzera m'maprogramu okonzedwa ndi ophunzira ena. Woyamba wa Secondary Education Act imapereka chithandizo cha ndalama ku masukulu okhala ndi maperesenti ambiri a ana a m'mabanja otsika. Malamulo a bungwe la Adernemya Education Act (IDEA) amalamula kuti boma lipereke maphunziro oyenera kwa ophunzira okhala ndi zolemala, ochirikizidwa ndi boma. Maprogramu ameneŵa amakhazikitsa ziyembekezo za kulinganiza ndi kupezeka ndi kulowa, komanso amakhazikitsa zofunika zimene zikufunika kuti zikhale zofunikira kuti zitsatire ndalama.

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro a boma m'malire ake. Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya maphunziro, zofunika za kumaliza maphunziro, njira zoperekera zikalata za mphunzitsi, ndi madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu. Nyumba ya boma imasankha ndalama zimene zimayendera ku madera akwawo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa njira zolinganizidwira kulinganiza chuma pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka. Madipatimenti a maphunziro a boma amayang'anira kugonjera kwa chigawo, kupereka ziyeso, ndi kuyang'anira madongosolo a maphunziro amene amatsata ophunzira ndi mtundu wa sukulu.

Masukulu a m'madera a m'dzikolo amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma pamene akusintha malingana ndi zosoŵa za anthu. Mabungwe a sukulu, oyang'anira, ndi akuluakulu a sukulu amapanga zosankha za ntchito, zothandizira pophunzira, makalendala a sukulu, malo, ndi maprogramu a zapansi. Msonkho wa zinthu umapereka ndalama zambiri za maphunziro a kumaloko, zimene zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa madera olemera ndi olandira ndalama zochepa. Maboma ena ayesa kuthetsa mipata imeneyi mwa njira zochitira zinthu zofanana, koma ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zapamwamba zikupitirizabe m’dziko lonselo.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri pa Kayendetsedwe ka Boma

THE Students Resuevered Act (ESSA), yosainidwa m'lamulo mu 2015, imaimira kulinganiza kwamakono pakati pa uyang'aniro wa boma ndi kulolera kwa boma. ESSA imafuna maboma kuyesa ophunzira m'kuŵerenga ndi masamu pachaka m'magiredi atatu mpaka asanu ndi atatu mpaka kamodzi kusukulu yasekondale. Maboma ayeneranso kusimba nkhani zochotsedwa ndi magulu a ophunzira kuti apeze malo amene akwanitsa. Komabe, ESSA amapatsa ufulu wosankha poganizira zochita zawo, kuika zolinga zamaphunziro, ndi kugamula njira zothandizira masukulu otsika.

Chithunzi chimenechi chimapereka mpata wa kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena atengera zitsanzo za maphunziro ozikidwa pa maphunziro amene amalola ophunzira kupita patsogolo pa liŵiro lawo. Ena agwiritsira ntchito njira zochenjeza zoyambirira kudziŵikitsa ophunzira asanasiye. Federal amathandiza mitsinje, monga ngati pulogalamu ya Thetter II ya uphunzitsi ndi Thet IV ya mautumiki a ophunzira, imapereka zinthu zimene maboma angaperekere zinthu zofunika kwambiri pochita zinthu zazikulu za boma.

Maphunziro Apamwamba Adongosolo ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Kuloŵerera pa maphunziro apamwamba kumayang'ana pa chithandizo cha ophunzira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Pell Grants, ngongole za ophunzira a boma, ndi maprogramu a ntchito zimathandiza mamiliyoni a ophunzira kulowa pa koleji. Boma la boma limawononganso kwambiri ntchito pa yunivesite kudzera mwa mabungwe monga National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, ndi Dipatimenti ya za University . Acrectation, ngakhale kuti likugawiridwa ndi mabungwe achinsinsi a maphunziro, likugwirizanitsidwa ndi bungwe la National Institutes of Health , National Science Foundation .

Maboma amasungitsa mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu, amakhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo m'nkhani zina, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe a maphunziro apamwamba. Maboma amasankha ndalama zimene angaperekere wophunzira aliyense, zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji ndalama ndi zothandizira za mabungwe. M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ndalama za boma zothandizira wophunzira aliyense zatsika m’mayiko ambiri, kusintha mtengo wa ophunzira ndi mabanja kupyolera mwa kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro. Maphunziro a boma ndi kupereka maprogramu owonjezera chithandizo cha boma, ngakhale kuti kudalirana ndi kupatsana kwa makampani kwa makampani kwasinthasintha kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa ntchito za boma ndi za boma pa maphunziro apamwamba kumachititsa kuti pakhale zinthu zovuta kwambiri zimene ophunzira amawononga ndiponso kuti azikhala bwino mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene malo awo okhala alili.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo: Programu za Federal, Kugwiritsira Ntchito Boma, ndi Kukonza Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Kuyang'anira zaumoyo ku United States kumadziŵika ndi kugwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, ndi mlingo uliwonse wosonyeza maulamuliro osiyanasiyana ndi mathayo. Boma la boma limayang'anira maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa dziko lonse, amayang'anira mankhwala ndi zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi ndalama zofufuzira zamankhwala. Boma limayang'anira ntchito za zaumoyo, malamulo a inshuwalansi, kuyang'anira thanzi la anthu, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a boma a boma monga Medicaid.

Affordal Care Act (ACA), yomwe inachitidwa mu 2010, inakonzanso kugaŵidwa kwa maudindo m'zaumoyo. Boma linakhazikitsa miyezo yopindulitsa, kupanga misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira. Maboma anapatsidwa chosankha cha kufutukula Medicaid kwa achikulire okhala ndi ndalama zofikira 138 peresenti ya umphaŵi wa boma. Kuyambira 2024, maboma 40 ndi chigawo cha chigawo cha Columbia alandira kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko 10 sanatero, kupangitsa mpata wopimirapo kaamba ka mamiliyoni a achikulire otsika m'magawo.

Medicare ndi Medicaid: Zipilala Ziŵiri za Federal- State Partneship

Medicare, programu ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya boma ya anthu a zaka 65 ndi achikulire ndi achichepere ena okhala ndi kulumala, imayang'aniridwa kotheratu ndi boma la boma kupyolera mwa Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Programuyo imakhudza kusamalira chipatala, mautumiki ochiritsa, mankhwala a boma, ndi mapindu ena. Medicare imayendetsa popanda kuloŵetsedwa mwachindunji ndi boma, ngakhale kuti maboma amagwirizanitsa ndi Medicare pa nkhani zonga ngati oyenerera kaamba ka Medicare ndi Madicaid.

Medicaid, mosiyana ndi pulogalamu ya boma ya boma imene imagwirizanitsa anthu ndi mabanja omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zofunika za pulogalamu yochuluka ndipo limayenderana ndi boma pamlingo wa ndalama zoyambira pa 50 peresenti mpaka 80 peresenti, zikumadalira pa ndalama zimene boma limalandira. Maboma amapanga mapulogalamu awo a Medicaid m’zitsogozo za boma, mautumiki ophikira, ndalama zolipirira, ndalama zolipirira, ndi zitsanzo zoperekera. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola maboma kukhala ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana, kulowa, ndi kufalikira m’dziko lonse.

Mabungwe a boma Medicaid amayang'anira kulembetsa, kukambirana ndi mabungwe oyang'anira, kukhazikitsa ndalama zobwezeretsera zipatala ndi madokotala, ndi kuyang'anira pulogalamu yodalirika. Mayiko ambiri agwiritsira ntchito njira zatsopano monga ngati zifuno za ntchito, maakaunti a zaumoyo, kapena mafashoni a mtengo wa ndalama zolipidwa. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , kupanga kukambirana kogwira mtima pakati pa kuyambitsidwa ndi boma ndi kuyang'anira.

Kukonzekera Thanzi la Anthu Onse ndi Kukonzekera Mwamwayi

Boma la boma limatsogolera ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu onse kudzera ku Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zachipatala (HS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ndi National Institutes of Health (NIH). Mabungwe ameneŵa amayang'anira matenda, kufufuza m'mabungwe, kufalitsa zitsogozo zachipatala, ndi kusunga malamulo a zamankhwala a National Stockpilensile ya zamankhwala. CDC imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo wa anthu onse chosimba ndi kugwirizanitsa njira za kubuka kwa matenda zimene zijambukirano za boma.

Boma ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akugwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a zaumoyo a boma. Iwo amagwira ntchito zipatala zaumoyo za anthu, amafufuza matenda, amapanga majeremusi, ndi kuyang'anira ngozi za malo okhala. Mliri wa COVID-19, maboma anatenga thayo loyamba la kuyesa, kujambula, ndi kugaŵira katemera, pamene boma linapereka ndalama, chitsogozo, ndi kupezera mankhwala ndi kuchiritsa. Mliriwo unagogomezera zonse ziŵiri nyonga ndi zofooka za bungwe laumoyo, kuphatikizapo kugaŵana kwa mapangano, machitidwe osagwirizana, ndi kuchotsa ntchito za boma.

Woyang’anira ndi Katswiri wa Zaumoyo

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zolola madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi antchito a zachipatala ogwirizana. Mabungwe a zachipatala amafufuza madandaulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo a kachitidwe, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zoperekera chilango pamene kuli kofunika. Boma limaperekanso mbali yothandiza pokhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo kwa zipatala zimene zili ndi phande m’Medicare, kufunitsa kuti ziyang’anizane ndi mikhalidwe ya ufulu wa wodwala, kupenda bwino, ndi kuletsa matenda.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), bungwe la boma, limalamulira zinthu zoletsedwa, kuphatikizapo mankhwala opatsa mankhwala. Mayiko ali ndi njira zawo zoyang'anira mankhwala ovomerezeka kuti ateteze ku nkhanza ndi kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. Kapangidwe kawiri kameneka kamachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto omwe akupitirizabe kusanduka ngati mankhwala atsopano ndi njira zochiritsira.

Safety ndi Maulamuliro Angozi: Federal, Boma, ndi Kugwirizana kwa Malo

Kutetezeka kwa anthu ku United States kumaphatikizapo kugaŵikana kovuta kwambiri kwa maudindo a boma, boma, ndi mayiko ena.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma ndi a m'deralo amachita ntchito zambiri zapolisi za tsiku ndi tsiku ku United States. Madipatimenti apolisi a m’dzikolo, maofesi a apolisi, ndi mabungwe a boma olondera boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a upandu, amayankha mafoni angozi, amafufuza, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo m'madera awo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pansi pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko, ndipo mabungwe ena ali ndi mabungwe a malamulo, pamene ena amadalira pa makampani zikwi zambiri apolisi odziimira paokha.

Ntchito yosungitsa lamulo la boma imasumika pa upandu wopingasa wokayikitsa, milandu ya boma, ndi ziwopsezo za dziko. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) imafufuza uchigaŵenga, ikomyunizimu, upandu wolinganiza, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, ndi chinyengo chachikulu. Drug Enforcement Administration imalimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kugaŵira mabungwe a boma. Bureau of Alcohool, Tobacco, Firlosings ndi Explosites (ATFF) imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Ozengenga mlandu wa boma ku U. Attorney a Atjours abweretsa milandu ya upandu ndi ntchito ya boma ndi kuyang'anira lamulo la boma ndi lamulo lakomwe la boma.

Federal Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imaperekanso maprogramu a ntchito za kusungitsa ziŵiya za boma ndi za boma za ziŵiya za boma, kuphunzitsidwa, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imaperekanso maprogramu a ntchito za ntchito za polisi ya chitaganya, kuchinjiriza chiwawa, ndi mautumiki a anthu ovutitsidwa. Kupereka ndalama kumeneku kumapanga njira ya chisonkhezero cha boma ndi ntchito za boma za boma popanda ulamuliro walamulo.

Kukonzekera Tsoka ndi Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imatsogolera kukonzekera tsoka la boma, kuyankha, ndi kukonzanso. FEMA imagwirizanitsa chithandizo cha boma pamene masoka apyola boma ndi malo akwawo, kupereka ndalama za ntchito zangozi, nyumba zongoyembekezera, kukonza zinthu za m'mafakitale, ndi chithandizo chilichonse. Bungwelo limayang'aniranso National Inishuwarensi program ndi kupereka mphatso ku maiko ndi malo kaamba ka maprojekiti owopsa a kuchepetsako.

Mabungwe oyang’anira ngozi amathandiza monga ogwirizanitsa anthu okhudzidwa ndi tsoka m'malire awo. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zolengeza za ngozi, kusonkhezera asilikali, ndi kupempha thandizo la boma. Mabungwe a zamwadzidzidzi amagwirizanitsa zipangizo za boma kumadera osiyanasiyana, kuyang'anira maoda othawa, ndi kugaŵira katundu. Mabwana a m'deralo amakonza njira zothandizira anthu ovulala, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ogona, ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu oyamba kuwayankha.

Stafford Act imakhazikitsa lamulo la chithandizo cha boma, kufunitsa pempho la jini ya kazembe ndi chilengezo cha pulezidenti chisanapereke chithandizo cha boma. Mapangano ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti amasunga thayo lalikulu la kuyang'anira ngozi pamene akulola boma kupereka mphamvu ndi chichirikizo cha ndalama pa zochitika zatsoka. Dongosololi layesedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mphepo yamkuntho, mafunde, ndi mliri wa CHOVID, ndi maphunziro ochititsa kusintha kopitirizabe m'kukonzekera, kuyankha, ndi njira zochiritsira.

Chisungiko cha M’dziko Lokhalamo ndi Chitetezo cha M’malire

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 2002, inakhazikitsa mabungwe ambiri a boma omwe anasumika maganizo pa chitetezo cha dziko, chitetezo cha malire, ndi kusungidwa kwa boma ku United States Customs and Borders Protection Office (CBP) akuyang'anira malire a dziko, kuyang'anira katundu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka pa madoko a kuloŵa. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcementment (IE) imayang'anira malamulo oletsa kusamuka, kuphatikizapo kutsekeredwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa boma. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) imayang'anira chitetezo pa mabwalo a ndege m'dziko lonse.

Maboma amachita mbali yochepera koma yomakulakula m'kusungitsa anthu mwa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kusungitsa lamulo la kumaloko kugwirizana ndi ICE, pamene kuli kwakuti ena atengera malamulo a kachisi oletsa kugwirizana koteroko. Kulimbana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kwayambitsa mkangano waukulu ndi malamulo oletsa malire a boma.

Kusamala Anthu ndi Mautumiki a Zachipatala Omwe Amachitika Mwadzidzidzi

Kuphatikiza pa kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akwaniritsidwe ndi ngozi, malo otetezeka amaphatikizapo chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi (EMS), kuteteza moto, ndi kukonza zaumoyo wa anthu. Mautumiki ameneŵa amalinganizidwa makamaka m’malo a boma, ndipo amayang’anira mabungwe a boma amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya ma ambulansi, mapepala othandizira othandizira ofera ofera, ndi kukonzekera zamwadzidzidzi m’chipatala. Boma limathandiza madongosolo ameneŵa mwa kupereka ndalama za zipangizo, maphunziro, ndi malo othandizira anthu ogwirizana ndi ntchito.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ya EMS ndipo imapereka malangizo pa kapangidwe ka zinthu, kusonkhanitsa zinthu, ndi kuwongolera. Bungwe la Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) limapatsa ndalama zothandizira kuchipatala cha kumidzi ndi kuyambitsa vuto la zadzidzidzi. Makampani a zaumoyo a boma a bungwe la EMS, amagwirizanitsa njira zopuluputira anthu ovutika maganizo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a zachipatala otumizira chithandizo chamwayi.

Kupereka Makina ndi Mafuko Ofala

Maboma a zachuma pakati pa boma, boma, ndi dzikolo amalimbikitsa kupereka maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi mautumiki a zachitetezo. Maboma ndi malo angaperekedwe monga mphatso zonse, zimene zimasunga maprogramu atsatanetsatane a mikhalidwe, kapena zopereka, zimene zimatheketsa kusinthika. Maprogramu ambiri a boma apadera kwambiri, monga ngati Medicaid ndi Thet I a I, amagwira ntchito monga zopereka zonse zimene zimafuna kuti munthu apereke ndalama.

Maboma amadalira pa msanganizo wa misonkho ya malipiro, misonkho ya malonda, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa boma kuti apereke mathayo awo. Maboma a m’dziko amadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu, yowonjezera ndi ndalama za boma. Udindo wa maboma umasiyanasiyana modabwitsa, kukhudza luso lawo la kuchirikiza maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi chisungiko pamlingo wokwanira. Maboma okhala ndi ndalama zambiri ndi zipinda za msonkho zapamwamba kwambiri angapereke mautumiki ooooloŵa bwino, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma opeza ndalama zochepa kaŵirikaŵiri amayesayesa kukwaniritsa zosoŵa zazikulu ngakhale ndi chichirikizo cha boma.

Lingaliro la kukhazikitsa boma la boma limafotokoza mmene makonzedwe a zandalama ameneŵa amapangitsira zisonkhezero ndi zopinga za maboma ndi a kumaloko. Mapempho angalimbikitse maboma kutengera malamulo ena, monga kufutukula Medicaid kapena kukweza nyengo ya kumwa mwalamulo, mwa kugwirizanitsa ndalama ndi kugonjera. Komabe, maboma angatsutse malamulo a boma amene amawaona kukhala osavomerezeka kapena opambanitsa, kutsogolera ku ku kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa maukwati a boma.

Mavuto a Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Boma

Mathayo a boma, boma, ndi mayiko amapangitsa kuti pakhale mpata wogwirizana komanso pamakhala mavuto. Kusiyana pa zinthu zandale, udindo, ndiponso kuchuluka kwa zinthu kungapangitse kuti anthu asamagwire ntchito, asamagwirizane, azigwirizana.

Mabungwe a akatswiri monga a National Bridges Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, ndi Bungwe la Boma, amathandizira kuti pakhale kugawana ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe a boma afunsa akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu amene ali ndi malamulo ndiponso malangizo a kumene akukhala. Anzake a ntchito, mapangano a mgwirizano, ndiponso amathandiza kuti ntchito ziyendere limodzi m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zimenezi, kulephera kwa mgwirizano wa m'thupi kudakali kofala. Zimene zinachitika ku mphepo ya mkuntho ya Katrina mu 2005 zinavumbula kulephera kwa mgwirizano wa boma ndi dziko lakuno panthaŵi ya masoka a masoka. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unasonyeza kuti pali mipata ya zaumoyo ya anthu yogawana, kusagwirizana kwa boma, ndiponso mikangano yokhudza malamulo a kuchepetsa mphamvu za kuvala zovala monga kukakamiza ndi kutsekedwa kwa malonda. Vuto lililonse limayambitsa maphunziro amene a kupititsa patsogolo kwa maofesi a boma, koma kuvuta kwa dongosololi kukutanthauza kuti mavutowo apitirizebe.

Chigwirizano cha boma cha kumaloko m'maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi chisungiko chimasonyeza dongosolo lalamulo la America. Mlingo uliwonse wa boma umapereka nyonga yosiyana ku mautumiki a boma: boma limapereka miyezo ya dziko, ndalama zoyendetsera, ndi kugwirizanitsa; maboma amapereka kusintha, ndi kulabadira mikhalidwe ya kumaloko; ndipo boma limapereka mautumiki oyeneretsedwa ku chitaganya. Vuto lomwe likupitirizabe nlolinganiza bwino lomwe, kutsimikizira kuti dongosololo limatumikira nzika zonse mofanana ndi kuwona kuti mikhalidwe isinthe.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa malamulo a maphunziro a boma, pitani pa webusaiti ya U.S. Department of ESSA tsamba . Chidziŵitso cholembedwa pa Medicaid ndi boma la zaumoyo chimapezeka kupyolera mwa Madedi. Gov. Pa ndandanda ya tsoka, fufuzani Supergov. , FEM-sspoved , project.