Abambo Opezedwa a United States anali atsogoleri a masomphenya amene anamvetsetsa kufunika kwa kukhazikitsa boma limene likatetezera ufulu wa nzika zake. Zokumana nazo zawo ndi ulamuliro wa Briteni zinadziŵitsa malingaliro awo ndi dongosolo limene anakhazikitsa kaamba ka mtundu watsopano. Nkhani ino ikusanthula mmene anapangira boma lokhala ndi ziyeso ndi ziyeso ndi ziyeneretso, kulekanitsa maulamuliro, ndi ufulu waumwini monga malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino.

Zimene Ziphunzitso za Mipukutu Yoyambirira

Kuti amvetsetse mmene boma la America linapangidwira, nkofunika kumvetsa mbiri ya mbiri imene Abambo Opezedwa anagwirira ntchito. Mabomawa anaponderezedwa mu ulamuliro wa Britain, zimene zinaphatikizapo kukhoma msonkho popanda kuimiridwa ndi kuswedwa kwa ufulu wachibadwa. Chilengezo cha ufulu wa kudziimira. Chikalata cha ufulu cha ufulu cha dziko lonse chakhazikitsa milandu yotsatizana ndi Mfumu George III, kuyambira kuchotsa malamulo a boma a boma mpaka kugawa magulu a asilikali m’mabanja a anthu. Zimenezi sizinali mfundo yokhudzana ndi mfundo ya malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zinakhala mfundo ya malamulo a malamulo a boma.

Chisonkhezero Chachikulu pa Atate Omwe Anazipanga

  • Kuunikiridwa : Afilosofi onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu anasonkhezera kwambiri Abambo Owayambitsa ndi malingaliro awo pa zoyenera zachibadwa ndi boma mwa chivomerezo. Lingaliro la Locke la ufulu wosasinthika / "umoyo, ufulu, ndi chuma . Kuwonekera kukhala pafupifupi kuima m'Chikalata cha Declaration of Independement (Kuchokera ku Jefferson kunasintha kwambiri“ ku kulondola chimwemwe”. Montesquieu's’s Mzimu wa Malamulo . [UMOYO] Una chifukwa cha kugawa kwa maulamuliro a boma kukhala olamulira, nduna, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo kuletsa kulanda. Oyambitsa ntchito ndi kukambirana kwawo ntchito, ndi kukambirana kwa mapepala, ndi Chipangano.
  • Nkhani za Confederation: Zofooka za chikalata cholamulira choyamba zinagogomezera kufunika kwa dongosolo la boma lolimba. Pansi pa Nkhanizo, boma ladzikolo linalibe mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kupanduka kwa Shays’s Regivergiption (1786-171787) kunasonyeza kuti panganolo silingasungitse dongosolo, kusonkhezera atsogoleri onga James Madison ndi Alexander Hamilton kuitanira malamulo atsopano. Kulephera kwa Malamulowo kunaphunzitsa okhazikitsa kuti ufulu umafuna boma lokhoza kuchita ntchito yogwira ntchito bwino [1] Koma wina amene mphamvu yake yagwirizanitsidwa mosamala.
  • Malamulo a Chigawo: Maboma ambiri adakhazikitsa kale malamulo awoawo, kupereka zitsanzo za madongosolo a boma. Chikalata cha Virginia cha ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu (1776], cholembedwa ndi George Mason, chotsimikizira ufulu wa chipembedzo, kusindikiza, ndi kuzenga mlandu ndi oweruza. Magnosetts, olembedwa mwapadera ndi John Adams, anaphatikizapo kupatukana kwa maulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wotchuka. Kuyesa kumeneku kwa kudzikhazikitsa kwa oyambitsa ndi ndandanda ya zosankha zopindulitsa zoyendera boma la dziko.

Kupyola pa zisonkhezero zachindunji zimenezi, Oyambitsawo anagwiritsiranso ntchito mbiri yakale ya Roman Republic, demokrase ya Atene , ndi miyambo yalamulo ya Britain yonga Magna Carta ndi Bill of Rights yachingelezi. Iwo anayesa kupanga republic, yofotokozedwa kukhala boma limene mphamvu imakhala mwa anthu ndipo imaperekedwa ndi oimira osankhidwa, osiyana ndi ponse paŵiri demokrase ndi ufumu waufumu wa Chingelezi.

Mfundo Zazikulu za Malamulo a Boma

Kupezedwa kwa Abambo kunaphatikiza mfundo zazikulu zingapo m'Malamulowo kutsimikizira kuti boma latsopano lidzatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pamene likusunga dongosolo ndi kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse. Malamulo ameneŵa sanali ongopeka; anali zotsatira za kukangana kwakukulu ndi kulolerana. Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787 unasonkhanitsa nthumwi makumi asanu ndi asanu kuchokera ku maiko khumi ndi aŵiri (Rhode Island silikakana kutumiza oimira) omwe anaimira zolinga zopikisana: maboma aakulu akulimbana ndi mayiko aang'ono, malonda akumpoto ndi a kummwera kwa alimi, ochirikiza boma lamphamvu kwambiri lolimbana ndi aja amene ankaopa ulamuliro wa boma. Chikalatacho ndi luso lapamwamba la zandale.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Chimodzi cha zomangamanga zofunika kwambiri chinali kusiyanitsa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma: malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi achiweruzo. Cholinga chimenechi n’kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana: Congress (lamulo lokhazikitsa) imapanga malamulo, Pulezidenti (wodula) amawakakamiza, ndipo makhoti a boma (audindo) amawamasulira. Konsitala wa Malamulo amasankha nthambi iliyonse kuti ikhale yoyenerera. Nyumba ya Oimira Atumiki imasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu; Nyumba ya Nyumba ya malamulo inapangidwa ndi malamulo a boma (yosasinthidwe ndi 17 Dementi); pulezidenti ndi Elctoral Collegency; ndipo oweruza aikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi mapangano otsimikiziridwa ndi bungwe. Njira imeneyi inasankhidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la boma. Njira zosankha zimenezi ndi anthu oyenerera.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Pambali pa kulekana kwa maulamuliro, Abambo Okhazikitsidwawo anagwiritsira ntchito njira ya macheke ndi mamiyeso. Nthambi iliyonse iri ndi ulamuliro wa kuletsa maulamuliro ena, kutsimikizira kuti palibe gulu limodzi limene lingalamulire boma. Dongosolo limeneli limapanga kuyang’anira kolimba:

  • Nthambi ya malamulo (Coreff) ingapose mavetoe a pulezidenti ndi ma triat greedi ambiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Imayang'aniranso bajeti ndipo ingachotse pulezidenti ndi akuluakulu ena a boma.
  • Nthambi yaikulu imaika oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, kusonkhezera dongosolo la milandu.
  • Nthambi yachiweruzo ingalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo (kupenda kwalamulo), kupenda mphamvu ya nyumba yoikidwiratu ndi bwana. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison [1] (103], ngakhale kuti malamulo enieniwo sapereka ilo mwachindunji; oyambitsawo anayembekezera makhoti kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wotero.

Macheke ameneŵa adawakonza osati kuyambitsa malo ake oyenera koma kufuna kugwirizana ndi kulingalira. Monga momwe James Madison analembera mu [FL:0] Faceralist No. 51 , “Ufulu uyenera kupangidwa kuthetsa chikhumbo cha kukhumba zinthu.” Kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndi kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza pamodzi kumachita zimene Montesquieu anatcha “malamulo olinganizika bwino.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism ndi mbali ina yowopsya ya kakonzedwe ka boma kamene Atate Oyamba anagaŵidwa. Imagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma, kupatsa kulinganizika kumene kumatetezera zikondwerero za dzikolo pamene akusunga umodzi wa dziko. Malamulo amatchula maulamuliro a boma la boma (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8), monga ngati kutchula ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko. Maulamuliro ena onse amasungidwa ku maboma kapena kwa anthu, monga momwe kwalongosoledwa mu Tenth Remedition. Federaliism inali kulolera molakwa pakati pa awo amene anafuna boma lapakati (monga Hamilk) ndi awo amene anaopa kuti akatsutsa ulamuliro (monga Patrick Henry). Mapindulo amaphatikizapo:

  • Maboma angapange malamulo ogwirizana ndi zosoŵa zawo, akumagwira ntchito monga “maluso a demokrase. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena agwiritsira ntchito chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chapadziko lonse kapena kuyambitsa kaboni asanayambe ntchito iliyonse ya dziko.
  • imasintha kuikidwa kwa mphamvu: mwa kugawira ulamuliro, boma limachepetsa upandu wa kupondereza. Ngati boma la dziko lingapambane, maboma angabwezere kumbuyo /a lingaliro lopemphedwa pambuyo pake mkati mwa Nullificity Crisis ndi Civil Rights Movement.
  • Agwirizana kuyesa ndi malamulo: Malingaliro pa mlingo wa boma (m’chitsanzo, malamulo obwezera antchito, malamulo a malo okhala) kaŵirikaŵiri amadziŵitsa lamulo la dziko. Vuto losintha bwino limeneli linatamandidwa ndi Justice Louis Brandeis monga kupereka “mwaŵi wa kuyesa mayanjano ndi chuma popanda ngozi ku maiko onse.

Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense Payekha ndi Mlanduwo

Pozindikira kufunika kwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, Abambo Opezedwawo anaphatikizapo Bill of Rights monga kukonzanso khumi koyambirira ku Malamulo. Malamulo oyambirirawo analibe lamulo la ufulu . Mfundo imene inayambitsa chitsutso chachikulu kuchokera kwa akatswiri a za ufulu wa anthu monga George Mason ndi Patrick Henry. Kupambana , Ogwirizana a Federali analonjeza kuwonjezera kukonzanso. James Madison, poyamba, anakhazikitsa malamulo othetsera ufulu amene anavomerezedwa mu 1791. Mapangano ameneŵa amatsimikizira ufulu ndi zoyenera:

Malamulo Ofunika a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

  • Kusintha koyambirira: kumatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Kumaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chalamulo kapena kuletsa chipembedzo chaufulu. Kusintha kumeneku ndiko maziko a ufulu wa anthu a ku America, kutetezera kutsutsa ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko.
  • Mpambo wa kuletsa: imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida. Chinenero [1] A cholamulidwa bwino Militia, pokhala chofunikira kutetezera Boma laulere, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sichidzatsutsidwa , ndipo chidzakhala nkhani ya mkangano waukulu. Kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwayamba, kwakukulukulu mu . Heller . (2008]), imene inakhulupirira kuti kutetezera munthu kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi mfuti kaamba ka kudziwonetsera.
  • Demendment ya Thupi la Thupi: Kuteteza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu. Kumafunikira zilolezo zozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera, zochirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofufuzidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. Kusintha kumeneku kuli maziko a mikangano yamakono yokhudza kuyang’anira, zachinsinsi za pa Intaneti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa mlingo: Kuwonjezera belo, kulipira ndalama, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Kusintha kumeneku kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa chilango cha imfa, mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi chilango chokakamiza. Mawu akuti “kusintha ndi kwachilendo" amamasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya kuyera.

Kukonza kwina kumaphatikizapo Gawo lachitatu (kupanda gawo lachinayi la asilikali m’nthaŵi yamtendere), Lachisanu (kugamula mlandu kwakukulu, kuwopsa kwa kaŵiri, kudzipatula, njira yoyenerera, malipiro a kulanda), Lachisanu ndi chimodzi (kuzenga mlandu ndi kwapoyera, lopanda tsankho, loyenera kuperekedwa), Lachisanu ndi chimodzi (kuzenga mlandu kwa anthu m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeniŵeni), Ninth (kuyenera kusungidwa ndi anthu kwa anthu osaŵerengeka), ndi Kuŵiri (mphamvu zosagaŵirikiza ku United States zasungidwa ku maboma kapena anthu).

Ntchito ya Gulu la Oyang’anira Ntchito ndi Nkhani Zotsutsa Kulimbana ndi Adani

Makonzedwe a Konsichushoniyo anayengedwa kupyolera mwa imodzi ya mikangano yaikulu ya ndale zadziko m'mbiri ya America. Ochirikiza a mafashoni, odziŵika monga Federalists, analemba mpambo wa nkhani . Fiddelist Papers [1] .] Zolemba zimenezi zinalembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay . Zolemba zimenezi zinalongosola ndi kuchirikiza kapangidwe ka malamulo. Otsutsa, Anti-FEdererist , analemba nkhani zawo (e.g., [FLT:]] Brutus [FL:3] ndi [FLT:] [FL:]

Otsutsa Federalist Ansist Super anaphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ufulu, mphamvu yaikulu ya Congress pansi pa “chiganizo choyenerera ndi choyenera”, ndi kupangidwa kwa gulu lankhondo loima. Federal lists anayankha kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi kuvuta kwa kutsata malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Fideralist No. 10 , Madison anatsutsa kuti dziko lalikulu likalamulira bwino kuposa laling'ono, chifukwa chakuti zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana zikafufuzana.

Mkangano umenewu unakakamiza mbali zonse ziŵiri kulongosola mfundo za boma. Kusintha ndi lonjezo la kusintha . Kusonyeza mmene Abambo Opeza anapangira njira yokhoza kusintha ndi kulankhulana. Buku la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndilo chotulukapo chachindunji cha kutsendereza kwa Anti-Federalist.

Kupitiriza Kusintha kwa Makonzedwe a Atate Oyamba

Kakonzedwe kokhazikitsidwa ndi Abambo Aakazi kadakali kothandiza lerolino. Masomphenya awo a boma lolinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu akhala chitsanzo cha mademokrase kuzungulira dziko. Mayiko onga ngati Germany, India, ndi South Africa aphatikiza mbali za kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, kupenda chiweruzo, ndi unistism m'malamulo awoawo. Komabe, dongosolo la Amereka lilinso ndi mavuto aakulu amene amafunikira pangano losatha.

Kupirira Mavuto Amakono

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ndi maziko olimba, mfundo zake zikupitirizabe kusintha mogwirizana ndi nkhani zamakono monga zamakono monga luso la zopangapanga, ufulu wa anthu, ndiponso ulamuliro wa padziko lonse. Kuwonjezeka kwa boma, kuyang’anira, kuyang’anira, mphamvu za makampani, ndiponso mphamvu za za zachuma, zonse zimayesa anthu amene anakhazikitsa. Makhoti ambiri amalimbana ndi mfundo zoteteza za kachinayi zoteteza anthu pa Intaneti.

Ndiponso, dongosolo la voti lolinganizidwa kaamba ka zaka za zana la 18 . kuphatikizapo Electoral College ndi kuimira kofanana kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa kulingana kwa ndale zadziko lerolino. Ena amatsutsa kuti mbali zimenezi zimapatsa mphamvu zosayerekezeka ku maufumu aang'ono, pamene ena amalimbana kuti amatetezera kakonzedwe ka boma. Mosasamala kanthu za, kukonzanso kwa Malamulo (Article V) kumapereka njira yosinthira, ngakhale kuti nkovuta kuletsa kusinthitsa mofulumirira. Oyambitsawo anaganiza kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo iyenera kumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chikalatacho ku mikhalidwe yatsopano.

Kufunika kwa Kutenga Limodzi

Chitetezero cha ufulu sindicho thayo la boma lokha; chimafunikira kutengamo mbali mokangalika kwa nzika. Kuchita ntchito za boma, monga ngati kuvota, kutumikira pa majuli, kupezeka m'maholo a tauni, ndi kuloŵetsedwamo kwa chitaganya, nkofunika kusungirira zolinga za demokrase zokhazikitsidwa ndi Abambo. Monga momwe Thomas Jefferson ananenera motchuka, “Unzika wophunzira ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti tipulumuke monga anthu aufulu. [1] Oyambitsawo anatsutsa kusalabadira kwa anthu; anaona ufulu kukhala chinthu chimene chiyenera kusungidwa.

Zitokoso zamakono monga kutsutsa, kuchepa kwa kukhulupirira mabungwe, ndi kujovola kotsika kuwopseza thanzi la republic. Oyambitsawo anatsutsana za ntchito ya zipani za ndale zadziko (zimene samakhulupirira), koma anazindikira kuti anthu odzidalira ayenera kuuzidwa ndi kuloŵetsedwa. Zopanda phindu monga [[FLT: 0] Constitution Center ndi maprogramu a maphunziro a boma achirikiza kumvetsetsa Malamulo ndi kuchirikiza.

Kumaliza

Maboma opezedwawo anapanga boma lomwe linalinganiza ufulu wa nzika zake mwa kulinganiza bwino ulamuliro, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi ulamuliro. Ntchito yawo sinali yokwanira . Lamulo loyambirira linalola ukapolo, kuchepetsa ufulu wosankha kwa anthu oyera, ndi kupatsa boma mphamvu za boma pa mafuko a Eni - America. Komabe, ngakhale kuti iwo anapanga maufumuwo anali ndi mbewu za kuwongolera kwawo, pamene pambuyo pake kukonzanso ukapolo, kuwonjezera ufulu, ndi kutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kulimbana kopitirizabe kutsimikizira zolinga zapamwamba za oyambitsawo, chilungamo, ndi kulingana ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu yawo yokhalitsa. Ngati angelowo sanalamulire. Ngati kumvetsetsa malamulo awo okhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza moyo wawo, Aamereka angapitirizebe kutetezera ufulu wawo kwa mibadwo yawo. Monga momwe James Frumed [Five "Foctive] mu: [Afred: [5]