Mmene Makhoti Oweruza ndi Boma Amakanirana Nkhani Zosagwirizana

Mikangano yalamulo pa ufulu ndi mathayo a makampani kaŵirikaŵiri imaloŵetsapo mafunso onena za mmene malamulo amasuliridwira pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma. Nthaŵi zina makhoti a boma ndi aboma amafikira zigamulo zosiyana pankhani zokhudza kuphatikizana, kuyambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo ndi kupitirizabe kutsutsana pakati pa makampani, eni mabizinesi, ndi opanga malamulo. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kumayambika ndi dongosolo la boma la America, kumene maboma amakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo a boma, komabe makhoti a boma nthaŵi zambiri amaloŵa m’kuthetsa mikangano imene imaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, kapena malonda a boma.

Kuzindikira zipwirikiti zimenezi nkofunika kwa ochiritsa alamulo amene amalangiza makasitomala pa kayendetsedwe ka makampani, chitetezo, ndi kugonjera. Zilinso ndi nkhani kwa anthu amalonda ambiri, chifukwa chakuti kumasulira kotsutsana kungayambukire chilichonse kuchokera ku kukakamiza kwa mapangano kufikira ku ufulu wa makampani waulere. Nkhani ino ikufufuza mbali zazikulu zimene makhoti a boma ndi a boma amaswa pankhani zophatikiza, kupenda zifukwa za malamulo ndi malamulo za kuswedwa kwa mapangano, ndi kulingalira za matanthauzo opindulitsa a mabizinesi ogwirira ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Kuikidwa kwa boma ku United States kuli kwakukulukulu kulengedwa kwa lamulo la boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi ntchito yake imene imalamula zofunika za bungwe la bizinesi (monga Fannie Mae) za kuyenera kwa olandira malo, ntchito za oyang'anira, ndi malire a kulephera. Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. silimapatsa boma ulamuliro wa boma walamulo ku makampani a makampani a malonda wamba, ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Mabungwe ingapange makampani a boma (monga Fannie Mae) kaamba ka zolinga za mtundu. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali, nkhani za m'gulu la boma monga kulamulira, makampani, ntchito zapale, ndi kugawirana ufulu wolamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma la kugwirizanitsa. Lamuloli, limatchedwa kuti likhale lamulo la m’kati mwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la m’dziko la America.

Makhoti a boma amakhala ophatikizidwa makamaka m'kuphatikizana njira zitatu: (1) Kulamulira kwamitundumitundu, kumene zipani zili nzika za maboma osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkanganowo umaposa $75,000; (2) ulamuliro wa boma, kumene mlanduwo umaphatikizapo kuukira pansi pa U.S., lamulo la boma, kapena lamulo la boma; ndi (3) ulamuliro wochotsa, kumene woimbidwa mlandu amayendetsa mlandu kuchokera ku bwalo lamilandu la boma kupita ku bwalo lamilandu la boma. Khoti la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wake, liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la boma pansi pa [[FLT: 0] chiphunzitso cha boma, koma malamulo a boma amatsatira miyezo ya boma.

[[ML:0] Rie Chiphunzitso ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu 1938 [FLT: 0], nthaŵi zina makhoti a boma anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma lofala m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana, zotsogolera ku zotsatirapo zimene zinagulidwa kuchokera ku khoti. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Asanachite mawu a boma], ALEA , makhoti a boma okhala m'malamulo osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma limene akukhalamo, kuphatikizapo kusankha malamulo a boma. “Imalamulo alamulo alamulo aloŵa m’dziko. savutika kunena kuti [[FLT:] , makhoti a boma okhala m’malamulo osiyanasiyana], ndipo amatsutsa lamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani khoti la boma ku Delaware lomasulira lamulo la bungwe la Delaware lomwe silinalonjezedwe mwachindunji ndi Delaware Supreme Court . Kumasulira kwa khoti la boma kumakhala kogwirizana kokha m’chigawo cha bomacho, koma sikumamanga makhoti a boma la Delaware. Ngati Khoti Lapamwamba la Delaware pambuyo pake lipereka kumasulira kotsutsana, khalidwe limodzimodzilo lingakhale lalamulo pansi pa linzake loŵerenga ndi loletsedwa pansi pa khoti lina, malinga ndi ngati mlanduwo uli wa boma kapena khoti la boma. Zochitika zoterozo zimawononga mapangano amene lamulo la kampani limaneneratu kuti lipereke.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kusamvana Pakati pa Makhoti a Federal ndi Boma

Zigawo zotsatirazi zikutchula madera angapo opinga kumene makhoti a boma ndi a boma atsutsa nkhani zokhudza nkhani. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza zotsatirapo zenizeni ndi zovuta za kugawidwa kwa boma.

Kuchepetsa Kulimba kwa Malo ndi Kusokoneza Bungwe Loona za Umoyo

Makhoti ochepetsedwa ndiwo mbali yaikulu ya kuphatikiza: ovala chovala samakhala ndi mlandu wa ngongole ndi mathayo a bungwe. Komabe, makhoti “angapyoze chophimba cha kampani” ndi kuchititsa eni kampani kukhala oyenera ngati gululo ligwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchita chinyengo, kupeputsa, kapena kuchirikiza kubisa. Miyezo yovula chophimbacho ili nkhani za lamulo la boma, ndipo maboma ena ayamba kuyesa. Maboma ena amafuna kuonetsedwa kwa chikondwerero ndi zotsatira zake zosayenera; ena asumika maganizo awo pa chinyengo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mtundu wa kampani.

Makhoti a boma, pogwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma m’nkhani zosiyanasiyana, nthaŵi zina akhala ndi miyezo yoongola kapena yoletsa kwambiri kuposa makhoti a boma. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti ena a boma alola kuvala chophimba pansi pa “kudzitama ” chiphunzitso kuposa makhoti a boma amene avomereza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhoti ena a boma alephera kupyoza ngakhale pamene chitsanzo cha boma chikanalola, kutchula mfundo yolimba yoyanja mlandu wochepa. Chitsanzo chodziŵika chinabuka mu Mautumiki a dziko, Inc. Pepper Sourcerser , kumene chigawo cha Sear trans chitakana kupygada chophimba chophimba chopimira pa mabwalo a Illino chifukwa chakuti makhotiyo sanatengeredi njira ina ya kuyesa kugoma, ngakhale kuti umboni wokhudza ntchito ya kampani ya kampani ya boma la boma la Illinony inapereka umboni wokhudza ufulu.

Kusagwirizana koteroko kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa okongoletsa ndi maloya a obwereketsa. Wobwereka ngongole amene amafunsa bungwe m’khoti la boma angayang'anizane ndi muyezo wosinthana wophimba chophimba kusiyana ngati mlanduwo ukhalabe m’khoti la boma, ngakhale pamene lamulo la boma limodzimodzilo lilamulira. Kusadziŵa zimenezi kungayambukire machitidwe obwereketsa, kufufuza ngozi, ndi mtengo wa ngongole kaamba ka mabizinesi aang’ono.

2. Ufulu Wopereka Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Pansi pa Lamulo Loyamba

Imodzi ya mbali za mkangano imaphatikizapo ufulu wa Malamulo Oyamba a makampani. Makhoti Apamwamba a United States makamaka awonjezera chitetezo cha makampani chaulere m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Citimans United v. FEREC[FL:1] [2010] [2010] Khoti Lapamwambalo linasunga kuti makampani ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa kusatsa malonda andale, chigamulo chimene chinawononga chigawo cha ndawala ya za boma. Mofananamo, [[FLT:] Burwell v. Hobby Versts , Inc. , Khoti yozindikira kuti makampani a chipembedzo angapereke ufulu wotsutsa kwambiri, Chilango cha Chilungamo cha Chiku

Komabe, makhoti a boma sanatsatire motsatizana tanthauzo lalikulu lomweli. Makhoti aakulu angapo amasulira malamulo awo a boma kulola malamulo owonjezereka a kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zandale. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Montana linachirikiza chiletso choyamba cha boma pa zowonongedwa za kampani ngakhale pambuyo pa [FLT: 0]] Chilango cha boma cha United, kutsutsana kuti boma linali ndi chifuno chachikulu choletsa chiphuphu. Khoti lalikulu la U.S. Limatsutsa mwamphamvu chigamulocho, koma vuto lakukhalabe. Pamene chitokoso ku boma la lamulo la lamulo pansi pa lamulo, chotulukapo chingasiyane ndi zimene zingachitike m'khoti ya boma pansi pa mfundo za boma.

3. Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Boma

Malamulo a za kusungidwa kwa zikole, monga ngati Securesties Act ya 1933 ndi Secturaties Exchange Act ya 1934, amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso ndi ziyeneretso zotsutsa kuululidwa kwa makampani ogulitsidwa poyera. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsatiridwa ndi makhoti a boma ndi Securities ndi Exchange Commission . Komabe, kuyang'anira kampani kokhako, kuphatikizapo kusankhidwa kwa oyang'anira, kugawana ufulu wa osankha, ndi ntchito za boma zosamalira. Malamulo amabuka makamaka pamene makhoti alamulo a boma alamula kuti amve mawu a lamulo (m. g., kuswa ntchito ya udindo) kukhazikitsanso malamulo a boma oletsa kusoŵa.

Makhoti a Federal nthaŵi zina amagwiritsira ntchito “lamulo lachisawawa la kampani” la makampani m'ma 1995 kumene malamulo a boma amachotsedwa kapena kumene miyezo ya boma yofanana imaonedwa kukhala yofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, m'mbali ya sututi yoperekedwa ndi wolandira, makhoti a boma akhazikitsa zofunika zowonjezereka zimene zimasiyana ndi miyezo ya boma. Mabungwe a boma angasankhe kuwonjezera malamulo apadera ovomerezeka a Reformation ya 1995 amene apanga malamulo a boma a malamulo apadera a m'gulu la zikalata, koma makhoti a boma osamalira zikalata zogwirizana pansi pa lamulo la boma angatsatire miyezo yolekerera kwambiri. Monga chotulukapo, mapotiftware a m'kapotimetime mu umodzi wozikidwa pa kuthekera kwa kupulumuka kwa kuthamasudzulidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Kugula kumeneku kungatsogolera ku zotulukapo zosagwirizana kwa kakhalidwe kayendetseka ka kayendetsedwe ka kampani ka kampani ka .

Kusankha Chilamulo N’kosiyanasiyana

Chifukwa chakuti makampani amalingaliridwa kukhala nzika za mkhalidwe wawo wa zonse ziŵiri ndi malo awo aakulu a bizinesi kaamba ka zifuno zosiyanasiyana, mikangano yambiri ya makampani imathera m'khoti la boma. Ikangofika kumeneko, khoti la boma limagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma osankhidwa m’mene limakhala. Malamulo amenewo angatsogolere khoti kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma la nkhani za mkati kapena lamulo la boma lina pa kufunsira kapena pangano. Makhoti, a boma, amatsatira malamulo awoawo alamulo, amene angatsogolere ku lamulo lolamulira losiyana.

Talingalirani za bungwe lopangidwa ku Delaware koma lokhala ndi malo aakulu ku California. Suti ya m'gulu lapadera yoperekedwa ku khoti la California ingagwiritse ntchito lamulo la California ngati khoti lipeza kuti California ali ndi chidwi champhamvu kwambiri pa mkanganowo. Suti imodzimodziyo yobweretsedwa m'khoti la boma ku California, pansi pa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, ingagwiritse ntchito malamulo a California osankhidwa ndi malamulo, amene angatsogolere ku lamulo la Delaware. Chotulukapocho [1] Woyang'anira kampaniyo angabweretse ntchito, chimene chimakhudza, ndi chimene chitetezero chimene chilipo [1] Kumira kwa lamulo la boma la boma sichikungoyerekezera chabe; chalembedwa m'nkhani zonga [FLD: 0]. Kampmer , Inc. [FFLP]

Nkhani za Chipulumutso ndi Zosayeruzika

Magwero ena a kusagwirizana amachokera ku chiphunzitso cha boma chotha kutha. Nyumba za malamulo zingachotse lamulo la boma mwachindunji kapena molunjikitsidwa mwa malamulo a boma. Pamene makonzedwe a boma akhudza nkhani za makampani, makhoti a boma angaŵerengeretu kutaya, pamene makhoti a boma angaŵerenge kuti asunge ulamuliro wa boma wamwambo. Chitsanzo chotchuka ndicho National Bank Act, imene imalamulira mabanki a dziko. Makhoti a boma anena kuti Act imachotsa malamulo ena a boma, kulola nkhoti za dziko kutumiza ziwonda za phindu kuchokera ku boma lawo. Nthaŵi zina makhoti atsutsa kukana ulamuliro wamwambo umenewu, kunena kuti asunga mphamvu yosunga kusungitsa ntchito zosungitsa m'malirengo zawo.

Polingalira za kulephera kwa makampani, ntchito yopuma pantchito Incomes Security Act (ERISA) imachotsa malamulo ambiri a boma amene “amapindulitsa" antchito. Makhoti a boma apereka ERISA kuti apereke matanthauzo aakulu, kuchotsa malamulo a boma oletsa kuchotsedwa ntchito kapena kukana mapindu. Makhoti, mosiyana ndi zimenezo, apeza malamulo a boma kuti apulumuke potha kuchotsedwa, makamaka pamene lamulo la boma silikutsutsana mwachindunji ndi ERISA. Zimenezi zimapangitsa ntchito yongopeka: kudzinenera kwa antchito a m'kampani kaamba ka mapindu angapambane m’khoti ya boma koma amalephera kupambana m’khoti, kapena kulephera kuyang'anizana ndi khoti lopanda lamulo.

Chiyambukiro pa Malonda ndi Malamulo

Kwa makampani ndi oweruza awo alamulo, kusamvana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma kumayambitsa nkhani zachiwembu kuyambira panthaŵi imene mkanganowo ukubuka. Kugamulapo kaya kuvomereza lamulo m’boma kapena m'khoti la boma kungayambukire lamulo laling'ono logwiritsidwa ntchito, malamulo a m'nthano, liŵiro la milandu, ndi kupezeka kwa makhoti. Mabizinesi kaŵirikaŵiri amaona ulamuliro wochotsedwa kukhala chinthu chamachenjera, koma kuchotsedwa sikungapezeke kapena kupindulitsa. Kusankha kwa puloma kungakhale kofunika monga momwe mlandu weniweniwo.

Kuwonjezera pa njira yodziwira, kusagwirizana kwa milandu kumeneku kumakhudza zigamulo za makampani. Mabungwe amene amagwira ntchito m'mayiko ambiri ayenera kuŵerengera kuti khoti la boma m'boma limodzi ndi khoti la boma lina m’limodzi lidzamasulira malamulo a kampani osiyana. Kukayikira kumeneku kungatsogolere ku machitidwe okhwima kwambiri, monga ngati kugwirizana ndi makampani ndi kulembedwa kwa kampani, kukana muyezo woyenerera kwambiri.

Opanga malamulo ndi opanga malamulo ayesa nthaŵi zina kugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma ndi a boma, koma kusintha kwakukulu kwakhala kovuta. Malamulo a American Law Institute of Corporated Goverdance ndi Model Business Act (MBCA) amapereka miyezo yoyembekezereka, koma saisunga. Maboma atenga MBCA m'madigiri osiyanasiyana, ndipo makhoti a boma akupitirizabe kumasulira lamulolo motsutsana. Monga chotulukapo chake, dongosolo lamakono likupitirizabe ndi mikangano yake yomangidwa.

Kuona Zinthu M’tsogolo ndi Kufunika kwa Kuunika

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, zikhoterero zingapo zingawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma pankhani zophatikiza. Malamulo a boma owonjezereka a khalidwe la kampani . Mwachitsanzo, kudzera m'ziyeneretso za ESGG, malamulo oletsa chiphuphu, ndi malamulo achinsinsi a zachinsinsi, zingachititse kutsutsana kwa juli kwatsopano. Kufunitsitsa kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kumvetsera milandu ya makampani ndi kutengera malamulo apamwamba kungachepetse mikangano ina koma kungadzutsenso mafunso atsopano ponena za malire a ulamuliro wa boma.

Njira imodzi yotsimikizira kumveka bwino ndiyo kupangidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani zina za makampani. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ena apereka lingaliro la kulola makampani ogulitsa poyera kukhazikitsa mikangano ina ya makampani (monga ngati wopereka wovota ndi wotsogolera) m’khoti la boma lokha kutsimikizira kuti likugwirizana. Komabe, malingaliro otero amayang'anizana ndi chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera ku maboma akuti amayamikira ntchito yawo monga malaboratoritala a lamulo la kampani. Kusintha kulikonse kumeneku kumadalira pa kachitidwe ka mgwirizano, komwe sikukaikizidwabe.

Pakali pano, makampani ndi ofufuza alamulo ayenera kuyang'anira kuzungulira kwa malo. Zosankha za maboma aakulu (makamaka Delaware, kumene Tranki ya Chancery imakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri a kampani ya dziko) ndi m'madera a boma n’zofunika. Masheya onga [ Cornell Information Institute of resociation Institute [[FLF:]] [1] yopereka chidziŵitso cha zinthu zatsopano, pamene manyukyulo onga [FLT:] Oyz's patsamba pa [[FLT:]] Ziganitso za United [[FLT] [FL:4] [FLT] [4]. ASP] Kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane kwa zigamu za m'malamulo ovuta, [FTT]

Kumaliza

Kusagwirizana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi a boma pankhani zophatikizapo kumasonyeza kuvuta kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo amapatsa ntchito yaikulu m'kulinganiza makampani ndi nkhani za mkati mwawo, koma makhoti a boma mosapeŵeka akhala olengeza pamene lamulo la boma, ufulu walamulo, kapena kusiyana kwa unziko kuchitika. Erie chiphunzitso choyesa kugwirizanitsa zotsatirapo zapamwamba, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwatsimikizira kukhala opanda ungwiro, makamaka m'mbali za lamulo lokhala ndi mfundo zowonekedwa mofulumira.

Kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi eni mabizinesi omwe, kuzindikira kutsutsana kumeneku sikumangochitika mwa maphunziro ayi. Kusintha kwa njira yogwirizanitsa, kugwirizana kwa makampani, ndipo kuneneratu za malo alamulo amene makampani amagwira ntchito. Pamene chuma chikuwonjezereka ndi ntchito za kampani kuchuluka kwa maboma ambiri ndi maulamuliro a boma, kufunika kwa kumveka bwino kwambiri . Kudzera m'lamulo, malangizo a Supreme Court, kapena kukonzanso malamulo. Kufikira pamenepo, kukambirana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma kudzapitiriza kulongosola malire a malamulo a boma ku United States.