Kodi Boma N’chiyani?

Boma ndilo dongosolo la madongosolo a madongosolo, malamulo, ndi zochita zimene boma kapena chitaganya chimalinganizidwa ndi kulamulidwa. Ilo limasankha mmene ulamuliro umagawidwira, mmene zosankha zimachitidwira, ndi mmene mphamvu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa anthu. Madongosolo a boma amaumba mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu . Kuchokera ku ufulu ndi ufulu wa nzika zimene zimasangalala ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma zimene zili nazo. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi anthu odzipereka, kuzindikira madongosolo ameneŵa nkofunika kuti munthu athe kutenga nawo mbali mwaluso m’nkhani yapoyera ndi kuyerekezera mmene mitundu yosiyanasiyana imachitira ulamuliro. Nkhaniyi imapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a mitundu yaikulu ya boma, kupenda mikhalidwe yawo yofunika, ndi mmene amasiyanirana mchitidwe wawo.

Zinthu Zapadera za Madongosolo a Boma

Asanadumphe m’madzi, amathandiza kuti adziwe zinthu zimene zimapanga maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

  • Magwero a Ulamuliro: Kodi boma limapeza kuti kuyenera kwake? Zotsatira zake zimaphatikizapo kuvomereza kotchuka, kuyenera kwaumulungu, kutsalirana kwa choloŵa, kapena gulu lankhondo.
  • Kugawana kwa Mphamvu: Mphamvu imasumikidwa mwa munthu mmodzi kapena kagulu kochepa, kapena kodi imagawana pakati pa nthambi ndi milingo ya boma? Izi zikugwirizana ndi mapulogalamu a boma ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro.
  • Udindo wa Chilamulo: Ndi olamulira omangidwa ndi malamulo kapena malamulo, kapena angachite mwadala?
  • Kutengamo mbali: Kodi ndimotani mmene anthu amayambukirira boma? Zosankha kuyambira pa kuvota ndi kulankhula kwaufulu kufikira kupondereza ndi kuchotsa kotheratu.
  • Kulamulira kwa chuma:[[FLT ] [1] Kodi boma limasamalira chuma ku mlingo wotani? Madongosolo amasiyana kuchokera ku laissez-faire kapitalist kufikira ku chuma cha lamulo cholamuliridwa ndi boma.
  • [[ML:0] Malunga ndi Ufulu: Kodi ufulu wa anthu ngwotetezeredwa ndi lamulo, kapena kodi boma lingawaponye iwo pa chifuniro?

Makhalidwe ameneŵa amapanga malens a kachipangizo ka m’thupi kamene tingayerekezere nawo madongosolo a boma otsatira.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Maboma

Zigawo zotsatirazi zikufufuza magulu a maboma ofala kwambiri, okhala ndi mafotokozedwe owonjezereka, zitsanzo za mbiri yakale, ndi mapendedwe osinthasintha.

Demokalase

Democracy, kuchokera ku mawu Achigiriki demokas [1] (anthu) ndi kratos (lamulo), masututi mu anthu. M’maonekedwe ake oyera, nzika zimasankha malamulo ndi mabungwe [1] njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Atene. Lerolino, ma democracy ambiri ali mademocracy [[ oimira maboma, kumene anthu amasankha akuluakulu kuti apange zosankha zawo. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo ufulu waufulu ndi wachilungamo, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, malamulo ambiri polemekeza ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zitsanzo za madongosolo a democracy zimaphatikizapo United States (Republic ya boma), India (demokrase yapanthaŵiyo), ndi Germany (Republic ya palamende). Malinga ndi Economist Intelligence Unity Unity Index Index [[[FLL:1]], mitundu imaikidwa pa kachitidwe ka masankhoti, kugwira ntchito kwa boma, kuchita nawo zandale, chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zimafuna kugawana kwaunyirika kwa boma, odziimira pa makampani, ndi chikhalidwe chodalirana kuti ayendetse. Pamene demokrase nthaŵi zina zingatsogolere ku pulogalamu ya otchuka kwambiri yotetezera anthu ndi ufulu.

Republic

Republic ndi mtundu wa boma kumene mkulu wa boma saali mfumu koma wosankhidwa kapena woikidwa, ndipo dzikolo limalingaliridwa kukhala "nkhani ya anthu onse".

Ma Republics angakhale pulezidenti (m’b. Brazil) kapena nyumba ya malamulo (m’chitsanzo, Italy). Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa republic ndi demokrase kaŵirikaŵiri nkosaoneka: mariphabliki onse ali ndi mbali ina ya demokrase (amakhala ndi masankho), koma si ma democracy onse amene ali mariphabliki monga United Kingdom (ufumu wa ufumu wa ufumu wa democracy . Ma Republic amagogomezera ubwino wa anthu ndi ubwino wa anthu, koma otsutsa angasiyane ndi osankhidwa ngati oimirawo ali osaŵerengeka.

Monarchy

Mfumu ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya boma, ndipo ili ndi wolamulira mmodzi (wolamulira) amene ali ndi udindo wapamwamba kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri wokhalira moyo ndiponso woloŵana. Pali mitundu iwiri yapamwamba:

  • [[FLT :0] Absolute Monarchy: Monarch imapanga machitidwe pafupi ndi [1] Kulamulira dziko lonse ndipo siimamangidwa ndi malamulo. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Louis XIV wa France ndi zitsanzo zamakono monga Saudi Arabia ndi Oman. M'madongosolo awa, mawu a monarchy ali lamulo, ndipo palibe zopimira zalamulo pa mphamvu zawo.
  • Constigational Monarchy: Maulamuliro a monarch ali ndi malire ndi malamulo, ndipo ulamuliro weniweni wa ndale zadziko uli ndi nyumba ya malamulo yosankhidwa ndi nduna yaikulu. Nthaŵi zambiri mfumu imatumikira monga mutu wa madzoma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo United Kingdom, Japan, ndi Sweden. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, maufumu a monarchy amapereka chikhazikitso ndi kupitirizabe pamene ntchito za democracy zikulamulira zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Maufumu achifumu angachititse munthu kuzindikira mtundu wake ndi kupitirizabe, koma sangadziimbe mlandu ngati mfumuyo ikhalabe ndi mphamvu zazikulu.

Kulemba

Chikonzi chimasumika mphamvu mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kapamwamba, kopanda zambiri zoloŵetsedwamo m’ndale zadziko ndi kukhala ndi phande kochepa kwa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro a authoritarianism angapange masankho, ameneŵa sali aufulu kapena abwino, ndipo boma limaletsa kwambiri chitsutso. Mikhalidwe yapadera imaphatikizapo:

  • Kusumika maganizo pa mphamvu mwa munthu kapena kagulu kakang’ono, kaŵirikaŵiri kochirikizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo kapena la chipani chimodzi.
  • Kutsekerezedwa kwa kutsutsa kupyolera m’kufufuza, apolisi achinsinsi, kapena kuvutitsidwa mwalamulo.
  • Kulephera kufalitsa nkhani kapena kufalitsa nkhani zambiri m’malo osiyanasiyana.

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Soviet Union pansi pa Stalin, Germany wa Nazi, ndi zochitika zamakono kwambiri zonga China (ngakhale kuti China imagwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism ndi chuma cha m’dziko) ndi Belarus. Unduna wa maufumu ungapange kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yochepa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma (monga momwe zimawonera mu “maiko otukuka a ku Asia a ku Asia), koma umapondereza ufulu nthaŵi zonse ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umatsogolera ku ziphuphu ndi kusakhazikika pamene kusintha kwa utsogoleri kuchitika.

Kupondereza

Ulamuliro wankhanza ndi mtundu wa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism umene umafuna kulamulira kotheratu mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu ndi waumwini. Bomalo limaloŵerera m'mbali zonse . "zandale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale zikhulupiriro zaumwini zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kulamulira chuma ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu m’dziko.
  • Kufufuza kokhazikika ndi kufalitsa malingaliro ena kuti ziumbe malingaliro.
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito mantha ndi kuyang’anira kuchotsa chitsutso.
  • Mfundo imodzi yokha, yonseyo yoposa imene iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi nzika zonse.

Zitsanzo zapadera ndizo za Adolf Hitler ndi Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union. North Korea pansi pa ulamuliro wa Kim ndi boma lankhanza lapanthaŵi ino, kumene boma limalamulira chidziŵitso, limaletsa kudalirana, ndi kulamula kukhulupirika kotheratu. Ulamuliro wa andale umatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa choyambitsa mikhalidwe ya kupondereza anthu, kupondereza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kusadalirana pa zachuma. Kugwa kwa maulamuliro otere kaŵirikaŵiri kumadzetsa mavuto aakulu m’chitaganya.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy ndi njira imene gulu laling'ono la anthu limalamulira, kaŵirikaŵiri mozikidwa pa chuma, kugwirizana kwa banja, ulamuliro wankhondo, kapena chisonkhezero cha makampani. Mosiyana ndi ufumu wa monarchy, umene wazikidwa pa ulamuliro wa choloŵa, olamuliridwa ndi okhoza kukhala mwamwaŵi ndipo angakhalepo m'madongosolo a demokrase a dzina. Mwachitsanzo, m'maiko ena, mabanja olemera ochepa kapena amalonda apamwamba kwambiri amene ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi masankho. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa kulamulidwa ndi olemera.

Malo a mbiri yakale amaphatikizapo amalonda a mzinda wa ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ oundana a dziko la Renaissance Italy, monga ngati Venice. Zitsanzo zamakono zimaphatikizapo Russia, kumene gulu laling’ono la oligarch linasonkhanitsa mphamvu zazikulu zachuma ndi zandale pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Oligarchy ingakhale yokhoza kupanga chosankha chifukwa chakuti gululo nlaling'ono, koma limanyalanyaza zosoŵa za anthu ambiri, kusumika maganizo pa chuma, ndi kuchepetsa ntchito ya democracy.

Alugwe

Anarchy kwenikweni limatanthauza kuti "pansi pa ulamuliro. Limalongosola kusakhalapo kwa ulamuliro waukulu. Zochita zake, chipwirikiti chingatsogolere ku chipwirikiti, chiwawa, ndi kuswa malamulo, monga momwe zawonedwa m'maboma olephera monga Somalia m'ma 1990. Komabe, akatswiri ena andale zadziko amatsutsa kuti chipwirikiti chingakhalenso dongosolo lodzifunira, lodziimira lokha lozikidwa pa kugwirizana, kupanga zosankha zoyenera, ndi kutsogolera demokrase .

Antarchy siichitika kawirikawiri monga boma lokhazikika, lautali wa nthaŵi yaitali. Nthawi zambiri amayamba kanthawi pamene anthu asintha zinthu, nkhondo zapachiweniweni, kapena pamene boma latha. Mabungwe ambiri amapanga mtundu winawake wa boma kuti ateteze, akonze zinthu zofunika, ndiponso akhazikitse.

Kufufuza Madongosolo a Boma Moyerekezera

Boma lililonse lili ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika, chuma, ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali.

  • [[FLT: 0] Democracy: Imakulitsa ufulu wa ndale zadziko ndi kuŵerengera mlandu koma ingakhale yotsenderezedwa kapena yosokonezeka ndi populist. Imafuna nzika ya maphunziro ndi mabungwe amphamvu.
  • Republic: imalinganizitsa mphamvu kupyolera mwa zotsendereza ndi kuimira koma ikhoza kugwirizanitsa pakati pa oimira ndi oimira ngati satha kuiyendetsa bwino.
  • Monarchy : Imapereka utsogoleri womvekera bwino, wokhazikika ndi kupitirizabe kwa mtundu, koma ma monarchy otsimikizirika amaika pangozi upo wankhanza, pamene kuli kwakuti ogwirizana ndi malamulo angalimbane ndi mtengo ndi kufunika kwa mutu wa dzoma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudziimira: kungasungitse dongosolo ndi kuyendetsa mofulumira (makamaka m'mafakitale) koma kutaya ufulu waumwini, zoyenera za ndale zadziko, ndi kuŵerengera kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
  • Chipani cha Atalitalanti: Chimachititsa kulamulira ndi kufanana kwa malingaliro koma chimatsogolera ku kutsendereza kwaunyinji, kusayendetsa bwino chuma, ndi masoka a ufulu wa anthu.
  • Oligarchy: imalola chigamulo cha mwamsanga, chogwirizana kupangidwa ndi gulu logaŵikana koma imanyalanyaza chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu ndi kusumika maganizo pa chuma, kaŵirikaŵiri kukulitsa mkwiyo ndi kusakhazikika.
  • Archy : Imapereka ufulu waumwini wonse m’nthanthi koma m’zochitika kaŵirikaŵiri imachepetsa chisungiko ndi chiwawa, imalephera kupereka zinthu zazikulu za anthu.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti maiko ambiri amaphatikiza mbali zina. Mwachitsanzo, Singapore amaphatikiza zisankho za democracy ndi zikhoterero zamphamvu za kulamulira, ndipo United Kingdom iri ufumu walamulo wokhala ndi demokrase ya nyumba ya malamulo. Mitundu yoyera njosoŵa.

Mmene Maboma Amachepetsera

Maboma sasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu, kusintha kwa zinthu, kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kwapang’onopang’ono, kapena kuponderezedwa ndi anthu ena.

  • . . . . Chisinthiko cha France chinagonjetsa ufumu wachifumu ndi kutsogolera ku lipabuliki. Chipanduko cha Russia chinabweretsa ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu.
  • Kusintha kwa ''''''''''''': United Kingdom inafutukuka kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ikusintha kuchokera ku ufumu wa monarchy wochepa kukhala demokrase yokwanira pamene ikusunga ufumu wa monarchy.
  • Kusintha: Maufumu ambiri akale anatengera madongosolo a boma a osunga kwawo, kuwaphatikiza ndi miyambo ya nzika. India anakhala dziko la demokrase; maiko ambiri a mu Afirika poyamba anatengera madongosolo a authorizimu amene pambuyo pake anasinthira ku demokalase.
  • Collapse ndi Reault: [[FLT :1] Kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunatsogolera ku funde la maulamuliro a democracy atsopano ndi a authoritarian ku Eastern Europe ndi Central Asia.

Kuzindikira maluso ameneŵa kumathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chake maiko okhala ndi malamulo ofanana angakhale ndi zotsatirapo zosiyana kwambiri. IDEA’S Global State of Democracy Indicas [1] Zikhoterero zimenezi zikupita patsogolo, kusonyeza mmene mkhalidwe wa demokrase umasinthira padziko lonse.

Ntchito ya Maboma M’mavuto Amakono

Mtundu wa boma umatsatira njira yosinthira mwachindunji mmene umalamulira nkhani zazikulu zamakono monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusalingana kwa zachuma, thanzi la anthu onse, ndi nkhondo za mitundu yonse. Nthaŵi zambiri Democracrac ikuyesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo a nthaŵi yaitali chifukwa cha kusintha kwachidule kwa masankho, pamene maulamuliro a a authoritarianism angayambitse kusintha kwakukulu koma anganyalanyaze kuvomereza kwa anthu. Mliri wa Chovid . Mliri wa ulamuliro wa authorist (ku China) unakhazikitsa malamulo otsekereza mwamsanga, pamene maiko a democracy adatsutsana ndi malonda pakati pa zaumoyo wa anthu onse ndi ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, kuwonana kwa ma democracy ndi kuyankha kwa democracy kunathandiza kukulitsa chikhulupiriro ndi kusintha malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Kumvetsa Bwino Madongosolo a Boma N’kofunika

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kwambiri madongosolo a boma si ntchito yamaphunziro. Kumasonkhezera [[FLT: 0] kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kulemba , kutheketsa anthu kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko, kuyang'ana atsogoleri, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha. Kumalimbikitsanso kuzindikira kwa dziko lonse [[[FLT:], kuthandiza anthu kumvetsa chifukwa chimene mayiko amalamulira mosiyana ndi mmene kusiyanako kumakhudzira maunansi apadziko lonse, malonda, ndi ufulu wa anthu. M'dziko la , kudziŵa madongosolo a boma ndilo n’kofunika kwambiri kuti akhale nzika yodziŵa ndi wogwira nawo ntchito padziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a boma ndiwo maziko a gulu la ndale zadziko, akusonkhezera zonse kuyambira pa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kufika pa dzina la dziko. Kufufuza kumeneku kwasonyeza mitundu yaikulu ya zinthu monga "democracy, republic, monarchy, denacyism, totalitarianism, odrust, onerality, ndi kusagwirizana ndi maluso awo apadera, mphamvu zawo, ndi zofooka. Palibe dongosolo lililonse limene lili langwiro, ndipo mitundu yambiri imaphatikiza zinthu kuchokera ku magulu ambiri. Mwa kuphunzira zimenezi, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi angakulitse chiyamikiro chotsimikizirika kaamba ka mmene mphamvu zimalinganizidwira, mmene zimagwirira ntchito bwino, ndi mmene nzika zingachitire mbali yabwino pokonza ulamuliro wawo. Kwa awo amene akufuna kupenda mowonjezereka, chuma chonga [FLD: 0] chuma chonga [FLD] Britannica Britannica [FF1] ndi malongosoledwe a zandale a Worldbook, Genetic protensities .