Kasupe Wosaoneka: Mmene Mayeso a Jury Anasinthira Lamulo la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Pamene ajuli a mtundu wa anthu asankha chigamulo, siimathetsa chabe mkangano umodzi . Imatumiza chizindikiro chimene chimamveka mwa makhoti, mabwalo a milandu, ndi makhoti amtsogolo. Kugwirizana pakati pa milandu ya ajuli ndi kuyambika kwa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu kumanyalanyazidwa kwambiri. Mwa kutembenuza malingaliro a anthu kukhala ovomerezeka mwalamulo, zigamulo za ajuli mobwerezabwereza zakakamiza oweruza kuvomereza zitetezero zimene zikanakhalabe zopanda maziko. Nkhaniyi imafufuza njira zimene milandu ya ajuli imasonkhezera nazo oweruza kuteteza ogula, imapenda nkhani zimene zimalongosolanso malamulo, ndi kupenda nkhani zopitiriza pakati pa zigamu za malamulo ndi malamulo.

Kulamulira kwa Chiŵeniŵeni Monga Kufufuza kwa Democratic pa Mphamvu ya Chigwirizano cha Chitetezo

Seventh Amendment ku Malamulo a ku United States imatsimikizira kuti kuweruza milandu ya ajuli kuyenera kuchitika pa milandu ya anthu yoposa madola 20. Chitetezo chimenechi chinakonzedwa kuti chitsimikizire kuti nzika, osati oweruza okha kapena abusa, zikhale ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi anthu amene akulimbana nawo. Kwa anthu ogula, mayeso a juji amakhala ngati mayeso ofunika kwambiri oletsa kulephera kwa bungwe. Pamene kampani igulitsa katundu wolakwika, kupotoza mawu otsimikizirika, kapena kuloŵerera m’machenjera, chiweruzo cha a ajuli chingatsutse kuti aphonya. Kulemera kwa maganizo kwa bungwe la oweruza ogwirizana kumakhala ndi zilango za pulogalamu . Makamakamakamaka pamene iphatikizapo zikalata zopereka chilango. Ngati kampani ikufuna kusintha khalidwe ndi kupanga malamulo kuti asinthe mapulogalamu ndi kupanga malamulo a zikalata opanga malamulo.

Kuchokera ku Lamulo: Chopereka Choyenera cha Pabwalo la Pansi

Zigamulo za Jury sizimangopanga malamulo atsopano, koma zimaloŵa m'njira yamphamvu. Zigamulo zapamwamba za pulogalamu zimakopa nkhani za m'manyuzipepala, kupanga nkhani yapoyera, ndi kupanga kukakamiza kwa ndale. Opanga malamulo, ofunitsitsa kuyankha nkhaŵa za mapangano, amayambitsa mafailo amene amagwirizanitsa mfundo zokhala m'zigamulozo. Mwachitsanzo, khomo loweruza lopereka mphoto ya maganizo chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo kochititsidwa ndi chida cha lamulo lotsimikizirika lomwe lilipo, kusonkhezera opanga malamulo kulimbikitsa mapangano otsimikizirika. Njira imeneyi siitenga zaka zambiri . Koma chitsanzocho n’chogwirizana: zotsatira za juli zimagwira ntchito monga chothandizira m’mangira m’mabomba kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kaumbi wa pulogalamu.

Njira imodzi yaikulu ndiyo kubwezera. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kubwezera kwa ajuli kuti alange dala ndi kuletsa kuvulala kwa mtsogolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba la United States laika malamulo oletsa kuwonongeka kwa madipo, chigamulo chachikulu chikhozabe kutumiza zitsutso zowopsa ku indasi. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kubwezera lamulo la ajuli ndalama zokwana madola 4.9 biliyoni popereka chilango kwa makampani a fodya mu Engle kachitidwe ka , kachitidwe ka , kanena kuti kuyendetsa kofulumira kwa ziletso zotsatsa malonda ndi zofunika zoulula. Chigamulo sichinapange lamulo mwachindunji, koma chinapereka mphamvu ya ndale yofunikira kugonjetsa makampani opanga malonda.

Phunziro la Case: Ford Pinto ndi Kuyambika kwa Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha kwa Malo

Mu 1970, mlandu wa Ford Pinto unakhala posinthira ku chitetezo cha anthu. Pambuyo pa juli inapereka $25 miliyoni ya ziwongolero (pambuyo pake) kwa mnkhole wotenthedwa amene Pinto anaphulika chifukwa cha kulinganiza kwa thanki ya mafuta, chigamulo chovumbulidwa cha Ford ndi ndalama zopindulira zimene zinaika mtengo waung'ono pa miyoyo ya anthu. Mfuu yapoyera inatsogolera National Highway Safety Ad Administration kutsutsa miyezo yotetezera yokhwima, ndipo makhoti a boma anayamba kuvomereza ziphunzitso zowopsa za kulakwa za chiwongoletso cha . Ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha khoti lina linasintha pomalizira pake pa chilengezo, chiyambukiro chake pa lamulo lotsatira, kuphatikizapo malamulo otetezera kwambiri a galimoto, nchosakanidwa.

Malo Osungiramo Zinthu Akale: Ziyeso Zomwe Zinamanga Lamulo la Anthu Ogula

M’zaka za m’ma 1900, zigamulo zingapo zimene ajuli anagamula zinatsegula njira yosungira malamulo okhudza ufulu wogula zinthu.

Kumayambiriro kwa Zaka za zana la 20: Kudalirana ndi Kupeza Zinthu Zabwino

Pambuyo pa Federal Trade Commission ya 1914, ogula anadalira kwambiri pa lamulo la boma ndi milandu ya ajuli kuti atsutse machitachita a boma. M'zochitika zonga Mafuta Onyenga Co. a ku New Jersey ndi United States (1911), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza chigamulo cha ajuli chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la boma kokha pambuyo poti makhoti a khoti ang’ono a boma adavumbula kuukira kwa kampani ndi kugulitsa konyenga. Kufalitsa kokhudza milandu ya ajuli kutsimikizira kuti bungwe la boma lina linafunikira kutetezera ogula ku njira zosalungama za mpikisano. Motero, FT Act, inabadwa, kupanga Federal Tradel Commission ya kusungitsa lamulo la ogula.

Nyengo Yapambuyo pa Nkhondo: Kuchuluka kwa Malonda Olimbana ndi Nkhondo

Mkati mwa ma 1950 ndi 1960, zigamulo za ajuli m'milandu yotsimikizirika zinakakamiza makhomageti a boma kuvomereza pepala la CFC Councial Code (UCC) pa maluwa oyenerera. Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors [1] (1960), jaji ya New Jersey inapereka chiwombolo kwa wovulazidwa ndi pepala loyendetsa zinthu, kukana kuyesa kwa wokonzayo kukonza disclaim zilo zonse. Mfundo za ajuliri ya Blottery . Mfundo ya [1] Ili yonena kuti ogula sangabwezere chitetezo chachikulu mu UC chigawo 2-14, zimene zimatanthauza kuti lamulo la malonda a malonda agulitsirigalamulire pulo lililonse la malonda amakono. Zimenezi zinakhala lamulo lotetezera pulogalamu yamakono.

Ma 1980: Kulengeza Konyenga ndi Kuchitira Masatsa Audindo a Lanham

Kutsatsa malonda konyenga pansi pa Lanham Act kunaletsedwa mwamwambo ndi malamulo okhwima. Komabe, zigamulo za ajuli m'milandu yobweretsedwa ndi anthu aang'ono opikisana nawo . onga PPX Enterperises v. Soundfidelity [1] Nkhanza zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti kusatsa malonda konyenga sikunavulaze ogula okha komanso mabizinesi oona mtima. Makhoti pang’onopang’ono anakulitsa kuima, ndipo potsirizira pake anasintha Lanham Act kulola munthu aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti awonongeka ndi kusatsatsa malonda konyenga kwa . Kukulaku kunadalira pa zigamulo zaukiro zaumboni zosonyeza kuopsa kwa dziko lachinyengo.

Makina Amakono: Zochita za Kalasi ndi Zowononga Zake

M'kutsutsana kwa ogula amakono, mbali ziŵiri za dongosolo la oweruza zili zosonkhezera kwambiri: njira ya kalasi ndi kukhoza kubwezera chilango. Zonse ziŵiri zimapanga zisonkhezero kwa ogula kulondola mawu amene angakhale aang’ono kwambiri kapena owonongetsa ndalama, ndipo zonse ziŵiri zimapanga zigamulo zosonkhezera lamulo.

Zochita za M’kalasi Ndiponso Kuwononga

Jury amayesa mayeso a kalasi kulola gulu la ogula kupereka umboni wofalikira wa kuvulaza. Mwachitsanzo, Brown & Williamson ntchito ya kalasi mu 1990 inakhudza zikwi za osuta amene miyoyo yawo inafupikitsidwa ndi malonda onyenga onena za "kuunika". Chiweruzo cha ajuli molimbana ndi kampaniyo sichinapereke malipiro okha komanso chinasonkhezera Congress kupatsa mphamvu ya FDA pa zinthu za fodya pansi pa Chiletso cha Banja ndi Deseamony Control mu 2009. Zopezedwa zaumboni zanzeru ponena za kampaniyo ndi chinyengo zinali zothandiza kumanga mlandu wa malamulo.

Posachedwapa, Mu re: Volkswagen "Cimake Makero" Makedzana, Sales Practices, ndi Provelations Litabilication [1] adawona majuli m'makhoti ambiri a chigawo chimodzi obwezera zigamulo zimene zinathandizira kukhazikitsa maboma ndi miyezo yamphamvu yotulutsa mpweya. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo unakhala wokha kwa mabiliyoni ambiri, ntchito ya oweruza kukhazikitsa mlandu wopereka chisonyezero cha malamulo a Environmental Protection Agency pa ziwitso zogonjetsedwa.

Kuwavulaza Monga Chizindikiro Chodzikhululukira

Chiwombolo ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri pa nkhokwe za ufulu wa anthu. Chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zambiri ma juji sakhudzidwa ndi maluso a zachuma, angasonyeze kukwiya kwa makhalidwe kupyolera mwa ndalama zimene zimaposa zowawa za kampani. Ngakhale kuti makhoti a appellate angagwetse kapena kuchepetsa madipo aakulu, kuthekera kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoperekera ndalama kuti apeze chitetezo cha munthu. Mwachitsanzo, Libeck v. McD Daretaults . [194])] Kupatula mlandu wa ajuli ya ndalama zambiri ya ndalama zambiri yolipirira ndalama kuti awononge ndi kutentha ndi khofi yotentha kwambiri kuti igwire ntchito yake yotentha kwambiri kuyambira 19FFFFF, ndipo ikuchititsa malamulo owonjezereka otsatsa malonda kuti atengere bwino, ndipo aperekere bwino kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa Kunja ndi Kuphunzira

Kuti afufuze mowonjezereka kugwirizana pakati pa majuli ndi malamulo otetezera ufulu wa ogula, oŵerenga angafufuze mfundo zotsatirazi:

Kusuliza ndi Kulephera: Pamene Opanga Malamulo Osocheretsa

Kungakhale kulakwa kuwona oweruza kukhala olakwa, ndipo m'nkhani zosachitika, mphotho yopambanitsa ya ajuli ya anthu wamba imene ingayambitse kutsutsana ndi umboni wovuta wa sayansi, kutengeredwa ndi loya waudindo, kapena kusungidwa ndi zikhoterero zotsutsana ndi makampani a dziko. Zigamulo zina zapamwamba zachotsedwa kotheratu, ndipo m'nkhani zosachitika, mphotho ya ajuli othaŵa lamulo yopambanitsa ingayambitse kubwezera lamulo zimene kwenikweni zimafooketsa chitetezo cha wogula. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa makampani amilandu mu 1980, Congresss inapitirira pa Reformation Act Act ya 1995, imene inachititsa kuti kuvuta kwambiri kwa ogula kubweretsa maupandu. Zikalatazo zimene zinenedwezo zinali zopanda nzeru. Otsutsawo anatsutsa kuti makampaniwawo a m’malamulowa akusonyeza kuti:

Vuto la Sayansi Yosagwira Ntchito

Kulepheranso ndi "kulephera sayansi" kusonkhezera zigamulo. M'zochitika zophatikizapo matenda osoŵa kapena mankhwala ovuta, ajuli angadalitse zigamulo zawo pa umboni waluso umene sugwirizana ndi miyezo ya sayansi yolimba. Pamene oweruza amatumikira monga osunga zipata pansi pa Daubert miyezo yokayikitsa, zonena zina zokayikitsa zidakali kufikirabe pa majaji a ja. Ngati ajuli amatsutsa ziwonongeko zopanda pake zoyendera pa umboni wa sayansi, angaone ngati akukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo osathandiza kapena ovulaza ogulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, boma lina limafuna mapepala ochenjeza za zinthu zopezedwa ndi kansa kuti achititse "kuyendetsa nkhondo" kuti achititse kusamala kwa kachitidwe kothandizana kwabwino.

Mayesero, Zoulutsidwa, ndi Zosokoneza Maganizo a Anthu

Pambuyo pa njira zalamulo zalamulo, milandu ya ajuli imasonkhezera mlandu wa khofi wa anthu. Nkhani za nkhani za mlandu zimatsimikizira nkhani za anthu oweruza, kuonetsa nkhope ya munthu pa kulephera kwa dongosolo. Liebeck [1] mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri wonyodola monga "mlandu wa khofi wa McDonald," wovumbula kuti McDonald adalandira madandaulo amoto oposa 700 asanakhalepo kulephera kusintha kutentha kwake. Nkhani za kuweruza kwa mlandu zinasintha malingaliro a anthu amwambo ndi kutsogolera ku luntha la ntchito ya kampani. Kusintha kumeneku kwa maganizo kwapo poyera, kukonzanso, kukonza malo olandirira kukonza. Mayiko ambiri "amene anatsatirapo machenjezo a ku

Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amachititsanso kuti ajuli awerenge chigamulo chotsutsana ndi kampani yamakono ya makompyuta, chomwe chingachititse kuti anthu a pa Intaneti ayambe kukakamiza anthu kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachinsinsi. nyuzipepala ya California Consumer Privacy Act (CPA) inakambidwa mwa njira zosiyanasiyana ndi mapepala a ajuli komanso malo a anthu olembamo zinthu zokhudza ntchito ya kampani ya Facebook. Ngakhale kuti CCPA ndi buku loona la malamulo lopangidwa ndi ajuli ndipo inapeza maziko oonekera bwino a ntchito yake.

Tsogolo: Mapeto a Mabuku Okongola pa Malo Ogulitsa Makompyuta

Pamene misika ya anthu isintha n'kukhala ya zikhalidwe, ma judge amapitirizabe kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Mavuto monga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito njira za malamulo, kutsatsa malonda, ndi njira zachilendo zimene zilipo zokhudza chinyengo chimene ajuli ayenera kupenda. Mayeso aposachedwapa a ajuli olembetsa ogula zinthu pa kampani yodzifunira kulembetsa zinthu zodula za m'makampani achititsa kuti alembe malamulo akuluakulu oletsa kulira kwa mankhwala ndi kuletsa kutentha kwa malo osungira zinthu. Bungwe la Federal Trade Commission latchula zimene linapeza popanga malamulo otsatsa malonda oipa. Unansi umenewu umasonyeza kuti ngakhale panthaŵi imene anthu a maphunziro aakulu amafunika, upo upo upo woweruzawo umakhala wofunika kwambiri ngati anthu opanda ungwiro kuti ateteze.

Kulandira Malamulo a Miyezo Yoikidwa ya Chikole

Malamulo ambiri otetezera amakono ophatikizapo malamulo otengedwa ku machitachita a oweruza. Truth in Linding Act (TILA) imafunikira kuvumbulidwa bwino kwa chiwongola dzanja ndi malipiro . Ndi yankho ku zigamulo za ajuli zimene zinasunga obwereketsa milandu yobisika. Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act (1975) adalembedwa pambuyo pa mayeso ambiri amene anaphatikizapo umboni wa maloya amene analengeza zigamu za oweruza amene anatsalirako popanda kuchiritsa projekiti ya projectsciation dilail diskilais . M'nkhani zonse ziŵirizo, lemba la Grogionstic limasonyeza ziweruzo zoweruza zamwambo zinali zitatchulidwa kale.

Kumaliza

Jury imayesedwa ndi madongosolo otsutsana oletsa; iwo ali ziŵiya za democracy zimene zimaloŵetsa miyezo ya chitaganya m'lamulo. Mwakupereka zigamulo zimene zimagogomezera mipata ya chitetezo cha ogula, kupangitsa anthu kukhala ozindikira, ndi kukhazikitsa ziyambukiro za ndalama kwa ochita zoipa, majuli mobwerezabwereza amapereka chisonkhezero cha kusintha kwa malamulo. Cholembedwa cha mbiri yakalecho chimapereka lamulo lamakono lotsimikizidwira ku lamulo la kayendetsedwe ka fodya ndi zotulukapo zachisungiko. Zigamu zimene zimapanga malamulo ake kumbuyo kwa chipinda cha ajuli. Pamene kulibe chigamulo chimodzi chimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa zigamu za milandu yokhudza malo alamulo m'boma m’njira zimene sizinganyalanyaziridwenso. Malinga ngati malamulo a boma apitirizabe kukhala mbali ya dongosolo la malamulo la ku America, adzapitiriza kukhala amphamvu, ngati woyendetsa milandu waufulu, wogula ufulu wa kukonza ufulu.