Kulemekeza Kokhalitsa kwa Chilamulo cha Chisankho

Malamulo a chisankho ndiwo malamulo amene amachirikiza mbali iliyonse ya dongosolo la demokrase, kuumba amene amavota, mavoti, ndi kuti ali ndi mavoti. Kuyambira panthaŵi imene nzika imalembetsa ku zitsimikizo zomaliza za zotulukapo, malamulo ameneŵa amasankha chilungamo, kupezeka, ndi kukhulupirika kwa masankho. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zoikizira, kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa lamulo la kusankha sikuli chabe maphunziro . Nkofunika kutetezera lonjezo la maziko la democracy yoimira. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza zigawo zazikulu za lamulo la masankho, chiyambukiro chawo pa zoyenera kuvota, ndi nkhondo zalamulo ndi za ndale zadziko zimene zimalongosola malo osankhidwa mu United States ndi kumbuyo.

Kufunika kwa Malamulo a Chisankho

Malamulo a kusankha alipo kuti apange njira yodziŵikiratu, yoonekera bwino, ndi yolungama posankha oimira. Popanda iwo, masankho angakhale osokonezeka, osavuta kunyenga, kapena opotoka ndi olamulira. Malamulo ameneŵa amalinganiza mapindu opikisana: chisungiko ndi kupezeka, kusinthika kwa boma kutsutsana ndi kuyang’anira kwa boma, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kuvota. Ngati apangidwa bwino, malamulo osankha angalimbitse chidaliro cha anthu; pamene apangidwa mwaluso kapena kuletsa dala, angachotse zigawo zazikulu za anthu.

M'mbiri, kusintha kwa lamulo lovota ku America kumasonyeza kulimba kwa dziko kuwonjezera malamulo a kuvota. Malamulo poyamba anasiya ziyeneretso zovota ku mayiko ambiri, kutsogolera ku ziyeneretso za chuma, kusiyanitsa mafuko, ndi zipilala za akazi. Masinthidwe monga lamulo la 15, 19, ndi 26th . ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu amachotsa malire otsimikizirika. Komabe kulimbana ndi kuvota kukupitirizabe mwa njira zobisika: ziyeneretso za votirroll, ndi kuchotsa mizere ya chigawo.

Kuzindikira lamulo la chisankho nkofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa aphunzitsi amene amakonzekera mbadwo wotsatira wa ovota. Ophunzira afunikira kudziŵa osati kokha mavoti komanso mphamvu zalamulo zimene zimaumba ufulu wawo (ndi mathayo amene amabwera ndi ufulu umenewo. Maphunziro a boma amene amanyalanyaza malamulo oletsa nzika kukhala zokonzekera kutetezera ufulu wawo. Kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wosankha, onani [[FLT: 0] Center ya ntchito yosankha [Brennan Center ya Chilungamo] pa zoyenera za kuvota .

Mbali Zazikulu za Malamulo a Chisankho

Malamulo a chisankho ali mbali yaikulu, koma mbali zake zazikulu zingagawidwe m'mbali zinayi zazikulu: kulembetsa wovota, njira zovota, kukonzanso, ndi njira za tsiku la chisankho. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwirizana ndi zinazo ndipo chimapereka mwaŵi wapadera wa kuwonjezera(kapena kuwonjezera) ndi kugawa chilolezo.

Kulembetsa Mwaluso

Kulembetsa kovomerezeka ndi pepala la vota. M'mayiko ambiri, nzika ziyenera kulembetsa zisanaike chisankho, ndipo malamulo oletsa kulembetsa ali ndi chiyambukiro chenicheni pa chipale choyendera. Kusinthasintha kwapadera kumaphatikizapo:

  • Kulembetsa kwa voti kwaumwini (AVR): M'maboma oposa 20 ndi ku District of Columbia, nzika zoyenerera zimalembetsedwa mwadala pamene zigwirizana ndi bungwe la boma monga DMV, pokhapo ngati asankha. AVR yasonyezedwa kuwonjezera ziŵerengero za kulembetsa kwakukulu, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi ang'onoang'ono. National Conference of State Legislatures imapanga AVR kuyendetsa .
  • [[FLT :0] Kulembetsa kwa tsiku lapadera (SDR): maboma makumi aŵiri ndi aŵiri ndi D.C. lola ovota kulembetsa ndi kuponya pepala tsiku lomwelo, kaya panthaŵi yovota koyamba kapena pa Tsiku la Chisankho. SDR imachotsa malire a nthaŵi ndipo yagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutseguka kwapamwamba.
  • Masiku olembetsera: Maboma ena amafuna kulembetsa masabata asanasankhe chisankho. Kudulidwa kumeneku kungachotse ovota amene amasamuka, kukhala oyenerera, kapena kungophonya nthaŵi. Malamulo a galimoto-voter, olamulidwa ndi National Voter Brigister Act ya 1993, achepetsa kulembetsa koma samathetsa malire a nthaŵi zoyambirira.
  • Kukonza mpukutu: United States nthaŵi zonse amachotsa kulembetsa kwachikale chifukwa cha imfa, kusamuka, kapena kusagwira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kofunika, kuchotsa kwamphamvu kozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chosakhala ndi umboni, kwatulukapo. The Help America Vote Act ya 2002 imapereka miyezo ya ma datamulo, koma mikangano ikupitirizabe.

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa kulembetsa kuyenera kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso chothandiza: malo olembetsera, mmene angalembetsere, ndi zotsatira za malamulo olembetsa a magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Malamulo a chisankho amasankha njira zimene zimapezeka ndiponso mmene zingakhalire.

  • Kuvota pa Tsiku la Chisankho: Njira yamwambo, ndi malo ofunsira otseguka. Nkhani zimaphatikizapo mizera yaitali, makamaka m'mabwalo otetezeredwa, ndi zofunika zolimba. Maboma 20-chitatu amafuna kuti munthu avote chithunzi.
  • Cham'tsogolo kwambiri posankha: Maboma oposa 40 amapereka mtundu wina wa kuvota koyambirira, kupatsa ovota ufulu. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kuvota koyamba kungawonjezere, ngakhale kuti ziyambukiro zake nzachikatikati. Utali wa nyengo yoyambirira yovota umasiyana kuyambira masiku angapo mpaka milungu ingapo.
  • Mapepala-momwe kapena kuphonya kuvota: Maboma onse amapereka mtundu wina wa kuphonya kwa kuvota, ngakhale kuti malamulo amasiyana kwambiri. Ena amafuna chikhululukiro (m’chitsanzo, matenda, ulendo), pamene kuli kwakuti ena amalola kusasiya kuvota. Maboma Five Colado, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah, ndi Washington [1] Chisankho cha kachipangizo makamaka mwa kutumiza makalata. Mliri wa 2020 unaona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuvota, kuyambitsa nkhondo zalamulo pa zitsanzo, kulinganiza, ndi kugwetsa chikalata.

Kusankha njira yovota kungakhale ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, osankha okhala ndi kulumala kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zopinga pa malo ofunsira omwe alibe zipangizo zopezeka kapena kuimika. Kuvota kwaposi kungathandize, koma kumafuna kulemba ndi kulemba, nyumba zokhazikika, ndi utumiki wodalirika wapositi. Malamulo a Chisankho ayenera kulipirira chisungiko, mtengo, ndi kupezeka. Kuti ayese njira zosanthula za boma, chezerani tsamba la [FLT: 0].gov votation forirth trap

Kukonzanso Malo ndi Majeremanijani

Kujambulanso malire a chigawo cha sankho [1] ndi kuchitidwa zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa ziŵerengero za United States. Malamulo a chisankho pa mlingo wa boma ndi boma lomwe amalamulira kachitidweka, ndipo mitengo yake njaikulu: mizera yachigawo imasankha osankha oimira, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi liti limene limakhala ndi mphamvu. Nkhani zofunika zimaphatikizapo:

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering ndi chizoloŵezi cha kujambula mizera yachigawo kuti ithandize chipani kapena gulu. Techniques zimaphatikizapo “kugwetsa dala ” (kutsutsa ovota m'madera angapo) ndi“ kuponya” (kuwapitikitsa mochepa m'madera ambiri). Onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi afuko la fuko lawo amatsutsa lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lalamula kuti oukira boma apereke funso limene makhoti a boma sangatsutse mosavuta, koma loyang'anira ufulu wa fuko la anthu akhalabe oyenerera pansi pa Chilango cha 1965.

Kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi miyezo ya zamalamulo

Madera ayenera kukhala ofanana pafupifupi kwa anthu, kutsatira lamulo la “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. . Kufalikira kwa mzinda, kuwonjezeka kwa tauni, ndi kusintha kwa anthu kugawana kuti ajambulanso mapu amene amasintha. Mowonjezereka, maboma ena atembenukira ku makampani odziimira okha kuti achepetse chisonkhezero cha oukira. Pafupifupi maboma khumi ndi limodzi amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa ntchito kampani.

Mavuto a Malamulo

Pafupifupi kayendedwe kalikonse kosintha kaŵiri kakubweretsa milandu yakuti mapu amachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota kwa anthu ochepa kapena kuti ngogaŵa kwambiri. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act Chigawo 2 chimaletsa machitachita alionse osankhidwa amene amatulukapo kukana kapena kutsekeredwa kwa ufulu wa kuvota pa za fuko, ndipo chakhala chida chachikulu m'mapu otokosa opanga mavoti. Mliŵiro 2020 unawona milandu yaikulu mu Alabama, Georgia, ndi Ohio, pakati pa ena. Kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane pa kupenda kopenyetsa kopitiriza kwa kusanthula, onani [FLT:] ntchito ya pa gergerman . [FLT:]

Tsiku Losankha

Ngakhale ngati njira zolembera ndi zovota zili zofikirika, njira zochitira zinthu pa Tsiku la Chisankho zingayambitse zopinga. Zinthu zofunika zimaphatikizapo:

  • nthawi zotsegulira ndi zotsekera: [[[FT:1] malamulo a boma amasankha pamene mavoti atseguka ndi kutsekedwa. Mizere yaitali imachitika pamene makina ovota kapena antchito ofufuza ali ochepa, zomwe zikuyambukira modabwitsa mizinda ndi malo otsika opezedwa.
  • Ziyeneretso zodziŵikitsa: maboma makumi atatu ndi asanu amafuna mtundu wina wa maoti kuti avote mwa munthu, ndi maoda makumi aŵiri ndi atatu ofunikira kujambula. Malamulo ameneŵa atsutsana, ndi ochirikiza akutchula kuletsa chinyengo ndi otsutsa amene amaletsa kutembenukira kwa anthu aang’ono, okalamba, ndi osankha ochepera amene ali osayenerera kukhala ndi mitundu yovomerezeka ya kudziŵikitsa.
  • Malo a anthu opunduka: Kufikira kwa Okalamba ndi Opunduka ndi Aamereka okhala ndi Chilango cha Kulephera Chikalata chovomerezedwa cha malo oonera ndi ziwiya zovotera. Komabe kuvomereza nkosiyana. Malo ambiri ofufuza safikirika, ndipo zosankha zina zonga kusanthula kopansi kwa mlingo wa dziko sizipezeka padziko lonse.
  • Propects : Ngati wovotayo akufunsidwa (m’ lekuatiso, sawonekera pa mapepala kapena kusoŵa ID), iwo angawombere pepala la mapepala, limene pambuyo pake lapendedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitetezo chimenechi chimatetezera kuchotsa kotheratu, mavoti amakanidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kapena kusoŵa chidziŵitso.

Njira za Tsiku la Chisankho zingaphunzitsidwe mwa kuyerekezera: Ophunzira angaphunzire kupenda, kupereka ID, ndi kuika pepala pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana kuti amvetsetse mmene malamulo ameneŵa amakhudzira.

Chiyambukiro cha Malamulo a Chisankho pa Kulandira Ufulu

Kugwirizana kwa zigawo zimenezi kumachititsa kuti malamulo a masankho awonjezere kapena agwirizane ndi malamulo a masankho.

Zolepheretsa Kuloŵa m’Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Malamulo oletsa masankho amakhudza kwambiri magulu amene ayang’anizana ndi kusagwirizana kwa m’mbiri. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Malamulo a voti osankhidwa: Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ziyeneretso za mafaniziro okhwima zimachepetsa zofunikira za kugaŵidwa pakati pa Aafirika ndi Aspanic ovota, limodzinso ndi okalamba ndi ophunzira. Magulu ameneŵa sangakhale ndi laisensi ya dalaivala kapena io ina yovomerezedwa. Ku Texas, khoti la boma la 2016 linapeza kuti lamulo la ovota la boma linali ndi chiyambukiro cha kusanthula.
  • Malo olembetsa ovomerezeka: Maboma amene alibe kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi kapena mphamvu yodzisankhira yosankha kuti ayendere bwino ntchito za boma Tsiku la Chisankho lisanakwane. Izi makamaka zimayambukira osankha olandira ndalama zochepa amene angayende kaŵirikaŵiri kapena kukhala ndi maola a ntchito osakhazikika.
  • Malo ofufuza oikidwa: Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba cha 2013 Shelby County v. Homer, chimene chinathetsa njira ya kutsekereza ya kuyambika kwa lamulo la Court Rights Act, maboma ambiri anatseka malo ofufuzapo makamaka m'malo ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Alabama, akuluakulu a boma anatseka malo ambiri ofufuza, kutchula mtengo ndi kulimbitsa, koma osuliza anatsutsa kutsekedwa kwa Blackvotion.
  • Kutsutsa kwachilendo: Aamereka oposa mamiliyoni anayi amaletsedwa kuvota chifukwa cha zikhululukiro za mlandu, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana. Maboma ena amabwezeretsa ufulu modzifunira pambuyo pomaliza chigamulo, pamene ena amafuna njira yofunsira kapena yosungira zikalata kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Malamulo Amene Amawonjezera Kusintha

Koma mfundo zina zimene anthu ena amatsatira pa nkhani yosankha malamulo awo n’zakuti:

  • Nthaŵi zovota zoyambirira: Madziko onga Florida ndi Texas akupereka masabata aŵiri a kuvota koyambirira. Kuvota koyamba kumachepetsa nthaŵi zoyembekezera ndipo kumapatsa ovota ufulu.
  • Kufikira kwa pepala la voti: Chisankho cha 2020 chinaona kulembedwa kwa mapepala otumizira makalata, ndipo maboma okhala ndi voti lapadziko lonse anapezeka kuti apita ku kampani yaikulu ndi nkhani zochepa za chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, Colorado, wakhala akuvotera makalata kwa zaka zambiri ndi chinyengo chosafunika.
  • Kulembetsa kwa 16 ndi 17 ya zaka za kukalamba: Maiko ena amalola achichepere kulembetsa asanalembetse kuti alembetse mwachibadwa pamene akwanitsa zaka 18.
  • Maprogramu a kufukula ndi maphunziro: Maphunziro a Norpartisan wovota, onga ngati mavoti oyesera, otsogolera ofunsira, ndi madalaivala olembetsa, angawonjezere kwambiri kutengamo mbali, makamaka pamene achitidwa pa magulu ocheperapo.

Aphunzitsi angathandize mwa kuphunzitsa ophunzira mmene angagwiritsire ntchito malamulo a boma lawo ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumapangitsa kuvota kukhala kopanda malire. Kuyerekezera malamulo a boma ndi mfundo zopimira, MIT COPT DES COMPLET DE COMPLET CONTICT COP] imapereka zinthu zabwino kwambiri.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Kusintha Kwa Udani

Makhoti a ufulu uliwonse wosankha pa zigamulo zawo. Milandu yaikulu ndi zochitika zina zikuphatikizapo:

  • Milandu yachivomezi: [[FT:1] Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2013, maboma ambiri adakhazikitsa malamulo a ID . Makhoti agonjetsa ena (m’chitsanzo, lamulo la North Carolina linapezeka kuti linkaukira Aafirika “mwachidziŵikire ndi kuchitidwa opaleshoni) ndi kuchirikiza ena. Khoti Lapamwamba silinakhazikitsebe muyezo wa dziko lonse.
  • Makhoti a ku jinja: Mu 2019, Khoti Lalikulu ku Rucho v. Common Century Create Cammon inatsutsa kuti mapepala osintha anthu sakupimidwa ndi makhoti a boma. Komabe, makhoti a boma . ndipo ngakhale amakhazikitsa malamulo alamulo. Mu 2022, Khoti Lapamwamba la Ohio linakana mapu otengedwa ndi bungwe la Republican lolamulira nthaŵi zambiri.
  • Féderal vs. ulamuliro wa boma: Malamulo amapereka ulamuliro waukulu pa masankho, koma Congress angapereke malamulo pansi pa chisankho ndi kukakamiza ufulu wa kuvota pansi pa Masinthidwe a 14. Malamulo aakulu a boma onga ngati Voting Rights Act and Help American Vote Vote Act akhazikitsa zinsiles. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, malingaliro onga a Oferetsa People Act (H.R. 1) amafuna kufutulira ulamuliro wa boma, koma adaima m'Banga.
  • Kuvomereza pa kuvota: Chisankho cha 2020 chinayambitsa makhoti mazana ambiri pa nthaŵi zoikidwiratu, kusaina kutsimikizira, ndi njira zoŵerengera. Zambiri za milandu imeneyi zikupitirizabe, kusonyeza magaŵano aakulu pa masankho.

Mavuto a zamalamulo sikuti amangosonyeza kukangana kwa zinthu zapamwamba chabe; amasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pankhani ya amene ayenera kuvota ndi mmene angasankhire masankho.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yopitirizabe Yotetezera Ufulu Wanu

Malamulo a chisankho sasintha. Amasintha mwa malamulo, kuvomerezana, ndi kukakamiza anthu. Kusagwirizana pakati pa chisungiko ndi kupezeka kukupitirizabe kuchitika m'mabwalo a boma, m'makhoti, ndi m’mahoti ovota. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, lamulo la chisankho la kuzindikira kuti ufulu wosankha uli wosalimba, zingakulitsidwe kapena kupezedwa ndi bwalo limodzi la malamulo kapena chigamulo cha khoti.

Kudzipereka pa kuchita nawo ntchito ya demokrase kumafuna kusamala. Ophunzira ayenera kutuluka m’kalasi osati kokha kudziŵa mavoti komanso kuzindikira malamulo amene amatheketsa mavoti awo . Mwa kuphunzira malamulo a chisankho, amapeza zida zochirikizira kusintha zinthu monga kulembetsa kodzifunira, kuwonjezera kuvota, ndi kupenda koyenera. Ayeneranso kuphunzira mosamalitsa kupenda zinenezo za wovota ndi kukhulupirika m’masankhoti.

Aphunzitsi amathandiza kwambiri pokonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira kuti umvetse malamulowo ndi kuukonza n’cholinga choti ukhale wofanana ndi munthu amene angapeze nawo chisankhocho.