Gulu la Kuchotsa Ukapolo ndi Kutha kwa Ukapolo

Gulu loletsa, limene linakula kuyambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, linafuna kuthetsa ukapolo ku United States. Ochita ziwawa monga Frederick Douglas ndi Harriet Tubman anali othandiza kukulitsa kuzindikira ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera za Aafirika. Ntchito yawo inayala maziko a kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo kumene kukathetsa dziko.

Frederick Douglas, yemwe kale anali kapolo yemwe anakhala wotsogolera ndi wolemba, anafalitsa zolembedwa za mbiri za anthu zingapo zofotokoza zokumana nazo zake. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, Kapolo wa ku America (1845) anafikira anthu a mitundu yonse ndi kuvumbula nkhanza za gululo. Harriet Tubman, amene anali ndi ntchito zambiri zopulumutsa anthu ogwidwa ukapolo kudzera ku Underreed Railroad, kusonyeza mphamvu ya kachitidwe kaundula ndi nyumba za magetsi.

Gululo linadaliranso pa zitokoso za lamulo ndi kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko. American Anti- Modernry Society, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1833, zopempha zogwirizana, nkhani, ndi zofalitsa. Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu la 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford [1] anakana kukhala nzika ya Aafirika, chochititsa kuchotsa chitukuko chinapitirizabe. Voti ya Abraham Lincoln mu 1860, itsatidwa ndi Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, inayambitsa mikhalidwe ya kusintha lamulo.

Zokwaniritsa Zazikulu za Malamulo

  • Proclation (1863) : Yofalitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Lincoln, lamulo laudindo limeneli linalengeza ufulu wa akapolo m'maboma a Conferate. Ngakhale kuti linali lochepa kwambiri, linasintha chifuno cha nkhondo ndipo linalola Aafirika a Amereka kutumikira mu U.
  • Lam lamagazi (1865) : Mwachibadwa kuchotsa ukapolo mu United States, kusiyapo chilango cha mlandu. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chotulukapo chachindunji cha kuletsa ndi chipambano cha Union.
  • Lamphindi la 141 (1868) : Unzika kwa anthu onse obadwira kapena opangidwa ku U.S., kuphatikizapo omwe kale anali akapolo, ndi kutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana pansi pa malamulo. Mawuwa anakhala maziko a ufulu wa anthu wamtsogolo.
  • Lam lamagazi (1870) : Kukana ufulu wovota chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena ukapolo wakale. Ngakhale kuti lamulo linali lofooka Kummwera kwa pafupifupi zaka zana, linakhazikitsa lamulo la malamulo.

Kupambana kwa gulu lothetsa dzikolo kunasonyeza kuti kuchirikiza kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi ndale zadziko kosalekeza kungathetse chisalungamo chozika mizu cha lamulo, koma nkhondo ya kulingana kwenikweni inali isanathe.

Kuyenda Monyansitsa kwa Akazi

Gulu la akazi lokwiya linamenyera ufulu wa akazi wosankha, kumaliza pamene panadutsa Demetriment ya 19 mu 1920. Atsogoleri onga Susan B. Anthony ndi Elizabeth Cady Stanton analinganiza misonkhano, analemba mapepala, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Malamulo kuti asungitse ufulu umenewu. Gululo linatuluka m’gulu la ochirikiza ufulu wa otsutsa ufulu wa boma, popeza kuti akazi ambiri anazindikira kuti nawonso analibe mphamvu zandale.

Mu 1848, Seneca Falls Convention inazindikiritsa chiyambi cha gulu la ufulu wolinganizidwa wa akazi. Chilengezo cha msonkhano wa Sentiments , yotsatiridwa ndi Declaration of Independence, inandandandalika milandu yotsutsa malamulo amene anachepetsa akazi. Pazaka makumi zotsatira, ochirikiza ufulu wachipembedzo anagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: ndawala za boma, kuvomereza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kusamvera kwa anthu.

Zochitika Zofunika Kwambiri

  • Joman Suffnge Association (NWSA) ndi American Woman Suffnge Association (AWSA) [1]: Mabungwe ameneŵa, pambuyo pake anagwirizana kuloŵa mu National American Woman Suffnge Association, anagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa m'dziko lonselo.
  • Gawo la Kuvota (1869) [1]: Chigamulo choyamba chopatsa akazi ufulu wovota, kupereka chitsanzo ku maboma ena.
  • Demendment ya 197 (1920) : Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za ndawala ndi kusintha kwakukulu m’lingaliro la anthu pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, chisinthiko chinavomerezedwa. Chinati: “Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States kuvota sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena kuletsedwa ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha kugonana.”

Gulu la opanga masankho la bungweli silinangopatsa akazi chivoti komanso linakhazikitsa njira zochitira zinthu pa kulingana kwa amuna m’tsogolo. Linasonyeza kuti malamulo a boma anali otheka chifukwa cha kukakamiza udzu ndi kumanga nyumba zogwirizana m’madera ndi m’magulu osiyanasiyana. Kupambana kwa Malamulo a Chisinthiko cha 19 kunasonkhezeranso kuti pakhale malipiro ofanana, ufulu wobereka, ndi malamulo otetezera ku tsankho la kugonana.

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu (1950s - 1960)

Chivomezi cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1950 ndi 1960 cholinga cha kuthetsa tsankho la fuko ndi tsankho pa Aafirika. Otchuka onga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ndi Malcolm X anatulukira panthaŵi ino, kuchirikiza kulingana mwa zitsutso zamtendere, zitokoso za lamulo, ndipo, m’nkhani zina, njira zankhondo zambiri. Gululo linachotsa Jim Crow system of Religion yomwe inapitirizabe chiyambire mapeto a Reconstantion.

Kupambana Kukali Koyambirira ndi Kupambana Mwalamulo

Pambuyo pa zitsutso za m'ma 1960, NaACP Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Thir Good Marshall, inalondola njira yalamulo yotsutsa kugaŵidwa kwa gulu. Nkhani ya 1954 [FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Educa [1] inalengeza kuti “kugaŵana koma kulingana ndi [1] sukulu za anthu onse kunali kosalingana, kugwetsa 1896 [FL:2] PV. Chosankha chimenechi chinapereka maziko a lamulo la lamulo la desecoverse kumbali zina za moyo wa anthu.

Montgomery Bus Boycott ya mu 1955-1956 inali chochitika chachikulu chimene chinasonyeza mphamvu ya kachitidwe ka gulu. Pambuyo pa kukana kwa Rosa Park kuchotsa mpando wake, anthu a ku Africa adataya mabasi a mzindawo kwa chaka chimodzi. Mtsogoleri wa gulu la adokowe anatha pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba la Malamulo linalamulira kuti basi inali yopanda ulamuliro. Kutsutsako kunayambitsa Martin Luther King Jr.

Malamulo Aakulu ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo

  • Chili ndi Act ya 1964 [1]: Kusankhana kozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko m'nyumba za anthu, ntchito, ndi maprogramu ochirikizidwa ndi boma. Ilo lidakali limodzi la malamulo amphamvu oletsa kugaŵana m'dziko.
  • Kusintha Ufulu wa Kusankha kwa 1965[FLT: 1]: Kuyesa kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi machitachita ena ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa Aafirika. Icho chinafuna maulamuliro ena okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo osankhira ([[FLT:]] SAUTCT 5 preculance ). Zimenezi zinawonjezera kwambiri kulembetsa kwa voti ya Blackrver ndi kutengamo mbali m'ndale ku South.
  • Act ya 1968 : Kusankhana kogwirizana pa malonda, pa lendi, ndi kupezera ndalama nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, chiyambi cha dziko, ndi (pambuyo pake) kugonana ndi kulemala. Zimenezi zinatsatira kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King Jr. ndipo zinali mbali ya kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa kusamalira kusalingana kwa dongosolo m’nyumba ndi m'madera ena.

Machenjera a kutsutsa kopanda chiwawa, kusonkhanitsa anthu ambirimbiri, ndi kukambirana kwa magulu ambiri otsatirapo, anatengerabe chitsanzo cha kukambirana kwa anthu a mitundu ina ndiponso kulingana kwa anthu a m’dzikolo.

LGBTQ+ Gulu la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Bungwe la LGBTQ lamenyera ufulu wa amuna kudziŵidwa mwalamulo ndi kutetezeredwa ku tsankho. Zochitika zapamtunda monga Stonewall Riots mu 1969 zinasonkhezera kukakamiza kaamba ka kulingana, kutsogolera ku kupita patsogolo kwalamulo kwapadera kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kusanakhale Stonellall, machitidwe a kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo anachitidwa upandu m’maiko ambiri, ndipo anthu anayang’anizana ndi kutaikiridwa ntchito, kuchotsedwa ntchito, ndi kuvutitsidwa kwa apolisi.

Pambuyo pa Stonewall, LGBTQ+ ochirikiza kukhazikitsa magulu onga Gay Liberation Front ndi Human Rights Cammission . Iwo anatenga njira kuchokera ku magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi otsutsa nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zisonyezero zapoyera, kukakamizidwa, ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Ma 1970 anaona zipambano zoyambirira: mizinda ina inapatula malamulo osakondera, ndipo American Psychiatric Association inachotsa kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo pa mpambo wake wa mavuto a maganizo mu 1973.

Kupambana Kwamalamulo

  • Lawrence v. Texas (2003) : Khoti Lalikulu linagamula malamulo a sodoma, kuchotsapo ntchito imodzimodziyo ya kugonana kwachiphamaso m’dziko lonse. Chigamulo chimenechi chinathetsa mlandu wa 1986 Bowers v. Hardweck ndi kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa chinsinsi.
  • United States v. Windsor (2013) : Khoti linagamula kuti boma liyenera kuvomereza maukwati a kugonana ofanana ochitidwa mwalamulo m’mawu amene analola. Zimenezi zinawononga makonzedwe aakulu a Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapangitsa ukwati kukhala wolingana ndi lamulo la dziko, chilakiko chachikulu pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuchita mpikisano.
  • Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) : Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Dituti VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, chimene chimaletsa tsankho la kugonana pantchito, chimatetezeranso ku tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha akazi.

Kupatulapo ukwati ndi ntchito, gululo lagwira ntchito kutetezera malo okhala, osamalira zaumoyo, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Malamulo onga Eurecity Act (imene inamangidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Congress) amayesa kukhazikitsa zitetezero zenizeni za LGBTQ+ America pamlingo wa boma.

Kulephera Kusunga Ufulu Wanu ndi ADA

Bungwe loona za ufulu wachilema, lomwe linaona bwino m’ma 1970, linalimbana ndi kugaŵana, kukhazikitsa boma, ndi kusankhana. Kumanga njira za magulu oyambirira, ochirikiza kupunduka kunafuna maphunziro ofanana, ntchito, zoyendera za anthu onse, ndi nyumba. Zoyesayesa zawo zinathera pa limodzi la malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe omveka kwambiri m’dzikolo.

Zokwaniritsa Zofunika

  • Kusankha 504 ya Chikalata cha Rehabilitation Act cha 1973 [1]: Kusankhana anthu okhala ndi ulema m’maprogramu ochirikizidwa ndi boma. Chigawo cha 1977 504 chimakhala pansi-pansi . Litali kwambiri mwa zimene zinachitika pa nyumba ya boma ya San Francisco . "Kukakamiza boma kukhazikitsa lamulo.
  • Anthu okhala ndi Act ya Ulema wa Education Act (IDEA) (1975) : adatsimikizira maphunziro oyenera apoyera kwa ana olumala, kutsimikizira kuti akakhoza kukhoza kupezeka ku masukulu aakulu okhala ndi zichilikizo zofunika.
  • Americas ndi Chikalata cha Ulema (ADA) (1990) : Kusankha anthu olumala pantchito, malo ogona, zoyendera, mautumiki a boma ndi a zauthenga, ndi makompyuta. Chitsanzo cha ADA cha “kumanga malo oyenera" ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zopinga za mapulani chinakhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko lonse.
  • ADA Amendments Act (2008) : Anafotokozanso tanthauzo la kupunduka kuti abwezeretsere anthu amene makhoti anangowamasulira mopereŵera, kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha ADA chidakali cholimba.

Gulu la ufulu wachilema linapambananso zipambano zofunika za Khoti Lapamwamba, zonga ngati Olmstead v. L.C. (1999) [1], lomwe linakhulupirira kuti kuchotsa anthu olumala kosalungamitsidwa kumaswa ADA. Chigamulo chimenechi chinachirikiza mautumiki ozikidwa pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu.

Ufulu wa Eni America wa Kulamulira

Magulu a Eni America amenyera ufulu wawo kuyambira pamene analamulidwa ndi boma. M’zaka za m'ma 20 munachitika zipambano zazikulu za lamulo zokhudza ulamuliro wa mafuko, kudzilamulira, ndi kuteteza chikhalidwe. Chikalata cha Indian Citizeship cha 1924 chinapereka unzika wa United States kwa Eni America, koma mayiko ambiri anali kuwaletsabe kuvota mpaka m’ma 1950 kapena pambuyo pake.

American Indian Movement (AIM) inapangidwa mu 1968, kusumika maganizo pa zoyenera za pangano, nkhanza za apolisi, ndi chiweruzo cha zachuma.

Kupita Patsogolo Mwalamulo

  • Indian Self-Ditection and Education Act (1975) Act [1]: Mafuko ololedwa kuyendetsa maprogramu a boma amene adayang'aniridwa ndi Bureau of Indian Affairs , kuchirikiza kudzizetsa.
  • Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) : Chinafunidwa kusunga ana a Enieve ndi mabanja a Eni, kupereka kwa mchitidwe wa m'mbiri wa kusamutsira ana ku sukulu zogonako ana kapena nyumba zosakhala za anthu olera.
  • Act American Graves Protection and Repatroliation American Act (1990) [1]: Ofunikira mabungwe a boma ndi mabwinja kuti abwezere zotsala za anthu a ku Iniversity America ndi zinthu za chikhalidwe kwa mbadwa ndi mafuko.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, zitsutso za Rack Disc (2017) pa Dakota Access Pippine zinagogomezera kuyesayesa kosalekeza kutetezera madzi ndi maiko a pangano, pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu la McGirt . Oklahoma (2020) inatsimikizira kuti chigawo cha kummaŵa kwa Oklahoma chidakali dziko la Eni America lokhalako kaamba ka zifuno za upandu.

Magulu a Panthaŵi Yake ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kulingana mwa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, mavuto adakalipo pofuna kulingana mwalamulo.

Kusintha kwa Miyoyo Yakuda N’kofunika Kwambiri

Anayamba mu 2013 George Zimmerman atachotsedwa pa kuphana kwa Traevon Martin , Black Lives Confect (BLM) ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi chiwawa cha mafuko ndi kusatsatira malamulo a apolisi. Gululi limagwiritsa ntchito kulinganiza makompyuta, kuchita zinthu mwachindunji, ndi kuletsa kufunsa mlandu. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd mu 2020, BLM inathandiza kusonkhezera bungwe la George Floyd Justice mu Policilla Act, ngakhale kuti chikalatachocho chinatha. [1] Ziletso za boma , ziyenetso za bungwe la kamera, ndi uyang'aniro wa .

Kugogomezera kwa gululo pa kugawana kwa mayanjano kumasonyeza kuti fuko, fuko, mkhalidwe, ndi kugonana zimagwirizana m’dongosolo la kutsendereza.

Kuvomereza Ufulu M’zaka za M’ma 2000

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2013 cha Khoti Lapamwamba pa Selby County v. Hoker adagonjetsa Chigawo 4 cha Lamulo la Zoyenera Zopanga, chimene chinasankha kuti ndi maulamuliro ati amene anafunikira kuyambiriro kwa kuonekera, maboma ambiri okhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ovota, kusanthula malo otsekedwa, ndi kuchotsa mizera ya ovota. Magulu a anthu atsutsa masinthidwe ameneŵa kupyolera m'kusintha kwa ufulu ndi njira za boma. John Lewis Voing Reting Adment Act (Amalekezetsa Aumboni m'zigawo zambiri) zolinga zobwezera ndi kulimbikitsa njira yoyambirira yosankhidwira.

Ufulu Wosamuka ndi DACA

Bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina lalimbikitsa kuti akonzeretu zinthu, atetezere a Dreams, ndi kuti mabanja asiye kulekana. Pulogalamu ya Defered Action for Childhood Agedals (DACA) yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo la akuluakulu mu 2012, yathandiza achinyamata oposa 8000,000 osamukira m’dzikolo kuti apeze mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa. Mavuto a lamulo ku DACA akupitirizabe, ndipo ochirikiza akufuna njira yothetseratu malamulo.

Gululi limaperekanso malangizo kwa anthu ovutika pantchito, kutsekera, ndi kupatsidwa malangizo a zamalamulo.

Kumaliza

Magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri yonse ya America aumba kwambiri malamulo a dzikolo, kuchirikiza kulingana ndi chilungamo. Gulu lililonse lamanga pa chipambano ndi maphunziro a oyambirira ake, kuyambitsa mwambo wochuluka wa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu amene apitirizabe kusonkhezera mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kuyambira pa kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo mpaka kuzindikira kulingana kwa ukwati, kuyambira ADA mpaka nkhondo yamakono yofuna kusanthula ufulu, mbali ya mbiri yakale imakhomereza ku chilungamo kokha mwa kuchita zinthu zongokhalira zogwirizana, zitoko za malamulo, ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu wamba amene amafuna kuchitiridwa monga nzika za m’tsogolo. Kumvetsetsa magulu ameneŵa sikumangolemekeza kulingana ndi ukwati, koma kumangotipatsa ntchito yomanga ufulu woposa ku America.