Maziko a Kuzenga Mlandu wa Apandu

Kuzengedwa mlandu ndiko mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la chiweruzo cha America, kupita patsogolo kwa lamulo kumene boma limafuna kutsimikizira liwongo la woimbidwa mlandu mosakaikira. Kumvetsetsa zigawo za mlandu wa upandu nkofunika osati kokha kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo komanso kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuzindikira mmene chilungamo chikuyendetsedwa. Mbali iliyonse, kuchokera ku ku kumangidwa mwa kuweruza, imalamulidwa ndi malamulo alamulo, malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, ndi chitetezo cha umulungu cholinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyenda kwamphamvu kudzera mwa oweruza, ndi lunthalunjikizo m'mbali zonse za ntchito za oweruza, ajuli, oimba milandu, ndi otetezera.

Asanamirire kuloŵa m'zigawo, kuli kofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuzenga mlandu pa benchi (kochitidwa ndi woweruza yekha) ndi mlandu wa oweruza . Milandu yambiri ya upandu ku United States imathetsedwa mwa kuchonderera kotsatizana mmalo mwa ziyeso, koma pamene mlandu uyamba kuzenga mlandu, njira zimatsatira dongosolo. Mtolo wonsewo umakhala pa mlandu kutsimikizira mbali iriyonse ya mlanduwo. Pa maziko alamulo, chezerani Chikalata cha malamulo, Kasuzumirani Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo cha Kachitidwe kaupandu [FLT: 1].

Malo Oyambira Kumanga: Anamanga Ntchito Yomanga Nyumba

Kumangidwa ndi Kuoneka Koyamba

Chiweruzo chikuyamba kale ajuli asanakhazikike. Atamangidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuperekedwa kwa woweruza popanda kuchedwa kwambiri. Moyenerera mkati mwa maola 48. Mkati mwa kuwonekera koyamba kumeneku, woweruza amadziŵitsa woimbidwa mlanduyo, kuwapatsa uphungu wa ufulu wawo (kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa uphungu), ndi kuika mikhalidwe ya kumasulidwa kapena kuperekedwa kwa bere. Mbali imeneyi njofunika kwambiri kuti atetezedwe pa madeti a Lachinayi ndi Lachisanu Lakukonzanso.

Bail ndi Kutulutsidwa kwa Makompyuta

Woimbidwa mlanduyo akadaonedwa kukhala wothekera kuuluka kapena ngozi kwa anthu, belo lingaperekedwe. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopimira zodalira pa ngozi mmalo mwa madeki oikika kuti achepetse kumangidwa kwa oimbidwa mlandu wotsika, wosalimba. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo satha kulemba pasadakhale, amasungidwabe mlandu wotsala.

Kuzengedwa ndi Kuloŵa m’Malo

Pa mlandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuwonekera m'khoti kumvetsera milandu ndi kuloŵa m'chikalata: liwongo, osati liwongo, kapena kulephera mpikisano (nolo imateriere). Pempho losalakwa limakhazikitsa malo a kutsata mlandu ndi kuzengedwa mlandu. Kuchonderera kolakwa kumachotsera kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu ndipo kumasintha mwachindunji kuweruza, kaŵirikaŵiri chotulukapo cha chikalata. Woweruzayo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti pempholo likudziŵa, mwaufulu, ndi kuchilikizidwa ndi maziko a zenizeni.

Zomwe Zinachitika Pasadakhale ndi Kupezedwa

Aloya onse aŵiri asanazenge mlandu, amafufuza zinthu zina ndi zina.

  • . . . . . . . kutsekereza umboni – umboni wotsutsa wopeza Kusintha kwa Kachinayi (m'oko, kufunafuna kapena kulanda).
  • . . . . kuchotsa . . kutsutsana ndi umboni wosakwanira kapena zilema za lamulo m'chiwiya cholipitsira.
  • Motion mu limine [1] – kufunafuna ulamuliro pa kulephera kwa umboni wakutiwakuti asanazenge mlandu.
  • Kusintha malo – kusamutsira mlanduwo kumalo ena chifukwa cha kufalitsa kwa ma mafilimu.

Nthaŵi zambiri, kuweruzako kumakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mlanduwo, chifukwa malamulo a kumangochita zinthu mwachisawawa amakhudza zimene oweruzawo adzamva.

Kupikisana ndi Kupima Matenda a Maganizo

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi mlandu, khoti lingalamulire kupima kopikisana. Woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kukhala wokhoza kuimirira mlandu . Ndi chifukwa chakuti amamvetsetsa mlandu ndipo angathandize kutetezera kwawo. Ngati apezedwa osayenerera, kuzengedwa mlandu kumachedwetsedwa pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo akulandira chithandizo. Kubwezeretsedwa kwa mpikisano sikuli kotheka nthaŵi zonse, ndipo mlandu ungapatutsirizidwe ku khoti la zaumoyo.

Kusankha Zochita: Kutaya thukuta

Ufulu wa ajuli opanda tsankho watchulidwa mu Sixth Amendment. Jury, wodziwika kuti oweruza oopsa (kuchokera ku French "kulankhula choonadi"), amayambira ndi gulu la oweruza amene aitanidwa kuchokera ku pepala lovomerezeka ndi laisensi ya oweruza. Maloya, ndipo nthaŵi zina woweruza, amakayikira ngati oweruza angatulutse tsankho kapena tsankho limene lingawalepheretse kugamula bwino mlanduwo.

Panthaŵi yamavuto aakulu, maloya angayesetse kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iŵiri ya mavuto:

  • Mapangano kaamba ka chochititsa [[[FT:1] ] – osaŵerengeka mu nambala, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa woweruza amene akuvomereza tsankhu, ali ndi kugwirizana kwaumwini m'nkhaniyo, kapena sangakhale wopanda tsankhu.
  • Zitokoso zopinga [[FLT :1] , , "Mphamvu 10 m'nkhani za julony ), zimene zimalola kuchotsedwa kwa juro popanda kupereka chifukwa, malinga ngati kuchotsedwa sikunazikidwa pa fuko, thawale, kapena mtundu pa [FLT:] Batson v. Kentucky .

Cholinga ndicho kusankha kugawa koyenera kwa chigawo cha chitaganya chimene chidzapenda umboniwo motsimikiza. Woweruza ndi wodzitetezera aliyense amene akufuna kuwona umboniwo mothekera, kupanga njira yowopsa kwambiri. Kwa wotsogolera wodalirika ku miyezo ya kusankha oweruza, onani American Bar Association's Servetues for Jury Trial [1].

Mawu Otsegulira

Pamene ajuli aikidwa m’bwalo, mlanduwo uyamba ndi mawu oyamba. Apolisiwo amayamba ndi kupereka chidule cha umboni umene akufuna kuyambitsa. Kudzitetezera kungapereke mawu ake oyamba mwamsanga kapena kuwasunga kufikira kumapeto kwa mlandu wa oweruza. Mawu otsegulira saali mfundo zenizeni. Attorney amayenda pa khoti loimira nthaŵi, mfundo kwa mboni zazikulu, ndi kufotokoza zimene umboniwo ukusonyeza.

Mawu otsegulira ogwira mtima akhazikitsa poyambira. Kwa oimba mlandu, ayenera kukhazikitsa nkhani yokhulupiririka ya liwongo. Kudzichinjiriza, kumayambitsa kukayikira koyenera kapena kutchula kuvomereza (m’chitsanzo, kudzitetezera, kulimba mtima, kuchenjera). Maloya aluso amapeŵa kuyerekeza ndi kumamatira ku zimene zili zosatsutsika. Ngati alephera, mbali yotsutsanayo idzatsutsa kapena kudyerera chotsutsanacho.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Imeneyi ndi mfundo ya mlandu . Mtolo wa umboni uli wotsimikizirika pa mlandu, chotero umapereka umboni wake choyamba. Chidzichinjirizocho chingapereke umboni wake, ngakhale kuti sichofunikira kuchita tero (woimbidwa mlanduyo angakhale wopanda umboni uliwonse, wodalira pa kutsimikizirika kwa kupanda liŵongo). Umboniwo umaloŵa m'magulu aŵiri: umboni ndi thupi.

Umboni ndi Kusanthula

Mboni zimalumbira kunena zoona, ndipo umboni wawo umaperekedwa mwa kufufuza mwachindunji ndi anthu amene anaziitana. mboni iliyonse iyenera kudziŵa zenizeni, ndipo mboni zaluso ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi khoti. Pambuyo pa kufufuzidwa kwachindunji, kachitidwe kotsutsanako ka kupenda kopimira, kuyenera kosuliza kumene kumalola kuyesedwa kwa kukhulupirika, kukumbukira, ndi kukondera.

Malamulo Olamulira Umboni amalamulira kusawoneka. Kumvetsera . . ndi mawu operekedwa kutsimikizira chowonadi cha nkhaniyo . "ndiye] kaŵirikaŵiri osawoneka, ngakhale kuti pali zambiri (mwachingami, mawu odzutsa maganizo, zolembedwa za malonda, mawu otsutsa chikondwerero). Olemba afunikira kutsutsa mwamsanga umboni wosayenera kapena kufunsa kuti asunge cholemberacho kaamba ka kuchonderera.

Umboni Wakuthupi ndi Wosonyeza

Umboni wa kuthupi umaphatikizapo zida, zolembedwa, mankhwala, zidindo zala, maselo a m'manja, DNA, ndi zinthu zina zooneka. Chidutswa chilichonse chiyenera "kusonyezedwa" ndi kusonyezedwa kukhala choyenerera. Umboni wosonyeza . Wonga zithunzi, zithunzi, mayeso, kapena makompyuta amayerekezera zinthu zovuta. Woweruza amasankha ngati mtengo wa probitasus umaposa chiyambukiro chilichonse cholakwika pansi pa Lamulo 403.

Njira Zofufuzira

Kufufuza koyambirira kumagwiritsira ntchito mafunso otha kulembedwa (mlongo, "Kodi munaona chiyani?""? Cross pendedwa [1] [ amathandiza kufunsa mafunso otsogolera (m'jek., "Munali kuimirira mtunda mamita 50, cholondola?"). Mafunso otsogolera amaletsedwa nthaŵi zambiri pokhapokha ngati nkhani zoyambirira kapena pofufuza umboni wotsutsa. Kuyang'aniranso ndi kubwereranso kumbuyo kuti afotokoze kapena asinthe umboni.

Mlandu wa Kutetezera

Ataimbidwa mlandu, chidzichinjirizo chingapereke chiweruzo cha kukhululukidwa (milandu) ngati umboniwo uli wopereŵera mwalamulo kwa woweruza. Ngati akana, kudzichinjiriza kungapereke mboni zake, kuphatikizapo woimbidwa mlandu. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi kuyenera kwathunthu kwa kusapereka umboni, ndipo ajuli sangapange chisonyezero choipa cha kutonthola. Kudzichinjirizako kungaitananso mboni zachiweruzo, kuyambitsa umboni wa alibi, kapena umboni wamakono wotsutsa umboni wotsutsa.

Kufalitsa ndi Kufalitsa

Woweruza angapereke umboni wotsutsa mlanduwo. Ndiyeno kutsutsa kungayambitse kutsutsa nkhani zatsopano zimene zadzutsidwa. Woweruza wa mlanduyo ayenera kusamala kuti achepetse mbali zimenezi kuti apeŵe kutengerana ndi kuchedwa.

Kutseka Malire

Umboni wonse ukaperekedwa, mbali iliyonse imamaliza. Zigomeko zotsekera ndizo mpata womalizira kukopa oweruza. Umboni uyamba, kenako kutetezera, ndipo pomalizira pake woweruzayo angapereke chitsutso chotsutsa. Zigomeko zotsekedwa siziri umboni .

Woweruza wanena chifukwa chake umboniwo umakhala wotsimikizira kuti ndi wolakwa. Woweruza amalangiza oweruzawo asanalembe kapena atamaliza kutsutsa lamulo.

Malangizo a Pasukulu

Woweruza amaŵerenga malangizo a ajuli (kapena "aundi"), amene amafotokoza malamulo, mbali za upandu, mtolo wa umboni, ndi njira yogamula. Maloya onse aŵiri amamvera malangizo operekedwa, ndipo woweruzayo achita msonkhano kuti awapereke. Malangizowo amakhala osuliza (ngati aperekedwa molakwika, angakhale maziko a apilo. Malangizo apamwamba amaphatikizapo kukayikira koyenera, ndi kufunika kwa chigamulo chimodzi m’milandu yaupandu.

Kudzikhululukira

Oweruzawo amapatula m’chipinda chachinsinsi kuti adzisankhira mtsogoleri wotsogolera makambitsirano ndi kulankhulana ndi khoti.

Chigamulo chiyenera kugamulidwa mogwirizana m'maweruziro a boma ndi pafupifupi milandu yonse ya boma. Ngati ajuli afikira kulephera ( "Hugule jaji"), woweruza angapereke Allen [ chigamulo chowalimbikitsa kupendanso, koma ngati akhalabe oferedwa, mlandu waperekedwa. Woweruzayo angagamule kuti ayese mlanduwo.

Chilengezo

Pamene ajuli afika pa chigamulo, iwo amadziŵitsa khoti. Chigamulo chimaŵerengedwa m’khoti lapoyera ndi woimbidwa mlandu alipo. Ngati chigamulocho chiri wosalakwa , woimbidwa mlanduyo amamasulidwa ndipo sangaikidwe mlandu wina chifukwa cha mlandu womwewo chifukwa cha kuopsa koŵirikiza kawiri. Ngati chiweruzocho ndi , woimbidwa mlanduyo amalakwa ndi kuweruza. M’zochitika zachilendo, woweruza angaike chigamukire mlandu ngati chikatsutsana ndi lamulo kapena umboni, mwa kupereka chigamulo cha wolakwa.

Kupereka Mlandu

Woweruza amafufuza zinthu monga malamulo, kulimbikitsa ndi kuchepetsa mavuto, kukhudza anthu ovutika, ndiponso lipoti lofufuza nkhani.

  • Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Obwezera
  • Kutulutsa kapena kutulutsa zinthu
  • Ntchito ya m’deralo kapena ntchito yothandiza anthu
  • Kutsekeredwa m’ndende
  • Chilango chachikulu (m’mawu opereka chilango cha imfa)

Mpando wa Sixth Amendment umatsimikiziranso mbali ya oweruza m’zopeza zenizeni zimene zimawonjezera chilango chachikulu (m’njira, Apprendi v. New Jersey ndi Blakely v. Washington ]). Uphungu wa chitetezero ungatsutsa kutulutsa mawu ogwirizana ndi upandu. Federal Garday atsatira U. Divereglines, zimene zili zogwirizana ndi m'mabukhu.

Kukopa ndi Kupereka Chithandizo cha Pambuyo pa Kampani

Woimbidwa mlandu amene waimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuchititsa apilo pa zolakwa za lamulo zimene zinachitika mkati mwa mlanduwo . Wolakwa ndi malangizo olakwika, kapena chithandizo cha ajuli chosagwira ntchito. Umboni wa mlandu sungapereke apilo kwa wolakwa. Makhoti apakati ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, makhoti aakulu a boma kapena khoti Lapamwamba la United States. Kupereka chithandizo kwapambuyo pa mlandu kungafunsidwenso kudzera m'makhoti opereka zikalata zotsutsa kutsekedwa mwalamulo.

Kumaliza

Kuzenga mlandu ndi njira yalamulo yolinganizidwira bwino yolinganizira kutetezereka kwa anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Pa kumangidwa mwa kufunsira, kalasi lililonse limagwira ntchito yapadera: kuyesa umboni, kutetezera anthu osalakwa, ndi kulanga anthu olakwa mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi kumapereka njira zopezera maziko a chilungamo, kulemera kwa umboni, kuyenera kwa uphungu, ndi kutsutsa kosakondera. Mwa kuchititsa anthu kukhala odziŵa bwino mlanduwo, timakonzekeretsa nzika ndi chidziŵitso cha kupenda kulondola dongosolo ndi kuchirikiza kuwongolera kwake.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maziko a lamulo, fufuzani U.S. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo 101 mpambo wa Chilungamo [1] ndi kulongosola kwa Fideral Jadiary kwa milandu yaupandu.