Maziko a Mphamvu ya Chiŵeruzo

Nthambi yachiweruzo ya boma la United States ili ngati mzati wa malamulo a boma, wopatsidwa udindo waukulu womasulira chikalata chokhazikitsidwa cha dziko. Mosiyana ndi nthambi za boma ndi akuluakulu a boma, zimene zili ndi mlandu kwa osankha, oweruza a boma amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo, kuwateteza ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko ndi kuwalola kukhala oweruza ausilikali a lamulo. Kudziimira kumeneku nkofunika kuti akwaniritse udindo wawo: kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi kutsimikizira kuti palibe lamulo kapena boma loposa malire alamulo. Kachitidwe kalongosoledwe ka malamulo ndi sayansi ka malamulo ndi ka zinthu zomwe zimafuna kuti oweruza ayese kulemba, mbiri yakale, ndi kukhudzana kwa mapangano. Kumvetsa bwino ntchito imeneyi kukhazikitsa lamulo la dziko la America ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma.

Malamulo a Nthambi Yoweruza

Chigamulo cha ku America ndi dongosolo locholoŵana la makhoti a boma ndi a boma. Pamlingo wa boma, Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kupatsa mphamvu Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa makhoti ang'onoang'ono. Lerolino, izi zimaphatikizapo makhoti 94 a zigawo (makhoti a milandu), makhoti 13 a milandu ya apilo (pakati pa makhoti a a bungwe), ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba pa nsonga. Makhoti a Boma amayang'anira milandu yambiri ya boma ndipo amagamula milandu yaikulu yoposa 90% . Koma makhoti a boma amagamula milandu yokhudza lamulo, Komyunichula, kapena mikangano pakati pa maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo lili ndi logalamu; limamva pafupifupi 1% ya milandu yokha pachaka chilichonse, kusankha mabwalo amilandu ofunika kwambiri a boma kapena milandu a akulu a akulu a milandu.

Kufika pa Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

M’malo mwake, oweruza ndi akatswiri apeza nzeru zosiyanasiyana zimene zimawatsogolera kupenda kwawo.

Kulemba

Chikalata chigogomezera tanthauzo lachibadwa la mawu a Konsichushoniyo monga momwe akanadziŵikira panthaŵi ya kutembenuza. Ochirikiza, monga Woweruza wapita Antonin Scalia, akutsutsa kuti oweruza sayenera kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa malemba kuti apeze zolinga zobisika kapena matanthauzo. Malamulo ndi malembo olembedwa, ndipo mawu ake ayenera kulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Divertical of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2006:1), Khoti linagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomasulira zolembedwa kuti lifotokoze kuyenera kwa Commenter ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo monga kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense payekha, osati kokha gulu lakumanja la anthu ogwirizana ndi ntchito zaudindo. Nthaŵi zambiri, malemba amagwirizanitsa ndi malemba ndi mawu a m’malo mwa kungotchula kwambiri za m’malemba.

Kuyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kumasulira Konsichushoni yozikidwa pa tanthauzo la anthu loyamba la makonzedwe ake panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Njira imeneyi imakhudza ponse paŵiri tanthauzo loyambirira la mawu (tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira) ndiponso nthaŵi zina zolinga zoyambirira za olemba. Woweruza Clarence Thomas ndi wotchuka. Olemba za m'Chipangano Atsutsa kuti njira imeneyi imapereka kukhazikika ndi kuletsa oweruza kusakhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo. Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, makamaka pamene umboni wa mbiri yakale walembedwa watsegulidwa mowonekera bwino kapena pamene mawu a m'malamulo a Chilamulo cha Malamulo a Sevenih oletsa “kukhazikitsa ndi kulangana kwachilendo.

Lamulo la M’kati Mwa Umoyo

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, “Malamulo amoyo” amawona chikalatacho kukhala maziko amphamvu amene ayenera kusintha ndi kusintha kakhalidwe ka anthu, maluso, ndi mikhalidwe. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinatchuka m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, makamaka m'zochitika zonga Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [ [1954], lomwe linakhulupirira kuti kulekana kwa fuko m'masukulu a onse kunaswa Teaclement Provice Claine, ngakhale kuti opanga malamulo a Jenetic Amereka sanalinganize kuletsa kuswa lamulo. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti kumasulira kolimba kungachititse malamulo kukhala kosagwirizana ndi mavuto amakono. Otsutsa akuti chiku alibe maziko oyenerera ndi oweruza kukhala opanga malamulo.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Kulinganiza Bwino Zinthu

Oweruza ena amatenga njira yodzisankhira, kulingalira zotulukapo zenizeni za chosankha. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kulinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana . Zonga ngati chisungiko cha dziko ndi chinsinsi cha munthu payekha . Kuti afikire zotulukapo zabwino. Woweruza Stephen Breyer anagwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi, kupenda zinthu monga chifuno cha malamulo, ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko, ndi kugonjera ku dongosolo la demokalase. Pamene kuli kwakuti kudalira pa masinthidwe kungatsogolere ku zosinthika, kungayambitsenso kusatsutsika ngati oweruza ayesa zinthu molakwika.

Chiphunzitso cha Nyenyezi Chimanyenga

Sistee decisis [1] Chilatini cha “kuima ndi zinthu zogamulidwa". Ndi maziko a lamulo lachimereka. Kumafuna kuti makhoti atsatire zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi zosankha zoyambirirazo pokhapokha pali chifukwa chomveka chozisintha. Lamulo limeneli limalimbikitsa kukhazikika, kuneneratu, ndi ulemu kwa judicaria. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lalamulira njira zake pa milandu yapadera, monga [[FLT: 0] v. Bolobn. [FFF:] [FF:] [12] [FF:] [FFF] [12]].[10] Masinthidwe a m'palengwa. [zifuse, "zifukwa zaposachedwapa, zimadalira kugamu yake.]

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yoposa Milandu ya Khoti ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Mafotokozedwe a Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo akhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu a ku America.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Mlandu umenewu unakhazikitsa lamulo la kupendanso zachiweruzo . Ukulu wa makhoti kulengeza malamulo osemphana ndi malamulo. Polembera khotilo, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analingalira kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko ndi kuti ndilo chigawo cha ajuli kunena zimene lamulo lili. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira mbali ya Khoti monga nthambi yolingana ndi anthu ndipo chidakali mlandu wa maziko wa kumasulira konsichushoni.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Pachigamulo chimodzi, Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa masukulu ogaŵikana a anthu onse a Black ndi azungu kwa ophunzira amtundu wa Claus. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti “masukulu osiyanasiyana salingana mwachibadwa. Chigamulocho chinakana chiphunzitso cha“ koma cholingana” kuchokera ku P. Ferguson[FLD:1] ndi kudalira pa umboni wa sayansi wa za mphamvu za maganizo a anthu. Brown chinapereka njira ya moyo, monga momwe Bwalo linafotokozera Kulingana kwa 114 Demendement kumvetsetsa kwa kulingana kwamakono.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]

Khotili linanena kuti boma silinachite zinthu zoletsa kuti likhazikitse boma potsatira mfundo ya Oyamba Yowonjezera.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]

M'chigamulo 5-4, Khoti linavomereza kuti Lamulo la 14 likufuna malamulo a kuvomereza maukwati a kugonana ndi kuvomereza maukwati ofanana. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anagogomezera ulemu wa okwatirana a kugonana ndi kuyenera kwa kugonana. Mlanduwu unadalira pa mzera wachinsinsi ndi ufulu, kuphatikizapo Laving v. Virginia Virginia . (67) (kuletsa ziletso za ukwati wa mafuko). Oberge Hast [FL:3] umasonyeza mkhalidwe wamphamvu wa kumasulira kwa lamulo m'mayankhidwe a makhalidwe a anthu.

Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization (202)

Woulrung Rooe , ndi Casey , khoti linavomereza kuti Konsichushoni siimapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Kulemba kwa ambiri, Jasitisi Samuel Alito anagwiritsira ntchito kuyesa kwa mbiri ndi kutengera, kutsutsana kwakuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunachoke kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko. Chigamucho chinabwezera nkhaniyo ku matanthauzo, kuchititsa mkangano wa dziko ponena za kuletsa kuweruza, ufulu wa akazi, ndi udindo woyenera wa khoti. [FLT:] Dobs [FLT:] kusinthira ku nzeru zachiweruzo za dziko.

Kumasulira Mwachidule: Mmene Makhoti Amaŵerengera Malamulo

Kusiyapo milandu yalamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amamasulira malamulo operekedwa ndi mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo.

Lamulo Lachindunji Kapena Lomveka

Makhoti amayamba ndi tanthauzo lomveka la mawu a lamulolo. Ngati chinenerocho nchomvekera bwino ndi chomveka, oweruza amachigwiritsira ntchito monga momwe chalembedwera, popanda kuyang'ana ku magwero akunja monga mbiri ya malamulo. Lamulo limeneli limatchula lamulo lakuti Congress (kapena bungwe la boma) imatchula cholinga chake kudzera m'malemba amene akhazikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States v. Ron Frigine Enperises [1] (1999), Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosavuta cha kubwezera chifuno pa zimene likufuna, kukana kupenda mfundo za lamulo.

Kutsala Pang’ono Kusintha Zinthu

Pamene mawuwo angokhala ovuta kumva, makhoti angaone cholinga cha lamulolo. Njira imeneyi iyang'ana ku vuto limene bungwe la malamulo linafuna kulithetsa ndi zolinga zimene likufuna kukwaniritsa. Woweruza Breyer kaŵirikaŵiri anagogomezera cholinga cha malemba monga chitsogozo. Mu Tchalitchi cha Utatu Woyera ndi. United States (1892), Khoti Lapamwamba linaona kuti lamulo loletsa aliyense kulowa m’dziko la alendo pansi pa pangano silinagwire ntchito kwa pasitala, chifukwa chakuti cholinga cha Congress inali kuletsa ntchito yotsika yachipembedzo.

Malembo Ogwirizana Asintha

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amapenda lamulo la malamulo onse, kuphatikizapo malamulo ofanana, mbiri ya malamulo, ndi kachitidwe ka ntchitoyo. Malamulo a socistur (“mawu adziŵika ndi mabwenzi ake”) amathandiza oweruza kudziŵa tanthauzo mwa kuyang'ana mawu ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati lamulo limaletsa“ zida zina, ndi zida zina, zikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi mfuti ndi zidutswa (i., mfuti), osati kuphatikizapo mfuti.

Mbali Yowopsa ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti ya kuchepetsa malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa Malamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu sumatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Bungwe la Malamulo koma unaperekedwa monga kuyang’anira koyenerera pa nthambi zina. Kukhoza kwa Khoti Lalikulu kugonjetsa machitidwe a kugwirizanitsa ndiko chiŵiya champhamvu chotetezera kulekanitsa mphamvu ndi kutetezera zoyenera za anthu ochepa.

Kupenda chiweruzo kumagwira ntchito pa milingo yambiri. Makhoti a Federal angapende malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma kaamba ka malamulo alamulo. Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira kuti pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma limakhalapo . Makhoti a boma amapendanso malamulo a boma pansi pa malamulo awo a boma, amene angapereke chitetezo chachikulu kuposa Lamulo la boma.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo sikumangochitika mwachibadwa. Makhoti amafuna kuti pakhale chipani choima kuti chibweretse mlandu, ndipo amapeŵa kupereka malingaliro otsutsa. “mutu kapena mkangano” umatsimikizira kuti makhoti asankha mikangano yeniyeni, osati mafunso ongoyerekezera. Kulephera kumeneku kumasunga mbali ya jadiary monga wozenga mlandu waulesi mmalo mwa wopanga malamulo.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza Kumasulira Koikidwiratu kwa Malamulo

Njira yomasulira Malamulo njovuta. Osuliza amanena kuti oweruza, makamaka oweruza a Khoti Lalikulu, mosapeŵeka amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yawo yaumwini m’zosankha, kuchepetsa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Njira yotsimikizira ikukhala yowonjezereka, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kuyankha mafunso awo otsimikizirika pa nkhani zotsutsana. Ndiponso, chosankha cha kupatsa certiorari (kumva mlandu) chimapatsa Khoti ulamuliro wotsimikizirika pa nkhani za dziko.

Kuvutana

Malamulo ali ndi mawu aakulu , "awrite ,”“ kutetezereka kofanana,” “kutetezereka ndi kwachilendo” kumene kumafunikira kumasulira. Kodi nchiyani chimene chimapanga “kufufuza kosayenera ndi njirinji”? Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri“ kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida”? Oweruza osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana angafikire mayankho osinthasintha. Iyi ndi mbali, osati chilombo; olemba dala anagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosinthika kulola Malamulo kupirira.

Kusintha Makhalidwe a Anthu

Pamene maganizo a anthu akusintha, chitsenderezo cha khoti chikhalanso ndi mfundo zakale. Kuzindikira ukwati wa kugonana, ziletso za ukwati wa mafuko, ndi zoyenera za akazi zonse zinayamba zaka makumi ambiri za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti Khoti siliyenera kukhala “chovuta kwambiri ” chimene chimakakamiza makhalidwe atsopano pa anthu otsutsa. Kutsutsana pa lamulo loletsa anthu kutsutsana ndi malamulo a lamulo la lamulo.

Zitsenderezo Zandale ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo

Kuyenera kwa Khoti Lalikulu kumadalira pa kudalirana kwa anthu. Zotsatira zasonyeza kuti chidaliro cha anthu m’Khoti lamilandu chatha m’zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha malingaliro a kupanga zigamulo za atsamunda. Kusoŵeka kwa malamulo ogwirizana a malamulo a chiweruzo kwadzutsa chisulizo, monga momwe zakhalira ndi chisonkhezero cha magulu akunja mwa kufotokoza mwachidule. Kutsutsa ufulu wa Khotilo pamene likusunga thayo kuli chitokoso chosatha.

Tsogolo la Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kumasulira kwa Malamulo kudzapitirizabe kusinthika. Kupangidwa kwa Khoti lamakonolo [1] ndi 6-3 ya anthu osasinthasintha kwachititsa kuti pakhale chigamulo chakuti mphamvu ya boma yochepetsa mphamvu ya boma, kufutukula ufulu wa mfuti, ndi kuletsa kuvomereza. Zipangizo zatsopano, monga kuyang'anira kwa makompyuta, luntha lopanga, ndi mawailesi a za anthu, zidzayesa ziphunzitso zimene zilipo pa nkhani zachinsinsi, kulankhula kwaufulu, ndi njira zoyenerera. Malamulo ophatikizapo malamulo a mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti, kukula kwa malamulo a Kane a pa nyengo ya makompyuta, ndipo malire a mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu pa nthaŵi ya ngozi adzafika ku Khoti.

Akatswiri ena amachirikiza mfundo yakuti malamulo a boma abwezeretse chikhulupiriro chawo. Ena amafuna kuti lamulo lisinthe kuti afotokoze bwino ufulu wa khotilo, kuti lichepetse nzeru zake. Kaya khoti likhale lomasulira malamulowo, lizimvetsa mmene malamulowo akukhalira ofunika kwa nzika, ophunzira, ndi aphunzitsi.

Maphunziro Olimbikitsa Mitengo

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi maprofesa, kumasulira kwa lamulo kumapatsa malo ambiri okambitsirana za m’kalasi. Ophunzira angapende mfundo za pakamwa za Khoti Lapamwamba, kupenda mafotokozedwe opikisana, ndi kutsanzira kupanga zigamulo zachiweruzo. Oyez Project imapereka malongosoledwe aulere ndi mawu a zigometso. [[FLT:]] Lugal Information Institute pa Cornell] imapereka mafotokozedwe ofikirika a milandu ndi ziphunzitso. [[FLT:] SOUSUSUSF:]

Mwakutenga zosankha ndi njira zomasulira zinthu, ophunzira amaphunzira kuti Malamulo si nkhani youma koma njira yamoyo imene imafunikira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwanzeru. Amazindikiranso mbali yofunika kwambiri ya jaji m'kutetezera zoyenera ndi kulinganiza mphamvu za boma. Mu demokalase, nzika zodziŵa bwino ndiyo chitetezo chabwino koposa chopeŵera kuchenjerera ndi kutha kwa ufulu wofunika kwambiri.

Pomalizira pake, ntchito ya nthambi yachiweruzo ya chigawocho — quiet, seŵero, ndi kaŵirikaŵiri yotsutsana ndi malo alamulo a dzikolo kwa mibadwo.