Federalist Papers ndi zoposa kusonkhanitsa mapepala andale khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu a chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chiŵiri. Ndizo njira yamoyo ya mmene dongosolo la malamulo a chitaganya la America linalinganizidwira kukhalabe lolungama, loŵerengera, ndi zaka mazana angapo. Linalembedwa pansi pa dzina la fano lachifatse "Publica," nkhani zisanu ndi zitatu zimenezi zinafalitsidwa pakati pa October 1787 ndi August 1788 kuti zipange chichirikizo cha onse kaamba ka United States Constitution. Zigomeko zawo ponena za mkhalidwe wa ulamuliro, chitetezo cha nyumba, ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense zikupitirizabe kukonza mmene opanga malamulo, oweruza, ndi kumasulira chikalata cha maziko cha ulamuliro wa Amerekani.

Kufulumira kwa Mbiri Yakale Kokhala m’Mapepala

Kupekedwa kwa Malamulo kunali kotsimikizirika. Nkhani za Confederation, chikalata choyamba cholamulira cha dziko, zinatsimikizira kukhala zofooka kwambiri kuti zisungitse bata, kuyang'anira malonda, kapena kutetezera dziko. Zochitika zambiri . Kuyambira ku Kupanduka kwa Shays kumenyerana ndi akuluakulu a dziko la chigawo chakumpoto . Zinadziŵika bwino kuti dongosolo la boma lamphamvu linali lofunikira. Komabe anthu ambiri a ku America, pomapatutsa ufumu, anaopa kuti boma lamphamvu likhoza kutsogolera ku ulamuliro wankhanza.

Ku kuswa kumeneku kunasokoneza Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay. Hamilton analinganiza ntchitoyo ndi kulemba unyinji wa nkhani (apamwamba ndi mmodzi), ndi Madison kulemba makumi aŵiri ndi Jay asanu. Kugwirizana kwawo kunali kodabwitsa: amuna atatuwo anaimira maboma osiyanasiyana ndi kukhala ndi nthanthi zosiyanasiyana zandale, komabe anagwirizana pa chonulirapo chimodzi: kufotokoza chifukwa chimene Malamulo olingaliridwawo angasungire ufulu mmalo mwa kuuwononga.

Nkhanizo zinafalitsidwa m’nyuzipepala za ku New York mopanikizika kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri pamlingo wa zitatu kapena zinayi pamlungu. Sizinali nkhani zamaphunziro koma zokopa zofulumizidwa ndi zokopa zokhala ndi cholinga cha kufalitsa anthu okayikira.

Nkhondo Yothandiza Kudziteteza ndi Ntchito Yabwino ya Mapepala

New York inali malo ankhondo owopsa. Magulu a Anti-Federalist anali amphamvu, otsogozedwa ndi Kazembe George Clinton. Mapepala a Federalist adalinganizidwa kusonkhezera msonkhano wa boma, umene ukagamulapo mwapadera. Ngakhale kuti iwo sanasunthitse votiyo . New York potsirizira pake inavomerezedwa ndi mapepala ochepera 30-27 meters . Mapepalawo anakhala mafotokozedwe otsimikizirika a lingaliro la Malamulo. Anasindikizidwanso m'maiko ena ndi kutchulidwa ndi nthumwi zawo m'mikangano ya . Pazaka khumi, iwo anavomerezedwa kukhala ndemanga zodalirika pa tanthauzo la malamulo.

Masiku ano, pulogalamu yonseyi ikupezeka pa Intaneti kudzera pa la Congress , imene imapanga manyuzipepala oyambirira kulembedwa mwadongosolo. Kupezeka kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti mfundo zoyamba za maziko zidakali mbali ya nkhani yapoyera, osati nkhani ya m’makalasi a zamasukulu a malamulo.

Kulimbikitsa Mayeso ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Malingaliro ofunika kwambiri a nyumba mu Federalist Papers ndi macheke ndi malingana. Opanga mafream anamvetsetsa kuti chibadwa cha munthu ncholakwika; monga momwe Madison analembera motchuka mu Faterast No. 51 , "Kufuna kupambana kuyenera kupangidwa kutsutsa kukhumba malo. Mfundo imeneyi ndi maziko a boma lolungama. Palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingaunjikitse mphamvu zokwanira kuchita zinthu mwankhanza chifukwa nthambi iliyonse ili ndi njira ndi cholinga choletsa ina.

Makalatawo akufotokoza mmene zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito. Nthambi ya malamulo (Corefer) imapanga malamulo, koma pulezidenti angawapereke. Malamulo a mkulu, koma achiweruzo angawaike kukhala osakhala alamulo. Mabungwe angapereke malangizo ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma ndi oweruza. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhazikitsa mphamvu imene imapimidwa nthaŵi zonse, ndipo palibe bungwe limene lingagwire ntchito popanda uyang'a ntchito.

Federal Federal No. 51 ikupitiriza, kufotokoza mmene kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumatetezeranso magulu ang'onoang'ono. "Ngati ambiri agwirizana ndi chikondwerero chimodzi," Madison akulemba, "Ufulu wa anthu ochepa sudzakhala wotetezereka. Mwa kugaŵa mphamvu osati pakati pa nthambi zitatu zokha komanso pakati pa maboma a boma, Malamulo amapanga miyalo yambiri ya chitetezo. Nthaŵi zina zimenezi zimatchedwa " chisungiko choŵirikiza kaŵiri. Mapepalawo amapanga mlandu wakuti kucholoŵana kumeneku sikuli chiŵalo komanso mbali ya modzi yolinganizidwira kusungitsa chilungamo.

Mfundo Zolamulira

Palibe kukambitsirana kwa chilungamo kumene kunganyalanyaze Federal List No. 10, pamene Madison amathetsa vuto la timagulu tating'ono . Madison adasonkhezeredwa ndi chikondwerero chofanana chimene chingapondereze ufulu wa ena. Iye akutsutsa kuti lipabuliki yaikulu iridi yabwino kuposa yaing'ono yolamulira timagulu. M'gawo lalikulu, zikondwerero zambiri zopikisana zimayang'anizana mwachibadwa, kupangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwa gulu limodzi kugonjetsa. Kuzindikira kumeneku kunali kosiyana. Ilo linatsutsa mwachindunji Anti-Federalist ikunena kuti mariphabliki aang'onoang'ono, angachititse ufulu.

Madison akulingalirabe bwino lerolino. Kugawana kwandale kwamakono kwachititsa magawano aakulu a malingaliro, komabe dongosolo la malamulo laletsa zitsenderezo zimenezi mwapang'ono chifukwa cha chitetezo cha nyumba zofotokozedwa. Federalist Papers imapereka maziko a kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake dongosolo la U.S., limodzi ndi mphamvu zake zogaŵikana ndi masankho ogwedezeka, zimalimbanirana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa boma.

Wolinganiza Wadziko Na. 78: Chiphunzitso cha Independent

Boma labwino limafunanso kuweruza kopanda tsankho. Mu Federalist No. 78, Hamilton amapanga mlandu wa kudziimira kwachiweruzo, kuphatikizapo kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse kwa oweruza a boma. Iye akutsutsa kuti makhoti ali "owopsa kwambiri" chifukwa salamulira lupanga kapena chikwama, kokha chiweruzo. Komabe mphamvu yawo yolengeza malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo ndi yofunika kuti ateteze ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mphamvu imeneyi, yodziŵika monga kupenda kwachiweruzo, sinalembedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma inafotokozedwa ndi dongosololo Hamilton. Nkhaniyo inapereka Chilungamo cha Supreme Court chakuya cha maphunziro apamwamba kaamba ka kupenda malamulo.

Ufulu wa atsata milandu ndi chitetezo chachindunji ku chisalungamo. Pamene nthambi za ndale zadziko zichenjeredwa, nzika zingapite kumakhoti kukatsimikizira ufulu wawo walamulo. Federalist Papers ikufotokoza kuti ntchito imeneyi imagwira ntchito kokha ngati oweruza atetezeredwa ku chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko. Kusankha kumeneku kumakhala koyenera kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino.

Kuteteza Ufulu ndi Maufulu

Kutsutsa kofala ku Konsichushoni panthaŵi ya kutumbulidwa kunali kwakuti inalibe lamulo la ufulu. Anti-Federalist ananena kuti popanda zitsimikizo zomveka, boma la boma likapondereza anthu potsirizira pake. Federalist Papers inayankha ndi ndandanda yotsutsana ndi mfundo. Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 84, imatsutsa kuti lamulo la ufulu silili chabe losafunikira koma laupandu. Chifukwa chakuti Malamulo amapereka mphamvu zongotchulidwa, boma lilibe ulamuliro woletsa ufulu wosakhala ndi ndandanda. Kuwonjezera ndandanda yapadera, Hamilton, kungaperekedwe kuti palibe kuyenera kulikonse kumene kungandandalitsidwe.

Chigomeko chimenechi sichinatenge tsiku ndi masiku a kukonzanso khumi koyamba chinawonjezeredwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa kuikidwanso . Koma mfundo ya Federalst ikukhudzabe. Imagogomezera mfundo yakuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo ali chikalata cha mphamvu zochepetsedwa, zogawidwa. Boma likhoza kuchita kokha zimene malamulo alola. Lingaliro limeneli ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chotetezera ufulu. Ngati boma lichita zoposa maulamuliro ake otchulidwa, nzika zingatokose kachitidwe kameneko m’khoti.

Mbali ya Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Mutu wina waukulu m’mapepalawo ndiwo wakuti boma lovomerezeka limapeza ulamuliro wake mwa kuvomereza kwa olamulira. Federalist Papers mobwerezabwereza imagogomezera kuti Konsichushoni siimapereka mphamvu kuchokera ku maboma koma chisonyezero chachindunji cha anthu. Mawu oyambawo amayamba "Ife Anthu" pachifukwa chimodzi. Maziko a ulamuliro wotchuka ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti boma lidzakhalabe ndi mlandu kwa nzika zimene likutumikira. Zigamulo, mawu, ndi kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu zonse zochokera ku lamulo lapamwamba limeneli.

Mapepalawo amanenanso za mmene kaimidwe kake kangatetezere chisalungamo. M'dziko lalikulu, akuluakulu osankhidwa ayenera kukopa anthu ambiri kuti agwirizane. Zipani zimenezi zimalolera molakwa ndi kuchepetsa, kupangitsa kuti lamulo lililonse likhazikitse zofuna zake kwa anthu ena onse. Dongosololi linapangidwa kuti likhale ndi zotsatira zabwino osati mwa kudalira atsogoleri koma mwa kusonkhezera mtima wofuna kutchuka ndi wofuna kupikisana ndi wopindulitsa.

Woyang’anira Malo Na. 10 ndi Kutetezera Ufulu wa Zinthu

Pakati pa zoyenera zimene manyuzipepala amagogomezera ndizo kutetezera katundu. Madison akutsutsa kuti chinthu choyamba cha boma ndicho kutetezera mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi zosalingana za kupeza chuma. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti boma lilipo kuti lilemeretse olemera; mmalomwake, limatanthauza kuti boma lolungama liyenera kuteteza munthu aliyense ku ufulu wake wa kusangalala ndi ntchito yawo popanda kulandidwa. Mfundo imeneyi imachirikiza pangano la malamulo, kutenga mawu, ndi kuteteza koyenera. Iwo amatumikira monga chitetezo ku mtundu wa chisalungamo cha chuma chimene chingabuke pamene anthu ambiri a boma agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kufalitsa chuma kwa anthu ochepa.

Kupirira Chisonkhezero pa Maulamuliro Amakono

Mapepala a Federalist Mapetsi atchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba kuposa magwero ena alionse a kumasulira kwa lamulo kusiyapo Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo. Iwo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kumvetsetsa tanthauzo loyambirira la makonzedwe alamulo, kuthetsa mapangano, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amaziko ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Milandu yaposachedwapa yosiyana monga mphamvu ya pulezidenti, kuchotsa mimba, boma, ndi malire a ulamuliro wa chigwirizano zonse zagwira mawu mapepala onse.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Printz v. United States (1997), imene inagwetsa lamulo la boma lolamulira kuti lichite zofufuza za kumbuyo, Woweruza Antonin Scalia anadalira kwambiri pa Federal List No. 78 ndi mapepala ena kutsutsa kuti boma limaletsa boma kulamulira boma. IN vS. Chachaha v. (1913]), Khoti linatchula mapepala m’kutsika kwa lamulo la Grougionc, kutsimikiziranso lamulo limene Congressloarsit sunga mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti mapepalawo si a boma apamwamba koma kuti ali otsogolera a bungwe la mbiri yakale.

Mapepalawo amaumbanso mmene opanga malamulo amapangira malamulo. Popanga malamulo atsopano, makomiti a bungwe kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula Federal List Papers kutsimikizira kuti malingaliro awo alemekeza kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro. Akuluakulu anthambi otsogolera amawagwiritsira ntchito kumvetsetsa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Ndipo aphunzitsi amagwiritsira ntchito iwo kuphunzitsa ophunzira ponena za nthanthi ya boma la America. National Archives [[FULT:1] ili ndi chigawo chopatulidwa cha Federalist Papers, kugogomezera kaimidwe kawo mofanana ndi Chikalata chotsegulira Chifunitso cha Independeko.

Mapepala Monga Chiŵiya cha Maphunziro a Chigawo

M’nyengo ya kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko, Federalist Papers imapereka mawu amodzi okambitsirana kaamba ka kukambitsirana kwa ulamuliro. Amakumbutsa nzika kuti opanga mafomuwo sanali oyembekezera chibadwa cha anthu opanda nzeru. Iwo anapanga dongosolo lolinganizidwira kugwira ntchito ngakhale pamene anthu ali adyera, timagulu taudani, ndipo mphamvu imagwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kukhala ndi mlandu wa boma. Mapepalawo amaphunzitsa kuti chilungamo sichili chongochitika chokha; chimafunikira kusungidwa mosalekeza kupyola mchitidwe wa macheke, masankho, ndi kupendera milandu.

Sukulu zambiri za sekondale ndi za ku koleji zimafuna ophunzira kuŵerenga nkhani zosankhidwa. Federal list No. 10 ndi Ayi 51 ali pakati pa malemba ogaŵiridwa koposa m'maboma a ku America. Makalatawa amaphunzitsa kulingalira mosuliza mmene madongosolo amakhalira. Amaperekanso maziko a mbiri yakale amene angapimirepo malingaliro amakono a kusintha kwa malamulo. Kaya nkhaniyo ndi malire a chigawo, ndalama za polisi, kapena mphamvu ya kampani, mapepalawo amapereka dongosolo lapamwamba la kayendetsedwe ka maprogramu a makompyuta.

Chisonkhezero cha Padziko Lonse

Chisonkhezero cha Federalist Papers chimaposa United States. Opanga malamulo m'maiko onga India, Germany, South Africa, ndi Brazil adaphunzira zolemba kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha kumanga zigwirizano za demokrase yokhazikika. Lingaliro la cheke ndi madiresi, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo olembedwa, ndi lingaliro la kupenda zachiweruzo lavomerezedwa ndi mitundu yambiri. Mapepalawo amatumikira monga buku la malangizo apadziko lonse kaamba ka kupangidwa kwa boma lokhala ndi malire. Constitution Center imapereka ziŵiro zimene zimapenda chiyambukiro chimenechi padziko lonse, kusonyeza mmene zitsimikizidwira ndi zigomeko za zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Mapepala a Mafriganizo Adakali Ofunikabe Kaamba ka Kulungama ndi Chilungamo

Mapepala a Federalist siimalakwa. Zimasonyeza kulolera molakwa kwa nyengo yawo, kuphatikizapo kuvomereza ukapolo ndi kuchotsa akazi ku mbali ya ndale zadziko. Komabe malamulo amene amalongosola bwino / kugawa kwa maulamuliro, kupenda ndi kulinganiza, kudziimira kwa chiweruzo, boma lochepa, ulamuliro wotchuka, ndizo zida zenizeni zimene zalola Malamulo kukonzedwa ndi kumasuliranso kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti apereke ufulu kwa awo amene anachotsedwa. Mapepalawo amafotokoza madongosolo a boma olinganizidwa kukhala olungama ndi olungama, komanso akusonyeza kuti chilungamo chimafunikira kukhala maso osatha.

Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa malingaliro a kulekana kwa maulamuliro, izo zimakonzekera bwino kuzindikira pamene nthambi ipitirira malire ake. Pamene zizindikira kupenda kwanzeru kwa chiweruzo, zimazindikira chifukwa chake makhoti ayenera kukhala odziimira. Pamene awona mmene magulu amalamuliridwa mkati mwa republic yaikulu, amamvetsetsa nzeru ya dongosolo limene limachititsa zofuna kukambitsirana. Federalist Papers imapatsa maziko a nzeru kaamba ka pangano la chikole, nzika youzidwa.