Maziko a Chitetezo cha Malamulo

Bill of Rights, anavomerezedwa mu 1791, poyambirira anafotokoza ufulu waukulu wa dziko lachichepere logawidwa kwambiri ndi fuko, kagulu, ndi nthanthi zandale. Olemba ake sanawone kulimba kwa ufulu wa anthu kumene kukachitika zaka mazana ambiri kutsogolo. Komabe chitsimikizo cha First Amendment cha kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera, limodzi ndi mapangano aakulu a kukhazikitsa malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kutetezeredwa kofanana, potsirizira pake zinapereka ufulu walamulo wotsekedwa chifukwa cha ufulu wa anthu. Chifukwa cha malemba a Bill of Rights sanatchulepo kupunduka, oimira malamulo, oweruza, ndi oweruza anafunikira kumasulira malamulo ake aakulu kuphatikizapo anthu ndi thupi, lunthaluntha, ndi kusokonezeka maganizo. Kumasulira kumeneku sikunachitike usiku umodzi; kunabuka mwa kulinganiza kwa udzu, ndi kulinganiza malamulo audzu, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a Bill, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a United States.

Kumasulira Koyambirira ndi Malire a Ufulu Waufulu

M’zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa 20, makhoti sanagwiritsire ntchito kwambiri Bill of Rights kutetezera anthu ndi kulumala. Malamulo analingaliridwa kwakukulukulu kukhala chiletso pa boma la boma, osati monga gwero la kuvomereza kulowa kapena kukhala. Maboma ndi mabungwe a kumaloko anagawana anthu opunduka m'nyumba zaufulu, malo osungiramo ufulu, ndi "malamulo" amene analetsa anthu ndi kululuzika kwa anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba la U. mu [FLT: 0]. Bell [FLD:] (177] (18)) momvetsa bwino lamulo lokakamiza anthu kutseka kubereka kwa anthu ovutika, ndipo silinaletsekedwe chifukwa chakuti linkawaletsa kuopa kuwonongeka kwa anthu.

Makolo Ayamba Kusintha Zinthu

Kusintha kwenikweni kunachitika pamene ochirikiza ufulu wa kupunduka anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa First Amendment pofuna kuyang'ana ndi kusintha. Mu 1960 ndi 1970, magulu onga Rollang Quads ndi gulu la anthu odziimira okha lolinganizidwa, kukhala pansi, ndi misonkhano yosindikiza imene inafuna kutetezeredwa ndi kusonkhana. Olimbana ndi kulumala anatsekedwa ndi mabasi, kumangidwa nyumba za boma, ndi kuyendayenda ku Washington kuti apereke chisamaliro ku ku ku kusamukizidwa ndi kumangidwa. Popanda ufulu wa Kuyamba Kusintha Malamulo, zimenezi zikanaletsedwa mwamsanga. Khoti zinazindikira kuti misonkhano ya anthu okhala ndi zilema inali yotetezeka mofanana ndi khalidwe lina lililonse lolankhula.

Chigawo 504 cha Rehabilitation Act ya 1973 chinakhala lamulo loyamba la boma loletsa tsankho lochititsidwa ndi kupunduka m'maprogramu olandira ndalama za boma, koma kunatenga zaka zitatu za kuchirikiza kwakukulu kuti apereke malamulo ake ogwiritsa ntchito. Mu 1977, ochirikiza a m'mizinda khumi ochitidwa kukhala pansi pa zaumoyo, Education, ndi maofesi a Welfareal . Ntchito yaitali, mu San Francisco, inatha masiku 25 ndipo inaulutsidwa m'dziko lonselo. Amenewo analephera chifukwa cha Bill of Rights Rights analola anthu okhala ndi zolemalako kulankhula, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kuchonderera boma popanda chiletso. Kugwirizana pakati pa mawu aulere ndi ufulu kumakhala maziko a kulephera kwa chilungamo: mabungwe oweruza lerolino amadalira malamulo othandizira kusintha, kufalitsa masinthidwe, kufalitsa ziganitso m'ma wailesi ofalitsa nkhani zachigalamu m’khoti.

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kuyenera kwa Kumasuka ku Tsankho

Chikalata cha Geneth Amendment, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1868, chinawonjezera Bill of Rights motsutsana ndi maboma ndipo chinalonjeza kuti "chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo . M’zaka zonse za zana la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira chitetezero chofanana kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, ndi kugonana. Koma kwa zaka zambiri za zana limenelo, kupunduka sikunasamaliridwe monga gulu lotetezeredwa. Pamaziko a kupendedwa kochepa kwa milandu ndi kuloledwa ndi maboma kukhazikitsa pafupifupi lamulo lirilonse lokhudza anthu olumala malinga ngati silinatengeretu mfundo zachi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kufalikira kwa maphunziro, ntchito, ndi nyumba. Ana opunduka matenda ankachotsedwa m'masukulu a anthu onse, ndi achikulire ndi kupunduka kwa mabwalo a boma ndi kuyang'anira kochepa.

Posinthira pake pa [[FLT: 0] Agulu la Ana a Retarded (PARC) v. Chigwirizano cha Pennsylvania [[FLT]] [77] ndi [[FLT]] Mills v. Gulu la Maphunziro a District of Columbia [pan] [pan [pan's'(]] [pa] [pan]] [7]] [7] [7]] [7] [7] [7]. Khotilo linagamula kuti ana oyenera kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito.], lamulo logwirizana ndi kuteteza ana, ngakhale kuti silinachotsedwe ndi kulephera kwachitukuko, pamene kulibe kuti kuli kope, [FFFF:] Zimagalamulo zinathandiza. [FUF:]

Anthu a ku America Olumala Achitapo Kanthu Pokwaniritsa Ufulu Wawo

A America Okhala ndi Ulema wa 1990 (ADA) kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "Chilengezo cha kupunduka" kwa anthu opunduka. Pamene kuli kwakuti ndilamulo, osati kukonza kwa lamulo, ADA imalozera mwachindunji mapindu a Bill of Rights . M'zopezedwa zake, Congress adanena kuti "anthu opunduka ndi ochepera omwe ayang'anizana ndi ziletso ndi ziletso ndi ziletso. Ada amaikidwa ku mbiri ya kulephera kwa chifuno, ndi kuikidwa ku malo a kusoŵa mphamvu kwa ndale zadziko m’chitaganya chathu." Chinenerocho chinatchula mawu amtsinde anayi otchuka a [FLD: 0] Zikalata za Acrolene [FLD:1] [198], zimene zinapereka lingaliro lakuti tsankhulo lakunja lakuyang'ana ndi kulephera kwa anthu ena. Mwakufufuzanso vuto la kuweruza kwa anthu. Mwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwa

ADA imaletsa tsankho pantchito (Tit I), mautumiki a anthu onse (Tit II), malo ogona (Tit II), ndi tetragrammation (Tit II), . Kufunikira malo abwino ndi kusintha pokhapo ngati iwo apereka vuto losayenerera kapena kusintha mkhalidwe wa utumiki. Makhoti amasulira makonzedwe ameneŵa kupyolera m'malensi a ufulu walamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Tannesse v. Lane [2004], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti The Trit II ya ADA yovomerezeka kutetezera kopanda ulamuliro chifukwa chakuti limachirikiza zoyenera kulowa m'makhoti. Malamulo aŵiri anali opunthwedwa ndi anthu amene sakakhoza kuloŵa mwa thupi, ndipo sanathe kugwiritsa ntchito munthu winayo popanda chiweruso choyenera kuperekedwa choyenera. Motero, khotilo Loyambalo linapereka ufulu woyenerera ku khoti la chigamu. Motero linalo linalo loyenera kutsutsa chigamu chigamu.

Kutetezedwa ndi Kusintha kwa Mabungwe

Chotsatirapo cha kukonzedwa ndi Lachisanu ndi la 145 Demendments . zakhala zodetsa nkhaŵa kwa anthu okhala ndi kupunduka koyang'anizana ndi kuikidwa, kusungidwa, ndi kuchitiridwa modzifunira. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Olmstete v. L. [1999] (1999]) anamasulira lamulo la ADA's lokhala ndi lamulo loti atumikire anthu okhala ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri m’kulinganiza kwawo koyenera. Koma njira yake yoyenerera imatetezanso ku kutsendedwa kopanda chifukwa. [FLT:] Mu [FL:] Adton. [FFFFFFF:3] [zitionsssstionssssssssss] [zifulsesvuti yaikulu kwambiri] [zikulu ambiri) amalola anthu ovutikawo kuti, pamene zikhoza kuwonjezera kudalira pa kulephera kwa anthu ena.

Kuteteza ndi Kudziganizira

Bill of Rights’s Rights anagogomezeranso kuchirikiza ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Mabungwe asonkhezeranso gulu loyang’anira loloŵa mmalo ndi makonzedwe ochirikiza opanga zosankha. M'malamulo, khoti limachotsa munthu wokhala ndi kulephera kwapadera kwa kuyenera kwa kudzisungira, za mankhwala, kapena zachuma. Zimenezi zingafanane ndi imfa ya chiŵembu. Zothetsa za Malamulo zanena kuti kusoŵa kwakukulu koteroko kumaswa njira zofunikira zapadera zotetezera. Kuyenera kwa munthuwekha kwa kumadzisankhira okha, nyumba, ndi moyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti oŵerengeka alamulira pansi pa malamulo a malamulo a ufulu, malamulo a bungwe la Constanterration, ndi maproject (UCCOPA) kutetezera malamulo a anthu ofunikira kuchepetsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu.

Kulankhula, Kulankhula, ndi Chinenero Chosamveka

First Amendment yasinthanso mmene anthu amalankhulira ndi kuimidwira. Anthu opunduka amenya nkhondo kuti alamulire chinenero chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kulongosola zinenerozo . Kuchotsa mawu onga "wamphulukwa" kapena "otsutsidwa" poyanja "anthu opunduka" kapena "ofoola" (odalira pa zofuna za munthu ndi anthu). Ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo loletsa kutchula mawu a anthu onse, Malamulo Oyamba amateteza ufulu wa anthu opunduka kuti adzisungire ufulu wa kulankhula mwaulemu ndi kunyoza mafotokozedwe a nkhani za onse. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti Barack Obama adasaina Chilamulo cha Rosa, chimene chinalowa m’malo mwa "kupunduka kwa munthu woluma" m'lamulo. Kusinthako kunali chotulukapo cha zaka za kutchuka ndi kudziona kuti ndi kunyoza kwa mabanja omwe anatsutsa nkhani ndi kunyozana. M'chaka cha 2010, chinachita pangano loyamba la malamulo ovomereze poyera kulakwa ndi kulakwa.

Kudetsedwa, Kuda Kulankhula, ndi Kupeza Intaneti

Malo a pa Intaneti, kumene kulankhula kwa anthu ambiri tsopano kumachitika, kumakhala ndi mavuto apadera kwa anthu opunduka. Kupezeka kwa Web si kotchulidwa mwachindunji m'buku la Malo Oyenera, koma chitsimikizo cha First Amendment cha ufulu wopatsana malingaliro chikusonyeza kuti anthu opunduka ayenera kukhala okhoza kulowa m'mapulatifomu kuti alankhule bwino. Kuyambira 2016, makhoti ayamba kunena kuti ADA amagwira ntchito pa mawebusaiti ndi pa mawebusaiti a anthu ogonana. [bble] v. Domino's PLC [FLC] [FL:] (20]), (20)), , mabwalo a chigawo a Nith thiractive amalamulira kuti Domino ayenera kupanga malo ake ndi oyenerera kwa anthu osaona. Ziganitsozozozozozozozozozozozozo ku AA, koma mfundo zake: ngati kampani yotsegula kampaniyo ku kampani ya anthu ambiri, ngakhale kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu ena.

Kulandira Ufulu ndi Kupeza Zochita za Ballot

Kuyenera kwa kuvota sikuli mwachindunji m'Malamulo a Kuyenera koma kumatetezeredwa ndi kubwezeredwa kotsatirapo (pa 15, 19th, 24, ndi 26) ndi Kutetezera kwa Alingana Claus. Anthu opunduka adayang'anizana ndi zopinga za kusanthula, kuphatikizapo malo osafikirika, kusoŵa kwa makina ovotera, ndi malamulo amene amachotsa anthu otetezeredwa. Malamulo a Komiti a America a Vote ya 2002 (HA) anafuna chiwitso chimodzi chofikirika cha kusanthula malo onse ogwirira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa chivoti cha . Komabe monga 2022, bungwe la Boma la Boma lolephera kusanthula la Boma la Boma lapeza kuti malo 60% a kupendedwako a mayeso. Malamulo a ufulu olingana ndi kugawa anasonkhezera kugawa. [Fosewera] Mu [1] Magazine Methoni a ku Northern African.

Mabungwe Otsutsana Amakono ndi Mlanduwo

Malamulo aposachedwapa anena kuti Bill of Rights idakali chida chamoyo m'kupunduka. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19 unabweretsa kusagwirizana pakati pa ziletso zaumoyo wa anthu ndi ufulu wa opunduka. Mayiko ena anapereka miyezo ya kusoŵa chisamaliro imene anthu opunduka omwe ali ndi vuto la kupuma kwa opasawo kapena ku ICU. Mabungwe a ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu anakhazikitsa zitsenderezo za malamulo alamulo pansi pa chitetezo cha bungwe ndi Ser Programme Clauses, akutsutsa kuti malamulo oteredwa pamaziko a kupunduka. Makhoti ambiri anakana kuti ameneŵa ndi ofala kwambiri kapena osakhwimabe, koma nkhaniyo inavumbula kulephera kupitirizabe: Bill of Rights Rights Rights siitsa chisamaliro cha za za zamankhwala, ndipo chuma cha anthu chamwadzidzidzidzi, chikuperekedwa mwa kugaŵa zinthu zimene anthu okhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Mbali ina ya kusagwirizana ndiyo unansi pakati pa kulumala ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Chitsimikiziro cha 14 cha kulamulidwa kwa thupi chinali maziko a Roe v. Wade ndi [FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization [[FLT:] [202] [22], chimene chinathetsa chitetezo cha boma cha boma cha kuchotsa mimba. Kugaŵana: mantha akuti mimba zochititsidwa ndi kubadwa ndi kudwala kwa Down syndrome kapena mikhalidwe ina imachititsa moyo kukhala wopunduka; ena amachirikiza kubereka monga kofunika kwa akazi opunduka, amene amayang'anizana ndi kutseka kubereka kokakamiza ndi kubala. Zoyenera za boma sizimathetsa mikangano imeneyi, koma zimatsimikizira kukambirana ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kukhazikitsa kukhazikitsa kulimba mtima kosiyanasiyana, kukambirana koyambirira, ndi kuthandizira kuchiritsa kopanda chiletso.

Kumaliza

Bill of Rights, yolembedwa kaamba ka chitaganya cha ufulu wa anthu popanda kumvetsetsa kulikonse kwa kupunduka monga nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, yakhala chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu koposa kaamba ka kulingana kwa kuyandikira kwa kupunduka. Kumasulira kwa Congress, makhoti, ndi ochirikiza apanga kupunduka m'chiphunzitso cha ufulu walamulo. Coption imapatsa mawu ku malo a anthu odzidalira okha ndi ochirikiza. Chitetezo cha ezamphamvu kuti anthu olemalalemala akhale oyenera kupatsidwa ulemu. Kutetezera kwa kuletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma popanda kuletsedwa. Ndipo Aamereka a kulephera kutetezera malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa kuyenera kupitirizabe, ntchito, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Komabe ntchitoyo siitha. Anthu akupitirizabe kusoŵa ntchito, umphaŵi ndi kuchuluka kwa anzawo. Malamulo a kukhazikitsanso mfundo za ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.