Maziko a Chipani cha America

Kugaŵana ulamuliro pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma ndiko mbali yolongosola dongosolo la ndale zadziko la United States. Makonzedwe ameneŵa, odziŵika monga boma, amalinganizidwira kulinganiza umodzi wa dziko ndi ufulu wa chigawo. Lamulo la U.S. limakhazikitsa dongosolo limeneli mwa kutchula maulamuliro a boma pamene akusunga maulamuliro ena onse a maboma kapena anthu. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a boma amaumbitsira malamulo kumafunikiritsa kuyang'anitsitsa pa malamulo a malamulo a boma, madongosolo a mphamvu za boma, ndi kukambitsirana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maulamuliro aŵiri ameneŵa a boma.

Federal si lingaliro losintha. Tanthauzo lake lasintha zaka mazana ambiri mwa kusintha kwa malamulo, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko ndi ya zachuma. Unansi pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma umakhudza pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, kusamala zauchigaŵenga, chiweruzo chaupandu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi zoyenera za anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika kuti amvetsetse mmene malamulo amapangira, kukakamizidwa, ndi kutokodwa m’dziko lonselo.

Maziko a Malamulo a Boma ndi Federal

Mphamvu Zoikidwa za Nyumba Yamsonkhano

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amandandalika mphamvu zapadera zoperekedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko a dziko ndi achilendo, ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi. Maulamuliro ameneŵa anapangidwa kukhala opereŵera koma okwanira kuti boma la dziko ligwire ntchito bwino. Mawu omaliza a Chigawo 8 amapereka ulamuliro "kukhazikitsa Malamulo onse amene afunikira ndi oyenerera kunyamula kuti akwanitse Maulamuliro apamwambawa. Maulamulirowa ndi Abwino atembenuzidwa, alola boma la boma kuti ligwire ntchito bwino kwa nthaŵi yake.

Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha Khumi ndi Mphamvu Zosatha

Demendment ya khumi imatsimikizira kuti "maulamuliro amene sanapereke ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena amene saloledwa ndi United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhala chikumbutso cha lamulo la kuchepa kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma akusungabe mphamvu yolamulira nkhani zokhudza anthu, kuphatikizapo kutetezeka kwa anthu, maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ukwati, ndi malonda. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa masamu ndi osungidwa kwakhala nkhani yaikulu m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka.

Chilombo Chotchuka Kwambiri

Mfundo VI ya Lamulo ili ndi Supremacy Claus, yomwe imatsimikizira kuti malamulo a m'Bungwe la Malamulo, malamulo a boma anapanga kusuntha kwa ilo, ndipo mapangano ali lamulo lalikulu la dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma alephera, lamulo la boma lingakhale ngati lamulo la boma lili m’miyambo. Supremacy Claus ndi maziko a ulamuliro wa boma, kutsimikizira kuti maboma sangachotse kapena kunyalanyaza malamulo a boma. Komabe, kugamula ngati lamulo la boma limachotsadi lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limafunikira kusanthula kwalamulo kwachinduko.

Maluso a Chisonkhezero cha Gawo pa Chilamulo

Chiyeso Chachindunji

Congress inganene mosapita m'mbali kuti ikufuna kuchotsa lamulo la boma m’mbali ina. Imeneyi imatchedwa kumasulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Gwero Lolemba Ntchito la Infeeence Security Act ya 1974 lili ndi chinenero chofala choletsa kutsogolera mapulani a phindu la bwana. Pamene Congress afuna kukhala ndi mbali yonse ya malamulo, malamulo a boma m'deralo amathamangitsidwa kotheratu.

Ngakhale popanda mawu omvekera bwino, lamulo la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma kupyolera m’kuwomboledwa, kumene kumachitika pamene kuli kosatheka mwakuthupi kugwirizana ndi zonse ziŵiri lamulo la boma ndi la boma, kapena pamene lamulo la boma likhala chopinga ku kukwaniritsidwa kotheratu kwa zolinga za boma. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse amapenda zinenezo zimenezi kutsimikizira ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Miyezo Yogwirizanitsa

Nyumba ya malamulo imapereka malamulo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa angapereke malamulo apadera kapena kuletsa zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964, chimaletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko pantchito, malo ogona, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Maboma ayenera kulinganiza malamulo awo ndi malamulo a boma kapena kuyang'anizana ndi zitokoso. Chikalata cha Divian Water ndi The Clean Air Act chimakhazikitsa miyezo ya malo okhala ndi malo amene ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusungidwa, poyang'anira boma.

Zitsanzo zina zofunika kwambiri ndizo lamulo la ku America lokhudza matenda opandiratu matenda, limene limafuna kuti boma lizithandiza anthu ndi malo opezeka, ndiponso Family and Medical Let Act, zimene zimalamula kuti boma ndi mabwana ao okha apereke tchuthi cha ndalama pazifukwa zina za banja ndi zamankhwala. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira kusintha malamulo awo kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo awo kuti akwaniritsene ndi zikalata za boma.

Ndalama Zowonongedwa ndi Maboma Olinganizidwa

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri zimene boma limagwiritsira ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya boma. Mwa maprogramu opereka ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, boma la boma limapereka ndalama ku maboma pazifuno zina, kaŵirikaŵiri limagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe imene maboma ayenera kukwaniritsa kuti alandire ndalamazo. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza njira imeneyi, malinga ngati mikhalidwe yafotokozedwa bwino, mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha ndalama, ndipo osati kuchirikiza mosayenerera.

Mwachitsanzo:

  • Medicaid : Madziko amalandira ndalama zofanana za boma zoperekera chisamaliro chaumoyo kwa nzika zolandira zochepera, koma ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo aakulu a boma onena za kukhala woyenerera, mapindu, ndi miyezo yabwino.
  • I Umutwe I wa Elementary and Secondary Education Act : Ndalama za Federal zimagaŵiridwa ku sukulu zotumikira ophunzira olandira ochepa, zimadalira pa maiko olandira miyezo ya zamaphunziro, maulamuliro oyesa, ndi madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu.
  • Fateral Highway Administration [[FL:1]: Madziko ayenera kumamatira ku miyezo ya chisungiko ya boma, kuphatikizapo malire a liŵiro, malamulo a m'malamba, ndi malamulo oledzera oyendetsa galimoto, kulandira madola a boma a m’msewu waukulu.
  • Palibe Child Lend Behind Act ndi Wophunzira Aliyense Weneeds Act : Malamulo ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa maphunziro a boma ndi ndalama kuvomereza kuyesedwa koikidwiratu ndi machitidwe a sukulu.

Anthu otsutsa amanena kuti njira imeneyi ingakakamize anthu kutsatira malamulo amene sagwirizana ndi zimene angafune kapena zimene angafune.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Oweruza a boma amachita mbali yaikulu m’kusintha malamulo a boma kupyolera m’kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba lipereka chigamulo chimene chimamasulira Malamulo, chigamulocho chimakhala chogwirizana pa maiko onse. Milandu ya pa mapepala yakhala ikusintha kwakukulukulu malamulo a boma.

Zitsanzo zake ndi izi:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Khoti linalengeza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a boma kunaswa Chitetezo cha Kutetezera Claus wa Kusintha kwa Zam'mbuyo kwa 14, kuletsa malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa kapena kulola kugaŵidwa.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) ndi Dobbs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) : Chigamulo cha 1973 chinazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo la kuchotsa mimba, kugonjetsa ziletso zambiri za boma. Chigamulo cha 2022 chinasintha chimene chinakhudza, kubwezera malamulo a kuchotsa mimba ku maiko. Kusintha kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kumasonyeza mphamvu ya kumasulira kwachiweruzo pa lamulo la boma.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : Khoti linanena kuti ukwati wa kugonana unali ufulu wofunika kwambiri pansi pa Demetrie Wachinayi, kufunikiritsa maboma onse kupereka zilolezo za ukwati kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana ndi kuvomereza maukwati ochitidwa m’maiko ena.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) : Khoti linagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Chikalata cha Ufulu Wosankha, kumasula maboma ena kuchokera ku chofunika cha boma kuti apeze kudziŵikitsa asanasinthe malamulo awo osankha. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapereka ufulu waukulu wa kukhazikitsa lamulo la chisankho.

Pamene Khoti limasulira mfundo za m’Bungwe la Malamulo mokulira, lingachepetse kuweruza kwa boma. Pamene lichepetsa ufulu wa boma kapena walamulo, limaperekanso mphamvu ya kuvomereza mwaufulu pankhaniyo.

Mabungwe Oyang’anira Maboma ndi Kukhazikitsa Ulamuliro

Nyumba za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimatumiza ulamuliro ku mabungwe a boma kuti apereke malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu. Mabungwe ameneŵa, monga ngati Environmental Protection Agency, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu, ndi Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera, amapanga malamulo atsatanetsatane amene ayenera kutsatira. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe la Agency kungakhale kofunika kwambiri monga malamulo ogwirizanitsa malamulo a boma.

Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a EPA onena za kutulutsa mpweya wotentha pansi pa Ceaner Air Act amafuna kuti maboma apange mapulani ochepetsa kuipitsa kuchokera ku mafakitale a magetsi ndi galimoto. Mofananamo, Dipatimenti ya Education’s Thit imalamula mmene maboma ndi zigawo za sukulu ziyenera kuyang'anira kudandaula kwa kuvutitsidwa ndi kusankhidwa. Maboma amene amalephera kuvomereza kutaya ndalama za boma kapena kuyang'anizana ndi ntchito zosungitsa lamulo.

Kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa boma kumaphatikizapo kudziŵitsa anthu ndi kupereka ndemanga, kupereka maboma ndi opereka mpata wa kusonkhezera malamulo omalizira. Komabe, pamene aperekedwa, malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu ndipo angachotse malamulo a boma amene sagwirizana nawo.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Malire a Ulamuliro wa Maboma

Mphamvu Zotsala ndi Mphamvu za Apolisi

Pansi pa Tenth Amendment, boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa anthu onse a nzika zawo. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa mphamvu za apolisi. Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi m'madera onga ngati lamulo la upandu, lamulo la katundu, lamulo la banja, ndi thanzi la anthu. Boma la boma la boma silili ndi mphamvu ya apolisi, nchifukwa chake malamulo a dziko pa nkhani za maphunziro ndi malamulo ayenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi lamulo lachindunji, monga ngati Clausce kapena Penal Claus.

Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera ukulu wa maulamuliro apolisi a boma. Olamulira ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma anapereka malamulo a kukhalabe panyumba, maoda otetezera, zofunikira za katemera, ndi malangizo otsekereza malonda. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma linapereka chitsogozo ndi ziŵiya, ulamuliro walamulo wa zaumoyo wa anthu onse udali ndi maboma. Malamulo ankatsutsa malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ngati anapitirira malamulo a boma kapena kutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Ufulu Wa munthu Aliyense

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, amene angapereke ufulu ndi chitetezo chimene chimaposa amene ali m'Bungwe la Malamulo. Makhoti a boma amamasulira zikalata zimenezi payekha, ndipo zigamulo zawo pa lamulo la boma zimakhala zomaliza pamene apeza malo okwanira ndi odziimira. Zimenezi zimalola maboma kuwonjezera chitetezo kwa nzika zawo kupitirira pansi panthaka ya boma.

Mwachitsanzo:

  • California : Malamulo a boma atembenuzidwa kupereka chitetezo champhamvu kaamba ka mayeso ndi machitidwe oyenera kuposa Konsichushoni ya boma.
  • New York : Bukhu la malamulo limatsimikizira kuyenera kwa maphunziro omveka, kutsogolera ku kugawiridwa pa ndalama za sukulu zimene zilibe kufanana kwa boma.
  • Massachusetts : Khoti lalikulu linavomereza kuyenera kwa ukwati wa kugonana pansi pa malamulo a boma mu 2003, zoposa zaka khumi khoti lalikulu la U.S. lisanafikire kumapeto ofanana.
  • Florida: Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo makonzedwe otsimikizira kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, zimene makhoti a boma amasulira m’njira zimene nthaŵi zina zimasiyana ndi boma lachiŵiri Lowonjezera malamulo.

Malamulo a boma angasinthidwenso mwa njira za demokrase yolunjika, monga ngati zopanga mavoti ndi makhoti.

Mabungwe Ogwirizana a M’chigawo Chadziko

Mayiko angagwirizane, kutchedwa kuti ma interstate comples, kuti athetse mavuto. Mabungwe ambiri amafuna kuti agwirizane ndi bungwe, koma amapereka njira yoti maboma agwirizane popanda kulamulidwa ndi boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Colorado River Community, imene imayang'anira kugawidwa kwa madzi pakati pa mayiko a kumadzulo, ndi bungwe la Interstate Conquectal on the Placement of Children, limene limathandizira kugwirizana pa nkhani za ana.

Mapepala a boma amasonyeza kuti maboma angagwire ntchito pamodzi kuthetsa mavuto a m’dera kapena a m’dzikolo, nthaŵi zina kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kuloŵerera kwa boma.

Kuloŵerera Kwamphamvu Pakati pa Lamulo la Boma ndi Laukulu

Kugwirizana

Malo ambiri amakono a malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo kugwirizana, kumene milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma imagawana thayo ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi kukhazikitsa maprogramu ndi miyezo. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu ndi miyezo, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi nzeru m’kupanga ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu akutiakuti. Chitsanzo chimenechi nchofala m’kakonzedwe ka malo okhala, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi maphunziro.

Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa Clean Air Act, EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu ya mpweya, koma maboma ali ndi thayo la kuyambitsa kulinganiza kwa boma kuti akwaniritse miyezo imeneyo. Maboma ayenera kugonjera mapulani awo kaamba ka chivomerezo cha EPA, ndipo bungwelo lingakhazikitse mapulani a boma ngati zoyesayesa za boma sizili zokwanira. Mabungwe ameneŵa amalola mtunduwo kukhala ndi zolinga zofanana pamene akusamalira mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Kulimbana ndi Mayesero

Kusagwirizana pa ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumathera m’khoti. Maboma angatokose malamulo a boma kukhala malamulo opambanitsa alamulo, pamene boma lingapereke mlandu wa kukakamiza kupulumulidwa. Kulimbana kumeneku nkofala makamaka m’madera onga ngati kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi lamulo la chamba.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma a boma ndi aboma atsutsana pa mfundo yakuti:

  • Kusungitsa kugaŵikana : Maboma angapo apereka malamulo ofuna kusungitsa lamulo la kumaloko kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti ena akhazikitsa malamulo a kachisi oletsa kugwirizana koteroko. Makhoti adafunikira kudziŵa ukulu umene boma ndi maboma a kumaloko angalephere kutengamo mbali m’zoyesayesa za boma.
  • Kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo : Maboma ambiri alola chamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zamankhwala kapena m'zosangulutsa, mosasamala kanthu za lamulo la boma loletsa chinthucho kotheratu. Boma la boma lakhala likuletsa kusungitsa lamulo loletsa ntchito za boma, koma kusagwirizana pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma sikunathetsedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Lamulo lachikhalidwe [1]: Madziko onga California afuna kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima ya zotulutsa galimoto kuposa zimene lamulo la boma likufuna. EPA yalola oletsa California kutero, koma maulamuliro ena ayesa kuchotsa opalamulawo, kutsogolera ku kuponderezedwa.
  • Lamulo la zachitetezo [[FLT: 1] : Affordble Care Act inapangidwa kaamba ka maboma kufutukula Medicaid kapena kukhazikitsa ndalama za inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Maboma ena anakana kufutukula Medicaid, zimene zinatsogolera ku mipata ya kukwaniritsa ndi mikangano ya lamulo ponena za ulamuliro wa boma.

Ntchito ya Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Makhalidwe

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma sikumapangidwa ndi lamulo lokha. Magulu andale, malingaliro a anthu, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe konse kokhudza mmene ulamuliro wa boma umagwirira ntchito. Mkati mwa nyengo za mavuto a mtundu, monga ngati nkhondo kapena kunyonyotsoka kwa chuma, boma limafuna kukhala ndi ulamuliro. M’nthaŵi za bata lochepa, maboma angapereke ufulu wokulirapo.

Mabungwe a kakhalidwe akhala amphamvu kwambiri kukhazikitsanso unansi wa boma. Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linakhazikitsa mwachipambano malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a khoti akuti malamulo a kugawa ufulu wa anthu. Gulu la malo okhala linatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a boma ndi miyezo ya kuipitsa dziko lonse. LGBTQ+ gulu la ufulu wa kuyenera linapambana zipambano za Supreme Court zimene zinalepheretsa boma kuletsa ukwati wauchiŵanda ndi tsankho la ntchito. Gulu lililonse la magulu ameneŵa limasonyeza mmene kuletsa kuyendetsa ntchito kwa boma ndi mphamvu ya boma.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, magulu ochirikiza ufulu wa maboma kapena boma lochepa asonkhezeranso lamulo. Gulu la tiyi ndi magulu ena atsutsa kubwezera ulamuliro ku maboma, makamaka m'mbali zonga ngati maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zakhala ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana, koma zimasonyeza chilengezo chosatha cha chigamulo cha boma monga kupenda mphamvu yapakati.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi mu Federal Relations

Malonda ndi Utali Wake

Commerce Claus, imene imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu zolamulira malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, yakhala magwero aakulu a boma kuyambira nyengo ya New Deal. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawu ameneŵa mokulira, kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kuyang’anira ntchito ya zachuma imene imayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Komabe, zosankha zaposachedwapa zasonyeza malire ena. M’zochitika zonga United States v. Lopez [1] (1995) ndi United States v. Morrison [2000], khoti linaswa malamulo a boma pa malo amene anaposa ulamuliro wa Claus Claus, kusonyeza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma.

Kugonja kwa Lamulo la Boma la Matope

Mbali yocholoŵana kwambiri ya kugwirizana kwa boma ndi kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo la boma. Malamulo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makonzedwe amene amathetsa kulakwa kwa munthu kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma olemba mankhwala operekedwa kwa dokotala kapena zipangizo zamankhwala angaletse kulephera kwa boma kutchula za nkhondo. Makhoti ayenera kuona ngati miyezo ya boma yoyendetsa zinthu ili m’munda ndi kuchotsa malamulo a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi maupandu aakulu otetezera ogulitsa, kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Tsogolo la Mafuko

Zikhalidwe zingapo zikusintha za m’tsogolo za mgwirizano wa boma. Kugawanika kwa ndale za dziko kwachititsa maboma ena kukhazikitsa ufulu waukulu pankhani za mkangano. Kukula kwa ndalama zimene boma limagwiritsa ntchito ndi malamulo kwayambitsa kusagwirizana kosalekeza pa zinthu zodalira pa zinthu zina ndi kukakamiza. Kusintha kwa sayansi, monga kuwonjezeka kwa nkhani za malonda a pa Intaneti ndi zachinsinsi, kuchititsa mafunso atsopano okhudza mtundu wa boma umene uyenera kulamulira ntchito zimenezi.

Akatswiri ena amachirikiza kubwezera ulamuliro wokulira ku mabomawo, akumanena kuti kulamulira koyenera kumalola kuyesa ndi kulinganiza bwino makhalidwe a kumaloko. Ena amatsutsa kuti mavuto a dziko amafunikira njira za dziko ndi kuti miyezo ya boma iri yofunikira kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana ndi kugwirizana. Kutsutsana kumeneku nkothekera kupitirizabe, popeza kuti ulamuliro wa boma udakali lamulo lolinganizidwa la boma la America.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi malamulo a boma ndi mbali yaikulu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri yotsutsidwa ya dongosolo la malamulo a America. Malamulo amapereka maziko, kugaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma pamene akukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma m’mbali zazikulu. Mwa kuperekedwa kwachindunji, kuwonongedwa kwa maulamuliro a boma, kulamulidwa kwa khoti, ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro, boma limakhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo a boma. Komabe maboma amasunga ufulu wapadera, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo za apolisi, kumasulira malamulo awoawo, ndi kukonzanso malamulo awo a boma m’madera a boma.

Kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kulamulira malo alamulo ndi andale zadziko a United States. Kulinganizika pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi wa boma sikumakhazikitsidwa koma kusintha kwa kusintha kwa madongosolo a ndale zadziko, kusintha kwa kakhalidwe, mikhalidwe ya zachuma, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka, kukambitsirana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma kudzapitirizabe kulinganiza zoyenera ndi mathayo a nzika za America. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kupitirizabe kudziŵa za zochitika zimenezi nkovuta kumvetsetsa ntchito ya demokrase pamlingo uliwonse.