Kusagwirizana Kokhalitsa: Mikangano Yadziko Yenieni Ilipo Pakati pa Boma ndi Maboma Aakulu

United States anayambitsidwa pa kuyesa kosavuta kwa ulamuliro wogaŵanika wodziŵika monga boma. Kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma la boma wakhala wamphamvu, wokonda kuvina kwamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo amalongosola dongosolo, malire othandiza a ulamuliro amayesedwa mosalekeza ndi malamulo, malamulo a khoti, ndi zigamulo za ndale zadziko. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mikangano zingapo zenizeni zimene zalongosola ndi kulongosolanso kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi mtundu.

Kumvetsetsa mikangano imeneyi nkofunika osati kokha kwa ophunzira a nzika za boma komanso kwa nzika iliyonse imene imakhala pansi pa mitu iŵiri ya ulamuliro. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene ulamuliro wa boma umagwirira ntchito mwachisawawa, nthaŵi zambiri ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu, koma nthaŵi zonse m’dongosolo la malamulo logaŵikana.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mafuko

Malamulo a ku United States amagawanitsa maulamuliro pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2) amakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, likumakhazikitsa malamulo a boma otsutsana. Komabe, kusungidwa kwa maulamuliro khumi kwa Amereka sikunaperekedwe ku boma ku maboma kapena anthu. Kulimbana kumeneku ndi pakati pa ukulu wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amaloza ku zitsanzo zitatu za chigwirizano cha boma: mbali ziŵiri za chigwirizano cha boma (khayer keke), kumene mlingo uliwonse umagwira ntchito modziimira; chigwirizano cha boma (keke yosalimba), kumene iwo ali ndi mathayo; ndi kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro, kumene zitsenderezo za boma zimati zitsatire malamulo ena.

Bungwe la Chivomezi: Federal Guice vs. Boma Losankha

Boma Likana Kusankhana

Mwinamwake mkangano wowopsa kwambiri pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma unachitika m'chaka cha 1950 ndi 1960. Mayiko a Kum’mwera kwa nthaŵi yaitali anasunga dongosolo la kusiyanitsa mafuko mwalamulo pansi pa chiphunzitso cha "kusiyana koma kulingana," chokhazikitsidwa ndi Plassy v. Ferguson [1896]. Boma la boma, ngakhale kuli tero, linayamba kusintha kaimidwe kake ndi chigamulo cha Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education (11954]), imene inalengeza kuti masukulu opatula a anthu.

Maboma ambiri, makamaka ku Deep South, anatsutsa poyera chigamulo. Mu 1957, Bwanamkubwa Orval Faubus wa Arkansas anaitana a National Guard kuti aletse ophunzira asanu ndi anayi a Black kuloŵa ku Little Rock Central High School. Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower anayankha mwa kukhazikitsa gulu la asilikali a Arkansas National Guard ndi kutumiza asilikali a U. U. Umenewu unali kulamula mwachindunji kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa kuyesa kuchotsa lamulo la boma.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Boma Lokakamiza

Nkhondoyo inakula kwambiri ndi kudutsa kwa Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa analetsa tsankho m’malo ogona anthu onse ndi kuvota. Mayiko onga Mississippi ndi Alabama anayankha ndi zitokoso za lamulo ndipo, nthaŵi zina, ndi chitsutso chachiwawa chochitidwa ndi boma ndi akuluakulu a boma. Boma linagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zosungitsa lamulo, kuphatikizapo osunga malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a khoti.

Phunziro la nyengo ino nlomvekera bwino: pamene ufulu wa maboma ugwiritsiridwa ntchito kululuza zitetezero zazikulu za malamulo, boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro ndi thayo la kuloŵererapo. Chigwirizano cha Chigawo cha Ufulu Woyenerera Chisungiko chidakali chitsanzo champhamvu koposa cha chigwirizano cha boma chogwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chiŵiya cha chilungamo, malamulo a boma amene anaswa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

2. Kuloledwa Kwalamulo: Mwala Wa demokrase M’kulimbana ndi Federal Prohibition

Boma Liyamba Kuyesa

California inakhala boma loyamba kulembetsa lamulo la mankhwala a mbava mu 1996, kutsutsa mwachindunji lamulo la boma la Substances Act (CSA) la 1970, limene limatcha chamba kukhala Shedyuli I yosagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamankhwala. Chiyambire pamenepo, maboma oposa 20 alola kuseŵera chamba, ndipo pafupifupi 40 agwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka. Komabe, pansi pa lamulo la boma, chamba chimakhala chosaloledwa ndi lamulo, ndi mankhwala a Enforcement Administration (DEA) akuchitchabe kukhala chinthu chowopsa.

Nkhondoyo si yongoyerekezera ayi. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ali ndi ulamuliro woukira makampani olembedwa mwalamulo pansi pa lamulo la boma. Mkati mwa Obama Administration, Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo inatulutsa Cole Meyandum, imene inalangiza ozenga mlandu a boma kuchotsa lamulo loletsa lamulo m'maboma. Trump Administration imeneyo, kuyambitsa kusatsimikizirika. Pansi pa Biden Administration, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha Chisungitso cha Malamulo yasungitsa njira yopitira manja, koma ngozi ya lamuloyo idakalipo.

Zotsatirapo Zothandiza za M’dziko

Maboma onga Colorado, Washington, ndi Oregon amanga makampani aakulu ku chikole cha malamulo, kutulutsa mabiliyoni m'makampani a msonkho ndi kuyambitsa zikwi makumi a ntchito. Komabe, mabizinesi amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo ya boma: iwo sangachotse ndalama za malonda pansi pa lamulo la boma la msonkho (IRC 7680E), kaŵirikaŵiri amamanidwa mautumiki a kubanki, ndipo antchito awo amalephera kusungidwa ndi boma. Mgwirizano wa zamalonda uli wovuta chifukwa kuyendetsa cha chamba m’mizere ya boma kuswa lamulo la boma.

Kulephera kwa boma kuthetsa mkangano umenewu kumabutsa kusiyana: mawu akugwira ntchito monga "maluso a demokrase," koma kufufuza kwawo kumagwira ntchito mopitirizabe powopseza kulandidwa ndi boma. Zochitika zaposachedwapa, monga ngati SAFE Banking Act ndi kukonzanso chamba, zimasonyeza kuti kusintha kungakhale kubwera, koma ponena za kulemba kumeneku, kusatha.

3. Kusintha: Mizinda Yosapatulika ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

SB 1070 ndi Malire a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Lamulo la kusamutsa ndilo ulamuliro wa boma mu ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa mphamvu ya Konsichushoni ya kukonza zinthu ndi nkhani zachilendo. Komabe, maboma ayesa mowonjezereka kukhazikitsa njira zawo zosungitsira anthu osamukira kudziko. Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri ndi SB’S 1070 (2070), imene inafuna kuti apolisi ayang'ane za malo a munthu aliyense amene analingalira kuti ali m'dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo ndi kupangitsa kuti likhale mlandu wa boma kaamba ka alendo osalembedwa kuti afune ntchito.

Boma la boma linazenga Arizona mlandu, likutsutsa kuti lamulo linalanda ulamuliro wa boma. Mu Arizona v. United States [1] (20: 2), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a lamulo, likumasunga lamulolo kukhala ntchito ya boma. Khoti linalola "ndionetseni mapepala anu" makonzedwe anu oyenera kuima, koma pansi pa polekezera. Mlanduwo unakhazikitsanso mwamphamvu malamulo a bomawo kuti asachotse lamulo la boma loletsa kusamuka.

Mizinda Yoyera ndi Nyengo ya Trump

Posachedwapa, nkhondo zabuka pa "mizinda yosakhazikika" . Zilango zimene zimachepetsa kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma osintha anthu. Trump Administration yotchuka yowopseza kumaniza mphatso za boma ku mizinda yopatulika, makamaka ku Chicago. Makhoti kwakukulukulu anatsekereza zoyesayesa zimenezi, kugamula kuti boma la boma silingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe yatsopano, yosagwirizana ndi kupereka ndalama zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo inafuna kuchita zina (City of Chicago v.Squalns [1], 2018].

Biden Administration yachita zosiyana, koma ikupitirizabe kuwona kulimbana ndi maboma onga Texas ndi Florida, amene apanga malamulo aukali oletsa osamuka. Mu 2023, Texas inapereka SB 4, kuvomereza apolisi a boma kumanga osamukira popanda kulembedwa, kuyambitsa nkhondo yatsopano yalamulo ndi boma.

Nkhondo zimenezi zimagogomezera chowonadi chachikulu: pamene kuli kwakuti maboma angachirikize kusungitsa anthu a boma, iwo sangakhazikitse lamulo lawolawo la kusamukira m'dziko. Ulamuliro wa boma lachindunji m'derali uli umodzi wa malo oŵerengeka kumene Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala likuchirikiza mwamphamvu ulamuliro wa boma.

4. Zaumoyo Zisintha: Lamulo la Kusamalira Anthu Ovutika ndi Kukana Boma

Nkhondo Yofutukuka ya Mapedika

Pamene Affordble Care Act (ACA) inasainwa m'lamulo mu 2010, inali ndi makonzedwe amene anafuna kuti mayiko awonjezere maprogramu awo a Medicaid kuti aphikire achikulire onse ndi ndalama zofika 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Boma likhoza kulipira 100% wa ndalama zimene zinali kuwonongedwa poyambirira, pang’onopang’ono kufika pa 90%. Maboma 20-6 anatsutsa lamulolo, akutsutsa kuti maboma okakamiza kutenga nawo mbali m’programu yatsopano yotsutsana ndi chifuniro chawo.

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20: 2), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti pamene kuli kwakuti chilolezo cha munthu aliyense chinali chalamulo (monga msonkho), kufutukuka kwa Medicaid sikunali. Khotilo linanena kuti kuchotsa ndalama zonse za Medicaid zimene zinalipo ku boma zimene zinakana kufutukuka kunali kopanda lamulo.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo ndi Boma

Pa 2024, maboma khumi sanafutukulebe Medicaid, kuphatikizapo Texas, Florida, ndi Mississippi. Zimenezi zapangitsa "mpata wophimba" kwa mamiliyoni a achikulire olandira ndalama zochepa amene amapeza ndalama zambiri kwa mwambo wa Medicaid koma ochepa kwambiri kuyenerera kaamba ka inshuwalansi yaumwini. Boma la boma layesa kukulitsa kuwonjezeka kwa njira zina, monga ngati opimira ndi owonjezera milingo yofanana ya mautumiki ena, koma kukana kwa maboma ameneŵa kumagogomezera malire a mphamvu ya boma m’zaumoyo.

Mkangano wa ACA umasonyezanso "ukuru wa boma" wamphamvu: boma la boma linagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zimene linalipo kusonkhezera maboma kunka ku chonulirapo cha lamulo, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba linasintha, kusungitsa ufulu wa boma. Izi zidakali chimodzi cha zosankha zazikulu za boma m’zaka za zana la 21.

5. Malamulo a Zachilengedwe: Ulamuliro Wapadera wa California ndi Miyezo ya Dziko

Kuthamanga kwa California

Dongosolo la malo okhala ndi malo amene boma ndi boma limawombana mobwerezabwereza. California Act imalola kufunafuna wowachotsa ku Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake, yolimba. Maboma ena kenaka angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya boma kapena ya California. Zimenezi zachititsa California kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chosintha malamulo a dziko a zamagetsi.

Mkati mwa Obama Administration California ndi EPA anagwira ntchito m'matala kuti awonjezere miyezo ya zachuma. Komabe, Trump Administration inachotsa wogulitsa wa California ndi kubwerera kumbuyo miyezo ya dziko, zimene zinabutsa kutsutsana kwakukulu. California adapereka mlandu, ndipo boma limodzi ndi gulu la opanga galimoto linavomereza miyezo yaufulu yomwe inaposa miyezo ya boma. Komiti ya Biden Administration inabwezeretsanso miyezo ya California ndi kubwezeretsa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri.

Kuyesa kwa boma kuchotsa California chipanduko chake kunali chitokoso chachindunji ku ulamuliro wa boma wa nthaŵi yaitali pansi pa Decreat Air Act . Makhoti pomalizira pake anagwirizana ndi California, akutsimikizira kuti EPA siingachotse mwalamulo munthu wopalamula amene waloledwa mwalamulo.

Ganizo la Mphamvu Yaudongo ndi Mafonsetivani

Clean Power Plan (2015), imene cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon kuchokera ku mafakitale a mphamvu, inadalira kwambiri maboma kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a munthu mmodzi. Maboma ambiri, otsogozedwa ndi West Virginia, pamaziko akuti inaposa ulamuliro wa EPA pansi pa Deec Air Act. Khoti Lapamwamba silinachitepo kanthu pa zinthu zimenezi, chifukwa chakuti Trump Administration inasiya mapulaniwo ndi Afford Cable Energy. Komabe, mlandu [[FLL:0] West Virginia v. EPA . [FLT:] (2022)) anabwerezanso nkhaniyo, ndipo Bwalo linachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA kugwiritsira ntchito "kusintha" kutulutsa, kuloza ku kufunsa nkhani yaikulu.

Kumenyana kwa malo okhala kumeneku kumasonyeza kugwirizana kocholoŵana pakati pa kudzilamulira kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma: maboma ena amafuna chitetezo champhamvu kuposa boma la boma, ena amafuna chofooka, ndipo malamulo alamulo a mphamvu iliyonse amayesedwa nthaŵi zonse.

6. Kuletsa mfuti: Kusintha kwachiŵiri Ufulu wa Kulamulira ndi Kusintha kwa Boma

Malamulo Okhwima a Boma amatsutsana ndi Miyezo Yadziko

Kulamulira mfuti ndi malo kumene boma la boma limaika chipinda chapamwamba, osati denga. Mpando Wachiŵiri, monga momwe watembenuzidwira mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi ] MDonald v. City of Chicago [1] (2010), imateteza munthu aliyense kuyenera kwake kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida. Komabe, maboma ali aufulu kupereka malamulo okhwima, malinga ngati saphwanya lamulo lakumanja.

Mayiko onga California, New York, ndi Massachusetts akhazikitsa malamulo ena a mfuti zokhwima kwambiri m'dziko, kuphatikizapo kuletsa zida zoukira, magazini othamanga, ndi zofunikira zolimba. Boma la boma, pansi pa Gun Control Act ya 1968 ndi Brady Act, limakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mfuti ndi kuyang'anira zinthu. Koma malamulo a boma angapitirire kwambiri. Malamulo a boma akakula amatsutsa malamulo a maboma chifukwa cha ufulu wa mfuti amene amatsutsa ufulu wa boma, kapena pamene boma liyesa kukhazikitsa miyezo yofanana, monga mayeso a dziko lonse lapansi, amene akutsutsa.

Chigamulo Chankhanza ndi Chipwirikiti cha Boma

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022) anasintha kwambiri malo. Khoti linagonjetsa "chochititsa chachikulu" chochititsa chosungira zilolezo, kunyamula kuti lamulo lililonse la mfuti likhale logwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko a mfuti. Chigamulo chimenechi chachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo a boma otsutsa a boma m’dziko lonselo, kuphatikizapo chida cha California ndi ziletso zatsopano zonyamula malo "apafupi." Boma la boma la United States, linachirikiza, mafotokozedwe ambiri a malamulo a kukonza malamulo achiŵiri, koma silinayese kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko omwe a m’mbuyomo.

Kulimbana kwa mfuti pansi pa boma n’kwapadera chifukwa chakuti Lamulo lachiŵiri la Mpando wa Malamulo limaika malire pa maboma onse a boma ndi a boma, koma limalola kuti pakhale nzeru zambiri pa mmene amalamulira m’malamulowo. Chotulukapo chake ndi malamulo otsalira omwe amasiyana kwambiri m’dziko ndi boma, kuyambitsa mikangano yalamulo yosasintha.

7. Maphunziro ndi Nkhondo Zamakono: Chiphunzitso cha Mpikisano Wovuta ndi Chiphunzitso Chamachenjera

Ziletso za Boma pa Kuphunzitsa

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maphunziro ayamba kukhala mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo ya boma.

Chiyambire 2021, pafupifupi maboma 18 akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mmene aphunzitsi angakambitsirane za fuko, chisembwere, ndi mbiri ya Amereka. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira malingaliro ogwirizana ndi Critical Race Theory (CRT), ngakhale kuti CRT yeniyeniyo siimaphunzitsa m'masukulu a K-12. Poyankha, Dipatimenti ya za Maphunziro inapereka chitsogozo chakuti ziletso zoterozo zingaswe ufulu wa ophunzira ngati apanga malo audani kapena kukondera ophunzira a mafuko ena. Magawo ena a sukulu abwerera mmbuyo, akutsutsa kuti chitsogozo cha boma sichimalamulira.

Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe lamulo lalikulu la boma limene laperekedwa kutsekereza mwachindunji maphunziro a boma, mkanganowo ukugogomezera kusagwirizana komakulakula pakati pa kulamulira boma pa maphunziro ndi kuyang’anira ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya Federalism ya ku America

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti kusagwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma sikuli vuto m'dongosolo lino(ilo ndi dongosolo lenilenilo. United States adalinganizidwa kusungitsa ufulu wa boma pamene akulenga boma lamphamvu lokhoza kuchitapo kanthu. Kulinganiza kumeneko kumayesedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi malamulo atsopano, maluso atsopano, ndi madongosolo atsopano a ndale zadziko.

Pamene nkhondo zimenezi zikupitirizabe kusintha, pamakhala njira zingapo: Boma la boma limakhala ndi mphamvu pamene lichita zinthu m’maulamuliro ake otchulidwa (kusamuka, malonda a m’dziko, kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe). Kaŵirikaŵiri mayiko amapambana pamene akana kukakamizidwa ndi boma kumene kungasinthe kwenikweni mathayo awo amwambo (kukula kwa Medicaid, malamulo ena a maphunziro). Ndipo m’madera ena, monga ngati kukhazikitsa mwalamulo ndi kuyendetsa mfuti, nkhondoyo imalephera, popanda chigamulo chalamulo chomveka.

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa zinthu zovuta kwambiri zokhudza ulamuliro wa ku America.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maulamuliro ndi mikangano yapadera imeneyi, onani Chikomyunizimu , mlandu wa khoti mafailo , ndi kusanthula kuchokera ku [FLT:] Urban's State and Local Infect .