Maboma otchuka, odziŵikanso monga authoritarianism kapena madongosolo a democracy, amaimira mtundu wosiyana wa ulamuliro wandale umene mwadala umagwirizanitsa mabungwe a demokrase ndi machitachita a audoma a autocracy . Maboma ameneŵa amachita masankho anthaŵi zonse, amasunga malamulo amene amatsimikizira ufulu, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo ndi mabwalo a malamulo a malamulo , koma amachita zimenezo pansi pa mikhalidwe imene imachititsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yokonda ntchito ya boma. Chotulukapo ndicho dongosolo la ndale limene limawonekera kukhala la democracy yomwe imakhala yolamulira ndi kutengera mbali za demokrase pamene kuli kofunika kulamulira kwa ophunzira sayansi ya zandale, openda malamulo, ndi aliyense wodera nkhaŵa ndi za umoyo wa mademocracyism padziko lonse.

Kapangidwe ka Maluŵa Opangidwa Mwaukhondo: Kupenda Mosamalitsa

Maulamuliro opangidwa ndi silikali ongofuna mademokrase kapena madongosolo a kusintha oyembekezera kuyendetsedwa kwa demokrase. Mmalomwake, iwo amaimira kukhazikika kumene olamulira amagwiritsira ntchito mademokrase kupezerapo umboni woyenerera pamene akugwiritsira ntchito njira za autocracy kuletsa chitsutso. Chilengedwechi chimafunikira makonzedwe a dongosolo ladongosolo ndi kusintha kosasintha.

Malo Olamulira Ademokrase

Kuti asungebe kudalirika kwa dziko lonse ndi kulola, maboma a zigaŵenga amatsatira mbali zambiri zooneka za demokrase. Amachita masankho okhazikika kuti ayambitse chidwi ndi kutengamo mbali, koma osawona mtima kulola kusamutsidwa kwenikweni. Amakhazikitsa makomiti a masankho, ufulu wa anthu, ndi mabungwe otsutsa ziphuphu, koma kugwira ntchito ndi odalirika kapena kutsimikizira kuti alibe mphamvu yosungitsa. Malamulo a malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa lamulo, koma bungwe lolamulira limakhazikitsa lamulo lofunikira kulanda ufulu uliwonse wa makampani.

Zopinga Zauchigaŵenga

Maboma a zipanizikulu amadalira madongosolo a autocracy amene saoneka kwa anthu wamba. Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo zinthu zosadziwika bwino zolimbana ndi anthu otengeka maganizo, uchigaŵenga, kapena kunyozedwa zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mabomawa amalamulira kapena kulimbikitsa kwambiri makampani ambiri oulutsira nkhani, makampani a zausilikali, ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo. Mabungwe a boma amayang'anizana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ndi ndalama. Mabungwe a boma satha kuchotsa mabizinesi a adani ndi kubwezera mapangano a boma. Mabungwe a za a zaumoyo a boma ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti olamulira apamwamba atha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu popanda kuŵerengera boma.

Makina Olamulira: Kusintha Mbali za Democratic Dimocratic

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi maulamuliro opangidwa ndi zidole ndi mmene amatengera zinthu monga demokalase, zipani, mabungwe omanga malamulo, ufulu wa anthu ndi osalola kuti zinthu zimenezi ziwalepheretse kulamulira.

Electoral Maniption

Kusankha kuli mbali ya demokrase yowoneka kwambiri imene maulamuliro a ziunyufu ayenera kuilamulira. Mmalo mwa chinyengo chenicheni . Chiwopsezo cha kuukira kwa m'banja ndi kutsutsa kwa mitundu yonse . Maboma amakono ophatikiza zigaŵenga amagwiritsira ntchito njira zobisika zogwiritsira ntchito kuchotsa kovomerezeka kwa boma. Amagwiritsira ntchito zopinga zonga kutsegulira, ma tempera oletsa, ndi kusintha komalizira kuti afufuze malo otsutsa otsutsa. Amalamulira magawo a madera akumidzi omwe amayanja madera akumidzi omwe amayanjana ndi boma. Amalamulira ntchito ya chisankho cha voti kuti alepheretse otsutsa ntchito zauchi kapena kusandutsa zikondwerero zooneka bwino kuti zikhale pansi pa chitseko cha ngozi. Maboma ena, monga ngati mu Dradim, a kudalira [FTF: 0] ndi kupambana kwa ena, pamene amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito yosanja yachikulu kwambiri, ngakhale pa anthu ena, pamene kuli kofala kwambiri. Malamulo ambiri amaphunzirapo kuti ango

Kulamulira Zauthenga ndi Chidziŵitso

M'nyengo ya chidziŵitso, kulamulira nkhanizo kuli kofunika monga kulamulira bokosi la oimba. Maboma apanga njira zotsogola zogwiritsira ntchito potsogolera nkhani yapoyera pamene akudzinenerabe kulemekeza ufulu wa kulankhula. Samatseka wailesi za nyukiliya mwachindunji . Izi zingachititse kuti zikhale zopanda pake mwachuma. Makampani a boma amachotsa malonda otsatsatsa malondawo ku masuo ovuta. Mabungwe a malamulo olimbana ndi boma ndi kuwasintha kukhala odalirika. Panthaŵiyi, manyuzipepala a boma amapangitsa kuti aulutse mawu odalirika otsa malonda opindulitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikiza ndi zosangalatsa zimene zimachirikiza kukhulupirika. Olemba nkhani za nyuzipepala (mapepala) amagwiritsira ntchito magulu a otsutsa otsutsa (malemba) kuti alowetse m'malemba la za manyuzipepala. Iwo amachotsamo malamulo otchuka opindulitsa kwambiri "aunyinyinyinyiza bwino, ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti athandize kuwonjezera kutsutsa kwa boma. Olemba la Olemba la Baibulo la nyustto. [1] Omwe akutsimikizira kuti apeze otsutsa kwambiri: "F]

Kutulutsa ndi Patronage

Mmalo mopondereza chitsutso chilichonse, maulamuliro a zipani zandale, makampani, atsogoleri a chigawo, ndi ngakhale mabungwe a anthu angabweretsedwa m'gulu lolamulira mwa kugawira chuma cha boma, mapangano, mapangano, ndi maudindo. Ku Russia, chipani cha United Russia chimagwira ntchito monga [[FLD:0] chigwirizano chapadera [makampani] chimene chimaloŵetsa anthu apamwamba a m'deralo ndi kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo posinthana ndalama za boma. Ku Hungary, Orbán Fiz chipani chagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za EUNIC ndi boma kupititsa patsogolo gulu la anthu amene amapanga gulu la ochirikiza ulamuliro wake. Patronage imathandiza anthu amphamvu kwambiri kuti apeze njira yothandiza anthu ambiri kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa mayiko. Patronage: amene amavomereza kuti agwirizane ndi oyendetsa zinthu za bomalo, ndipo amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutsutsa mphamvu za boma, koma osawononga mphamvu za boma.

Kufooketsa Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Lamulo la lamulo ndilo magwero a demokrase, koma maulamuliro ophatikizapo achiphamaso amafooketsa kusungitsa ulamuliro. Iwo amakwaniritsa zimenezi osati mwa kuchotsa makhoti zoonekeratu [1] koma mwa kukhazikitsa atsamunda okhulupirika ku makhoti achiweruzo, kusintha nyengo za kupuma pantchito kuti achotse oweruza odziimira okha, kusintha malamulo a kutetezera milandu, ndi kukana kukakamiza malamulo otsutsana ndi zifuno za boma. Ku Poland, Lamulo ndi Chipani cha Chilungamo (Pis) chinagwiritsira ntchito malamulo kukakamiza oweruza aakulu ndi kuwaika mmalo mwa ogwirizana, zikumayambitsa vuto lalamulo ndi European Union. Ku Venezuela, Bwalo Lapamwamba linaikidwa ndi Chavez wokhulupirika amene anatsutsa malamulo amene motsimikiza. Popanganso malamulo a boma, boma lachigawa, likhoza kutsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wawo walamulolo silingawawotsenso. Pa nthaŵi inatero kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi boma. [5]

Kusintha Zinthu: Mmene Kutupa Kumakhalira kwa Nthaŵi Yonse

Kusintha kwa maulamuliro a nyukiliya sikuli kokhazikika; iwo amachita mwamphamvu ndi zitokoso za mkati, chitsenderezo cha kunja, ndi masinthidwe a luso la zopangapanga.

Kusintha kwa Mabungwe

Pamene ziŵerengero za otsutsa aphunzira kugwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi yolamulira, boma limapanga zatsopano. Pambuyo pa zitsutso za Russia 2011-2012, malamulo okhwima a boma pamsonkhano wapoyera, adayambitsa faindi ya "kulinganiza zitsutso zosatsutsika," ndi kufuna kuti Njognos zimene zimalandira ndalama zachilendo kuti zilembetse monga "oimira adzikolo". Ku Hungary, pambuyo poti chitsutso chatha kugwirizanitsa mu 2018, Orbán inasintha malamulo a ofufuza kuti ayesetse kupikisana ndi kukonzanso zigawenga za chigawo kuti zipangitse kuti zitsutsozo zikhale zotsutsana. Njira imeneyi ya [FOLD: 0] yomangika ndi kuphana chigawenga cha boma lachikulu kutsogolo kwa chigawenga cha boma chimodzi kuwonjezera chiwonetse chiwoneso cha democracy.

Zotsatira Zokopa

Chinenero ndi chida cha boma la zidole. Nthaŵi zambiri mawu a democracy amayenerera kulungamitsa njira za ufumu wa authoritarian. Iwo amalankhula za "demokrase" (Russia), "Illeral democracy" (Hungary), kapena "demokrase ya anthu" (Inezuela) kutsutsa kuti dongosolo lawo la zinthu nlogwirizana ndi malamulo a ku Western, osati kupanduka kwake. Iwo amaonetsa adani awo kukhala zidole zachilendo kapena ziwopsezo ku chisungiko cha dziko, mwakutero kutsutsa pamene akunena kuti akuteteza dziko. Iwo amatengeranso kulankhulidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu mosasankha chifukwa cha chinyengo cha kusamuka kapena kusalingana ndi kutsalira kwa anthu ena. Disclay imathandiza kugawa yapadziko lonse ndi kugawa aunika anthu otsutsa kwambiri, kuti apeze chigawawa chifukwa cha kutsutsa ufulu wa dziko.

Kufunafuna Malamulo kwa Mitundu Yonse

Maboma a jabrid amazindikira kwambiri za chithunzi chawo kumaiko ena. Ambiri amafunafuna mwakhama kuyenera kwa dziko lonse mwa kukhazikitsa msonkhano, kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse, kusaina mapangano, ndi kuchita nawo maprogramu a projekiti a kampani. Russia ndi chiŵalo chosatha cha UN Security Council; Hungary ali ndi ulamuliro wosinthasinthasintha wa EU Council; Turkey ndi chiŵalo cha NATAO. Ziŵalo zimenezi zimapereka chitetezero: kusuliza bomalolo kungawonedwa monga kuukira boma lenilenilo. Regimes amakulitsanso unansi ndi mayiko ena olankhulana mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena audindo, kugaŵana ndi kutetezerana kwa onse ku mabungwe monga ngati bungwe la Shanghazin Coovation Coastgement kapena Central Comment of Americanment and Caribbean (ELC). Mwakukopa aungwe ena, aungwe a madera awo, amakopa maulamuliro a .

Kufufuza Nkhani za Maulamuliro Oipa

Kuti timvetse mmene njira zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito, tiyenera kuyang’ana mayiko ena ndipo nkhani zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti pali malamulo osiyanasiyana amene anapangidwa ndi zidole ndipo zimatithandiza kudziwa kuti zimene takambiranazi n’zogwirizana ndi mfundo zimene takambiranazi.

Russia: Ulamuliro wa Demokrase

Russia pansi pa Vladimir Putin mwinamwake ndi chitsanzo chopimidwa kwambiri cha ulamuliro wa ziphatikizo. Mabungwe a demokrase alipo [1] Malamulo a demokrase, nyumba ya malamulo (Ana), chisankho cha pulezidenti cha nthaŵi zonse (* koma mbali iliyonse imayendetsedwa bwino. Malamulo 2020 amasintha malamulo a Botinin, kumlola kukhalabe m’ulamuliro kufikira 2036. Mtsogoleri wotsutsa Alexei Navalny anagwidwa mobwerezabwereza ndipo kenako anafera m'ndende; gulu lake landale linatchedwa la kunyanyira ndi kuletsedwa. Magulu andale andale alamulidwa ndi masitepe a boma amene amafalitsa mabodza opatulidwa ndi otetezedwa, ndipo amakakamizidwa kuthaŵa kwawo kopanda chitetezo kokhulupirika, ndipo amaonedwa kukhala otetezedwa kwambiri. [F1] Chifukwa cha chivomerezo: Pulo chachikulu cha chivoti cha United States. Koma, chivomezi chachimo chachikulu chachikulu cha dziko lonse la Russia: [F1]

Hungary: Demokalase ya Chilengedwe Chonse

Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán yakhala chitsanzo chachikulu cha demokrase [[FL: 0]] yapadera. Chiyambire kulowa mu ulamuliro wa 2010, Fidesz yachotsedwa mwadongosolo. Malamulo atsopano aperekedwa ndi Fidesz’s supermagement personation. Khoti la Malamulo linadzaza ndi odalirika ndi mphamvu zake zopendanso malamulo okhudzana ndi pulogalamu. Malo oulutsira nkhani agonjetsedwa ndi kampani yonyamula (CEG), ndipo nkhondo za kutsutsa kuti apeze nthaŵi ya mphepo. M’dzikomonsemo zinalembanso zoyanja gulu, ndipo zigawo zinakhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira kubwerera kumlingo umene Fiz zinapambana pakati pa zigawo ziŵiri. Ngakhale kuti zina za boma la dziko lonse la Hungary:

Turkey: Kuunikana kwa Authoritarianism

Turkey pansi pa Recep Tayyip Erdogan imayenerera chitsanzo cha [[FLT: 0] kupikisana kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarian . Kwa zaka, AKP inapambana zisankho zotsatizana ndi kulephera, ngakhale kuti kuchirikiza kotchuka. Koma pambuyo pa kulephera kwa 2016 kuyesa, Erdogan anagwidwa mwamphamvu: Makumi a anthu zikwi zambiri, oulutsa nkhani anatseka, ndipo masankhoti adachotsedwa. A 2017 amaloza ku Turkey kusunthana ndi palameyamenti ya kunka ku dongosolo la prezidentala la mphamvu zochepa za ulamuliro. Kusankha kupitirizabe kuchitidwa, ndipo chitsutso chapatanidwa nthaŵi zina (m.) mu Ankanbulbul ndi 2019), koma kugwetsa kokhulupirika kwa boma kwachikulukulukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito kopambana kwa otsutsa ulamuliro ndi kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa boma. [kulimbana ndi kulephera kwa kugonjetsa ulamuliro kwa dziko.]

Venezuela: Chilembere cha Electoral Authoritarianism

Venezuela pansi pa Hugo Chávez ndipo pambuyo pake Nicolás Maduro ali chitsanzo cha [FLT: 0] chigamulo cha authoritarianism chimene chakhala chopatukira ku ulamuliro wa authoritarianism . Bomalo linagwiritsira ntchito kutchuka kwake kukonzanso malamulo ndi kusumika maganizo. Panthaŵiyo linadzaza Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi National Electoral Council ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa otsata. Master Council ndi ochirikiza kuikidwa ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa okhulupirika. Otsutsawo anapitirizabe, koma otsutsawo adalephera, otsalira, otsatsa malonda anatsutsidwa, ndipo boma linagwiritsira ntchito mafuta ake kugula kukhulupirika ndi kugaŵira kosungidwa kochirikiza. Mu 2018, Mado adaikidwanso m'chigawa m'voti wambirimbiri, ndipo samawonanso kutsutsa kuchuluka kwa otsutsa kopeka kwa dziko lonse lapansi. [F]

Kufufuza za Demokalase ndi Dongosolo la Padziko Lonse

Kulimbikira ndi kuzoloŵera maulamuliro a zidole za mtundu wina kumabweretsa zotsatira zazikulu za ulamuliro wa demokrase, m’maiko ameneŵa ndi m’mayiko ena.

Kusokonekera kwa Democratic Norms

Maboma a Hybrid akupanga chiyambukiro cha demokrase . Kugwedema kumeneku kuli kowopsa kwambiri m'madera kumene kutuluka democracy kumasintha mabungwe a democracy. Monga momwe maiko ena amaonera kuti boma lingachite masankho, kumadzitcha kuti demokrase, ndi kutsekera m'ndende, ndi kutsekerabe otsutsa, mphamvu ya makhalidwe a demokrase ya demokrase yafooka. Kufalikira kwa maufumu a ma democracy mu Central ndi Easter Europe, mwachitsanzo, kwalimbikitsa zikhoterero za dalala m'maiko onga Serbia, Poland, ndipo ngakhalenso mayiko a Baltic , atsutsa kwambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, maulamuliro a projective kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza machitachita ntchito zawo kupyola mpikisano ndi kuloŵerera, kukhazikitsa kopeka kopanda chinyengo.

Mavuto kwa Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse

Mabungwe apadziko lonse monga European Union, United Nations, ndi Bungwe la Chisungiko ndi Cooperation ku Ulaya (OSCE) amakumana ndi vuto pochita ndi maulamuliro ophatikizapo maufumu. Maboma ndi mamembala ogwirizana ndi mabungwe ambiri ameneŵa; kuwatha kungafunikire kuvomerezana kuti kulibe. Kusamva n’kovuta kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa maulamuliro a demokrase angaloze umboni wawo wa kugonjera. Kuyankha kwa EURO ku Hungary ndi Poland kwakhala kukuimika, kudalira pa Mfundo 7 zimene sizinagwiritsidwepo ntchito bwino. United States nthaŵi zonse imasuliza Russia ndi Venezuela koma ikupitiriza kuchita nawo ntchito yogwirizana ndi mayiko ena. Kusintha kumeneku kumawononga kudalirika kwa demokrase. [FF: 0]

Kumaliza

Maboma a Hybrid amaimira chimodzi cha zitukuko zazikulu zandale za kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. Zasonyeza kuthekera kwapadera kwa kutengera ndi kusintha mbali za demokrase . Malamulo, malamulo, makhoti, makhoti . Pamene kuli kwakuti asunge ulamuliro wa autocracy umene umatetezera olamulirawo ku kuyankha mlandu. Kulimba kwawo kumadalira pa msanganizo wa kuyendetsa zinthu molinganiza, zoulutsira nkhani, kutetezera, kuchirikiza, ndi kutembenuza kochitidwa mwalamulo, zonsezozo kuletsa kuyambitsa kumbuyo kwa banja kapena kuloŵerera kwa mitundu yonse. Pamene dziko lonse likupikisana kwambiri, kuzindikira maulamuliro ameneŵa sikuli kokha maphunziro a maphunziro a zamaphunziro. Nkofunika kwambiri kuti tiyambirire kuchirikiza njira zenizeni za kutembenuza ndi kufalikira kwa madongosolo a dongosolo la democracyalism koma kuti asakhale kanthu. Ophunzira ophunzira ayeneranso kuphunzira bwino kuyang’onong’onong’ono ndi kuyang’ana mphamvu zandale za mphamvu za ulamuliro zamphamvu.