Kumvetsetsa Zoyenera Kuchita: Mfundo Yachikhalidwe ya Chiweruzo Cholungama

Kutsatira lamulo kumaimira maziko a malamulo amakono, kugwirizanitsa lamulo lakuti maboma ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wonse walamulo wobwerekedwa kwa munthu asanawamane moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingalirolo limadziŵika padziko lonse, kumasulira kwake, ukulu wake, ndi kusungitsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu. Kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, akatswiri, ndi ochirikiza, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri poyendetsa malamulo a mitundu yonse, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ntchito yalamulo yodutsa malire. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene ufulu woyenerera wa kuyendetsa zinthu umatanthauzidwira ndi kugwiritsidwira ntchito m’lamulo, lamulo lachikhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi malamulo a zikhalidwe, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kufalikira kwa zikhalidwe zofala.

Kutsatira kwake kumagawidwa m’magulu aŵiri: njira zoyenerera, zimene zikukhudza njira zimene boma liyenera kutsatira (monga ngati chidziŵitso choyenera, kumva, ndi khoti losakondera), ndi njira zoyenerera, zimene zimatetezera ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma ngakhale pamene njira zoyenerera zigwiritsiridwa ntchito. Kulinganiza pakati pa mbali zimenezi kumasiyana moonekera padziko lonse.

Malamulo Ofala

Malamulo ofala amadalira kwambiri pa ziweruzo ndi chitetezo cha malamulo. Ufulu wotsatira malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri umaŵerengedwa bwino m'malamulo olembedwa kapena malamulo okhazikitsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

United States

United States Constitution imapereka chitetezo choyenera kwambiri m'malamulo onse. Mpambo wachisanu, wovomerezedwa mu 1791, umaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense "moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Mpambo wa 14neth, umene unatengedwa mu 1868, umapatsira lamulo limeneli ku maboma. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lamasulira mawu ameneŵa kuphatikizapo mbali ziŵiri za malamulo ndi za chigawo cha boma.

Kuyenera kwa njira yopangira zinthu ku United States kumaphatikizapo izi:

  • Onani kuti pali zinenezo ndiponso kuti pali mpata woti mumvedwe
  • Ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu mofulumira ndi kwa anthu ndi ajuli opanda tsankho
  • Ufulu wa kuunika malamulo (wopangidwa ndi [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335]
  • Ufulu woyang’anizana ndi mboni za arexamine
  • Kutetezeredwa ku kudzikakamiza kudziona kukhala wolakwa (mwaŵi wokana kudzichitira umboni)
  • Chitetezo ku ngozi ziŵiri
  • Ufulu woimba mlandu anthu aupandu

Njira yoyenerera, ngakhale kuti njovuta kwambiri, imatetezera kuyenera konga ngati kukwatira, kulera ana, kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsera kubereka, ndi kusankha kutaya mimba (monga momwe kulili kumbuyoku). Ufulu umenewu umalingaliridwa kukhala wofunika kwambiri kwakuti sungathe kuchotsedwa mosasamala kanthu za njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Nkhani zolemba pa malo osungirapo zinthu monga ngati [[FL:0] Mira v. Arizona [1] (384 U.S. 436, 1966) inakhazikitsa chiyeneretso chakuti lamulo lidziŵitse kukayikira zoyenera zawo kukhala chete ndi loya asanaimbidwe mlandu, kuperekera chitetezo cha magetsi m'ntchito ya polisi ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Komiti ya U.S. imadziŵika kaamba ka malamulo ake, miyezo yake yowonekera bwino, ndi zitetezero zowongoleredwa bwino.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom ilibe malamulo alamulo amodzi; mmalo mwake, malamulo oyenera amatengedwa ku malamulo wamba zaka mazana ambiri, malamulo onga Magna Carta (1215), ndi Human Rights Act 1998, amene amaphatikizapo pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) m'lamulo lapabanja. Mfundo 6 ya ECHR imatsimikizira kuti mlandu uyenera kuweruzidwa, pamene Chigawo 5 chimateteza ku kumangidwa kopanda lamulo. Chilamulo cha ufulu wa anthu chikufuna kuti akuluakulu onse azichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi ufulu umenewu.

Zitetezero zofunikira m’dongosolo la UK zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kulingalira kuti ali wopanda liwongo kufikira atapezedwa ndi liwongo
  • Ufulu woweruza milandu mwachilungamo ndiponso poyera panthaŵi yoyenera
  • Kuyenera kwa kuimira boma (chithandizo chalamulo choperekedwa pa nkhani zazikulu)
  • Ufulu wodziŵitsidwa mwamsanga milandu yaupandu
  • Chitetezo cha kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njinga (ngakhale kuti si chofala monga mmene chimachitira Chikalata cha Owonjezera cha Ku United States chachinayi)
  • Ufulu wokopa anthu kuti avomereze zimene amakhulupirira ndiponso kulamula

Mosiyana ndi United States, UK siiphunzitsa mfundo yoyenerera yokhudza ufulu wa munthu. Ufulu wa munthu kaŵirikaŵiri umatetezedwa mwa kumasulira mwachilungamo ndi mwalamulo. Khoti Lalikulu la UK lagogomezera kuti njira yoyenerera ya lamulo la anthu onse imafunikira kuti zosankha zokhudza ufulu wa munthu aliyense zipangidwe popanda tsankho ndi kufunsa koyenera.

Canada

Malamulo a Canada amaphatikiza lamulo lofala ndi malamulo alamulo. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (198, mbali ya Lamulo la Malamulo, 1982) imaphatikizapo chigawo 7: "Yense ali ndi ufulu wa moyo, ufulu ndi chisungiko cha munthu ndi ufulu wa kusachotsedwapo popanda kutsata malamulo a chilungamo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa atembenuzidwa kuphatikizapo procded ndi substantives, ku U.S. kachitidwe kofanana ndi U.S.

  • Kulandira bwino kuti musadzavutike kufufuza kapena kugwidwa
  • Kuyenera kusunga ndi kulangiza uphungu mosazengereza
  • Ufulu wouzidwa milandu ina yake
  • Kuyesedwa pa nthawi yoyenera
  • Kuteteza munthu kuti asachitidwe nkhanza kapena kulangidwa mwankhanza

Makhoti a ku Canada azindikira ufulu waung'ono pansi pa chigawo 7, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa chisamaliro cha zaumoyo (m’mikhalidwe ina) ndi kuyenera kwa kusungika kwa munthu, kumene kwatsogolera ku kugamulapo pa kuthandizidwa kufa ([FLT: 0] Carter v. Canada (Attneral ) , 2015 SC 5). "Zinsinsi za chilungamo chachikulu" zikuphatikizapo malingaliro a a artririe, loythth, ndi kutsuka kwamphamvu.

Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a boma, otchuka m’kontinenti ya Ulaya, Latin America, ndi mbali yaikulu ya Asia, amadalira pa malamulo omveka bwino kulongosola ponse paŵiri ufulu wachiphamaso ndi walamulo. Oweruza amachita mbali ya kuweruza, ndipo chigogomezero chiri pa malamulo olembedwa mmalo mwa chitsanzo cha chiweruzo.

France

Malamulo a ku France a 1958, Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (789), ndi Msonkhano wa Ulaya wa Ufulu wa Anthu pamodzi zimapereka maziko a kachitidwe koyenera ku France. Lamulo la contradictitoire (lamulo la malamulo a ufulu wa munthu) limafuna kuti onse aŵiri akhale ndi mpata wofanana wopereka mlandu wawo. Code de procéduture pénédia [FT]

Mfungulo yoyenerera m’zochitika mu France:

  • Kuganiza kuti munthu ali wopanda mlandu (konenedwa motsindika m’Chikalata Cholengeza za Ufulu wa Munthu)
  • Kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa mwamsanga ndi mwatsatanetsatane mlanduwo
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu pamaso pa bwalo la milandu lodziimira paokha ndiponso lopanda tsankho
  • Ufulu wa kuperekedwa mwalamulo (kuphatikizapo kusunga ana apolisi – [[FLT: 0] garde à vue [[FL:1]])
  • Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete (ngakhale kuti sikuli kochirikizidwa mwamphamvu monga momwe kuliri mu U.S.; Lamulo tsopano limafunikira onyumwiridwa kuti adziŵitsidwe za kuyenera kumeneku)
  • Kuyenera kukopa (mlingo wambiri: Cour d'appel ndi Cour de cassation)

Chifalansa chimaphatikizaponso kuyenera kwa kutsutsana kwa mapangano pa umboni, kutanthauza mbali zonse ziŵiri zingafunse mboni ndi akatswiri. Woweruza wofufuza ( juge d'information ) amachita mbali yaikulu m'nkhani zazikulu, kuchita kufufuza kopanda chiwembu. Dongosolo limeneli lasulizidwa chifukwa cha kukayikira kothekera, koma CHRY yachititsa France kutetezedwa kwambiri.

Germany

Malamulo a Germany apamwamba . Mfundo 104 imaletsa kutsekeredwa kodzifunira ndi kufunikira woweruza kulamulira ufulu uliwonse kupyola tsiku loyamba. Dikishonale 103 (1) imakhala ndi chitetezo choyenera. Mfundo 103 (1) imati: "M'makhoti, aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokhudzana ndi lamulo. Mfundo 104 imaletsa kutsekedwa kodzifunira ndi kufunikira kuti woweruza alamulire ufulu uliwonse wosoŵa kupitirira tsiku loyamba. Khoti la Federational Constitutional Councial (Boundsesgesricht )

  • Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa anthu onse (ECHR 6 inaikidwa m’lamulo la Germany)
  • Kuyenera ku uphungu wa lamulo ([[FLT: 0] Pflichpredgeger – uphungu wofunikira wa kudzitetezera kwa milandu yowopsa)
  • Kutetezeredwa ku kumangidwa mwauchigawenga (kubwerezanso mlanduwo mkati mwa maola 24)
  • Kuyenera kwa kumvedwa pamaso pa chigamulo cha khoti
  • Chitetezo ku ngozi ziŵiri ([[FLT: 0] ndi mabiko mu tsiye za , Luso. 103(3) Lamulo lofunika)
  • Kuyenera kwa chigamulo chachiweruzo cholingaliridwa bwino

Chijeremani chimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi lamulo la lamulo la Rechstaat (boma lozikidwa pa lamulo). Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kulinganiza ndi kutetezeredwa kwa ulemu wa munthu (Art. 1 GG). Dongosololo limagamula mlandu m'nkhani zaupandu: woweruza amafufuza mokangalika mfundozo, koma woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi ufulu wotengamo mbali ndi kutsutsa umboni. Article 103 wa Chilamulo Chofunika [

Japan

Dongosolo la lamulo la Japan limaphatikiza miyambo yachiŵeniŵeni (Chijeremani ndi Chifalansa) ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a dziko lapansi kwa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya America. Constitution of Japan (1947) imatsimikizira zoyenera za kachitidwe zazikulu mu mutu III, "Malungamo ndi Ntchito za Anthu". Mfundo 31: "Palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa moyo kapena ufulu, ndiponso chilango china chilichonse chaupandu sichidzaikidwa, kusiyapo ngati mwa njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo.

  • Kuzenga mlandu mofulumira (Maluso 37)
  • Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu ndi uphungu woikidwa ndi boma kwa oimbidwa mlandu otsutsa m’nkhani zazikulu
  • Kuteteza Munthu Kuti Asamadzipangitse Kudziimba Nkhanza (Art. 38)
  • Kuteteza munthu ku ngozi ya kawiri (Zojambula 39)
  • Kuyenera kukumana ndi mboni ndi kuzipenda (Katswiri 37)
  • Kutetezeredwa ku kumangidwa ndi kumangidwa mwadala (chiyeneretso chosapeŵeka, Luso. 33)

Chifuniro choyenerera cha Japan nchapadera kaamba ka zifuno zake zotsimikizirika ndi makonzedwe otsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo aupandu . Komabe, chigamulocho nchachikulu kwambiri (kuposa 99% m’milandu yaupandu), chimene chikudzutsa mafunso ponena za kupambana kwa zitetezero za apolisi zimenezi. Kuyenera kwa woimbidwa mlandu kumazindikiridwa, koma mayeso a apolisi angakhale aatali ndipo amachitidwa popanda loya amene alipo kufikira ataikidwa milandu yalamulo.

Malamulo Achipembedzo

M’mayiko ena, malamulo achipembedzo ndiwo maziko a malamulo kapena malamulo a boma.

Chilamulo cha Sharia (Chilamulo cha Moto)

Sharia lamulo, lotengedwa ku Quran ndi Sunna (ziphunzitso za Mutumi), limalamulira mbali zambiri za moyo ndi chilungamo m'maiko onga Saudi Arabia, Iran, ndi mbali za Nigeria. Pamene kuli kwakuti sharia samagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti "mchitidwe wa nthaŵi" m’lingaliro la Kumadzulo, ilo liri ndi malamulo a chilungamo (adl ), chilungamo ( amafaf [FLT]), ndi zoyenera za prodific zimene zimagwira ntchito zofanana.

Kufunika kwa ntchito ya maatomu pansi pa sharia ndi izi:

  • Kulingalira kuti wosalakwa kapena mfundo yakuti woimbidwa mlandu salakwa kufikira atatsimikiziridwa kukhala wolakwa mwa umboni woonekeratu
  • Kumanja ku mlandu woyenera pamaso pa woweruza (qadi) amene ayenera kukhala wopanda tsankho
  • Woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti apereke chidzichinjirizo ndi kuitana mboni
  • Chitetezo pa kuulula machimo kokakamiza kuyenera kukhala kwaufulu; kuulula kokakamiza nkopanda pake
  • Kuyenera kukopa ([[FLT: 0] talzum) kwa wolamulira wapamwamba m'masukulu ena
  • Miyezo yapamwamba yowonekera bwino – mwachitsanzo, umboni wa chigololo umafuna amuna anayi owona ndi maso, kupangitsa chitsimikizo kukhala chovuta kwambiri

Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapulinsipulo ameneŵa kumasiyana. M'mayiko ena amakono, oimbidwa mlandu sangakhale ndi mwayi wolandira uphungu walamulo, milandu ingachitidwe mobisa, ndipo chilango china (monga kuponya miyala kapena kudula) chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito popanda kulimba konse. Lingaliro la sud [malangizo oikidwa]) likhoza kusiyanitsa mfundo zachikale m’matanthauzo ena. N’kofunika kwambiri kusiyanitsa pakati pa maulamuliro amakono a sharia jurispurecidence ndi machitidwe a maulamuliro amakono.

Chilamulo cha Chikapitolikani (Tchalitchi cha Katolika)

Malamulo a Tchalitchi cha Katolika, odziŵika monga lamulo la tchalitchi, amalamulira nkhani za tchalitchi zonga ngati kutha kwa ukwati, chilango cha atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi ulamuliro wa mkati. Codex Iuris Canonici [1] (19983]) ali ndi tsatanetsatane wotetezera oimbidwa mlandu m'mayeso ovomerezeka. Njira yake m'malamulo a tchalitchi imaphatikizapo:

  • Ufulu wodziŵitsidwa za chinenezo ndi umboni
  • Ufulu woimira boma (kapena kuti bwanamkubwa)
  • Kuyenera kupereka umboni ndi mboni zoimira aexamine
  • Ufulu wokachita apilo m’makhoti osiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo Rota ya Roma)
  • Mfundo ya ['FLT:0] zinyamu za magetsi [ (kupanda ngozi yoŵirikiza)

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, Tchalitchi chasintha njira zake kuti chipereke chitetezo champhamvu kwa anthu amene akuchidwala ndi kuwaimba mlandu mofanana, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amanena kuti kubisa zinthu ndi chilango cha m’kati mwa thupi zimawonongabe kuonekera kwa munthu.

Malamulo Ophatikizana ndi Opatsa Ukhondo

M’mayiko ambiri muli njira zosiyanasiyana zophatikiza malamulo a anthu wamba, malamulo a boma, ndiponso zipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe chawo.

South Africa

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa tsankho, South Africa inatenga lamulo losintha zinthu (la 1996) limene limagwirizanitsa choloŵa chalamulo ndi zisonkhezero zamphamvu za lamulo la boma, makamaka m'chilolezo cha lamulo. Chigawo 35 cha Bill of Rights chimapereka ufulu waukulu wa kumangidwa, kumangidwa, ndi kuimbidwa mlandu. Khoti la Malamulo lapanganso malamulo otchuka oletsa kulakwa, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu, kuyenera kwa lamulo (kuphatikizapo uphungu woikidwa ndi boma pamene ufunidwa ndi zikondwerero za chilungamo), ndi kuyenera kwa kuletsa. Chigawo cha ufulu wa ku South Africa chimaphatikizaponso mbali zoyenerera za kuyenerera kuyenerera ndi kulingana ndi ufulu.

India

Malamulo a India azikidwa pa lamulo la Chicheŵa koma asinthidwa mokulira ndi Constitution of India (1950). Mfundo 21 imati: "Palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa moyo wake kapena ufulu wake kusiyapo malinga ndi njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Mosiyana ndi U.S. "kuyambika kwa njira, mawu a ku India "procedredrective" anamasuliridwa mopepuka. Komabe, kuyambira nkhani yodziŵika Maneka Gandhiv v. Union ya India [[FL:] [1288], Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhulupirira kuti kachitidweko kayenera kukhala "fair, ndi koyenera, koyenera, kuloŵetsamo ntchito yoyenerera. Tsopano India imazindikira kuchuluka kwa ufulu woyenerera, kuphatikizapo kuyesa kwaufulu kwalamulo, (FLT.F.FON.NUS, Hource, Hour, Klave.[7]

Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse Idzayenda Bwino

Zida zomenyera ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse zimapereka miyezo yoyenerera yokhudza malamulo a dziko lonse ndi yothandiza kugwirizanitsa chitetezo padziko lonse.

  • Chilengezo cha Universal of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948) [1] – Nkhani 10 ndi 11 zimatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kolungama ndi kulingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo. Ŵerengani UDHR .
  • Pangano la International pa Chivil and Political Rights (ICCPR, 1966) [1] -Chigawo 14 tsatanetsatane wa ufulu woweruza, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kuyenera kupenda mboni, ndi kusakakamizika kupereka umboni. Maiko ambiri avomereza ndi kuphatikizapo miyezo imeneyi.
  • Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya wa Ukrani pa Ufulu wa Anthu (ECHR, 1950) [[FLT ] – Nkhani 5 (kuyenera ufulu ndi chisungiko) ndi 6 (kuyenera ku kuzenga mlandu kolungama) ali osonkhezera kwambiri. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights limapereka mafotokozedwe ogwirizana kwa mamembala 46. Phunzirani zambiri ponena za ECHR.
  • Msonkhano wa ku America wa Ufulu wa Anthu (11999) – Mfundo 8 imatsimikizira zitsimikizo zachiweruzo ndi chitetezo chakumaiko a ku America.
  • Tchata cha African on Human and People’s Rights (19981) [1] – Mfundo 7 imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kolungama.

Zida zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna maboma kupereka chithandizo chalamulo, kupeŵa kumangidwa mwalamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo la maiko onse silimapanga mpambo wofanana woyenerera, limapereka chinenero chofala ndi mpambo wa miyezo imene maiko ambiri amatsatira mowonjezereka.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Kusudzulana ndi Zinthu Zofala

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo osiyanasiyana, pali mfundo zingapo za makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse:

  • Kuzenga mlandu kwa Fair [[FLT :1] ] - system iriyonse imene tinasanthula imazindikira kufunika kwa bwalo lamilandu lopanda tsankho, chidziŵitso cha milandu, ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka chodzitetezera. Mapangidwe (auvesarial v. Aunistism) amasiyana, koma cholinga nchofanana.
  • Kudziŵiratu kupanda liwongo - Ngati atchulidwa bwino (France, Germany, U.S.) kapena kutheratu (lamulo lofala), lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli nlofala kwambiri. Mtolo wa umboni uli ndi wonenera.
  • Kuimira kwa lamulo – Access to prophecy imadziŵika mowonjezereka kukhala yofunika . Kusiyapo njira zachilendo, woimbidwa mlandu amene satha kupereka imodzi. Kupereka kumasiyana: uphungu wolembedwa ndi boma watsimikiziridwa ku U.S. pa milandu yonse yachiwembu, pamene kuli kwakuti ku Germany nkoyenerera kokha kaamba ka maupandu aakulu.
  • Kuchinjiriza kumangidwa mwalamulo ] – Madongosolo onse amafuna mtundu wa uyang'aniro wachiweruzo asanagwire kapena mwamsanga pambuyo pa kumangidwa. M'maiko a boma, woweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amalola kumangidwa. M'maiko wamba, woweruza amapenda zikalata zomangitsira kapena kusunga malipoti.
  • Kuletsa kuzunza ndi kukakamiza kuulula [[FL:1] – lamulo lamitundu yonse ndi madongosolo ambiri apanyumba sapeza umboni wopezeka mwa kukakamiza. "Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete" kuli mbali ya malamulo ndi misonkhano yambiri.

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi izi:

  • M’kazembe [[FLT :1] , woweruza ndi woweruza waulesi pamene kuli kwakuti aloya ndi maloya otetezera ali ndi umboni. M'malamulo a boma, oweruza amafufuza mokangalika ndi kufunsa mboni, zimene zingachepetse mkhalidwe wa kuweruza komanso zingawonjezerenso kulondola kwa zenizeni.
  • Kachitidwe koyenera – Njinga yolimba kwambiri mu U.S. ndi, kumlingo wochepera, Canada ndi India. Maiko ambiri alamulo a boma ndi UK samazindikira kuti ufulu waung'ono wa kulowa m'dziko ukuchokera ku njira yoyenerera; mmalo mwake amadalira pa zoyenera za lamulo (m’chingale, malamulo a Chijeremani a Chising'ono a kutetezera ulemu wa munthu).
  • Zoyenera za Appel [[FLT :1] – malamulo wamba amalola kukopa pambuyo pa chitsimikizo; madongosolo a malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka kupenda kodzifunira kwambiri (m’b., pempho la Falansa monga la kuyenera m’zochitika zazikulu).
  • Chisonkhezero chachipembedzo , [1] , m'madongosolo ozikidwa pa sharia, miyezo yooneka bwino ingakhale yaikulu kwambiri (m’chitsanzo, mboni zinayi za chigololo) kapena zotsika kwambiri (m’chitsanzo, kuulula kokha kukhoza kukwanira kwa zilango zina za nyudi). Mbali ya boma pokhazikitsa lamulo lachipembedzo imayambitsa kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu apadziko lonse.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Malingaliro a Njira Yoyenera Kuitsatira

M’zaka za m’ma 2000, anthu amavutika ndi uchigawenga, kuyang’anira zinthu, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zafika poipa, ndiponso kuletsa miliri. Makhoti padziko lonse amalephera kuteteza zinthu ngati mmene zingakhalire pomangidwa, poganizira kuti anthu akuphana kapena kuphedwa.

Kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, kuzindikira kusiyana kwa njira zotetezera m'njira yake sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro. Kuli ndi tanthauzo lenileni la kuwonjezera, kutsendereza, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kutchula zoyenera za anthu. Loya woimira wogulitsa m'dziko lina ayenera kudziŵa zoyenera zimene zilipo ndi mmene angazisungitse. Mofananamo, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu angagwiritsire ntchito miyezo ya mitundu yonse kuwongolera madongosolo awo a m’dziko.

Potsirizira pake, pamene kuli kwakuti njira zolondola za kachitidwe ka zinthu zimasiyana, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lozikidwapo limakhalabe lokhazikika: mkhalidwe uyenera kuchitira anthu ulemu wawo waukulu.