Table of Contents
Madongosolo Aakulu: Kuikira Kumbuyo Kukhazikika ndi Kuŵerengera
Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)
Kuyamba ndi kupopera ndi njira yosavuta ndi yodziŵika kwambiri padziko lonse. M'zigawo chimodzi, ovota amaponya chisankho chimodzi kwa ofunsira awo okondedwa, ndi wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka kupambana . Osati apeza kuti asunga anthu ambiri. Dongosololi ndilo lija limene ena ambiri amafananitsidwa nalo. Limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa demokrase yaikulu kuphatikizapo [FLT:] United States [[FLT: 1] [FLT] [FF: FLT] , [[FFFF:]
FPP imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi Law Duverger's , lamulo landale lasayansi lakuti kuvota kumatulutsa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri. Chiyambukiro cha makina (magawo atatu sapambana mipando) ndi chiyambukiro cha maganizo (olephera olingaliridwa) amalumikizana ndi magulu aang'ono. Otsutsa amatsutsa zimenezi kuchititsa maboma amodzi omwe angagwiritse ntchito mapangano awo mwamphamvu, monga momwe zimawonera m'maboma a Press a UK ndi Indiya a kuima kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa Mabungwe ndi BP.
Komabe, FPTP imatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha chikhoterero chake cha kutulutsa mavoti otsutsa kwambiri. Chipani chingapambane mipando yambiri yokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa voti ya dzikolo. M'chosankha chachisawawa cha UK, mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Labour Party linapambana 63% ya mipando ndi 33.8% ya kuvota. Chochitika chimenechi chimachititsa ziŵerengero zazikulu za "mavoti" kwa ochirikiza osakhala oyenerera m'zigawo m'zigawo. Dongolo limavutikanso ndi gerrydering , kumene malire a chigawo amakocheza kuti athandize gulu lina, ndipo limapanga kuthandizira pansi pa malo ndi anthu ochepa.
Chosankha chanzeru ndi khalidwe lolongosola bwino pansi pa FPP. Voters kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kuŵerengera ngati chosankha chawo choyamba chingakhale chopindulitsa kapena chingakhale ndi ngozi kuthandiza woyembekezera kupambana. Ichi chimachititsa kupondereza zikondano zenizeni ndipo chingatsogolere ku kusakhutira ndi zosankha zimene zilipo. ACE Electoral Knote imapereka chithunzi chozama cha FPTP ndi mitundu yake yofala.
Masiteshoni a Magalimoto Aŵiri (Gubo la Zokoketsa)
Dongosolo la mitalingiri (TRS) limatchula FP' kusoŵa kwa lamulo lambiri. Mavoter amapita ku masankho m'mbali yoyamba. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene akwaniritsa unyinji wonse (50% +1), chiwulu chachiŵiri chasungidwa pakati pa aŵiri oyembekezera. Izi zitsimikizo zakuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. TRS imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri m'masankhoti a pulezidenti m'maiko onga France, [FLT:], Brazil, [FLT:], [FLT]] [FL:]
Chivotezo choyamba cha TRS chimagwira ntchito monga maziko, kulola ovota kusonyeza zokonda zenizeni choyamba kwa ofuna kukhala pamalopo. Chachiŵiricho chimakhala chosankha chabwino pakati pa zosankha ziŵiri zopindulitsa. Chisawawachi chimalimbikitsa kumanga pamodzi pakati pa madendene, monga momwe ochotsedwa amathandizira wotsatsata. Komabe, otsutsa amawona kuti kutembenuka koyamba kaŵirikaŵiri kumakwera kuposa kubwerera kwachiŵiri, ndipo dongosololo lingakhale lokwera kuyendetsa, kufunikira zochitika ziŵiri zosankhidwa m’chitsatizana.
TRS ndi yosiyana ndi kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo (RCV) m’chifukwa chakuti imafunikira maulendo aŵiri osiyana kupita ku masankho mmalo mwa masankho amodzi apadera. Kulekana kumeneku kumasintha kachipangizo kapadera, monga ovota ali ndi nthaŵi ya kuchitapo kanthu pa zotulukapo zoyambirira. Maiko onga France amagwiritsa ntchito TRS posankha malamulo mofanana, kupanga mbali ziŵiri zocholoŵana pamlingo wa chigawo zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimayanja mavoti aakulu.
Kutsekereza
Block coption (yodziŵikanso monga kuchuluka-kuchuluka) imagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la FPTP ku madera ambiri. Mavoteri ali ndi mavoti ambiri monga momwe ali ndi mipando yoti akwanitsire, ndipo ofunsira okhala ndi chivoti chachikulu apata malo omwe alipo. Njira imeneyi njofala m'masankho a kumaloko ndi malamulo ena a boma, monga ngati SAPRASOOR . [GUPT:1] UFSITICIT (GUFTC) ndi mbali za [FLT:].
Chonga chigamulo chingachititse kuphonya kwakukulu. Gulu losankhidwa bwino ndi ovota ambiri lingachotse mipando yonse m'chigawo, kutseka chitsutso. Kuchepetsa zimenezi, maulamuliro ena amavomereza kuvota kochepa kapena chivoti chimodzi chosasintha (SNTV), chimene chimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ovota mmodzi amene angaponye. Otsutsa kuvota angapereke mlandu wamphamvu kwa dziko, monga momwe ovota angaperekere kapena kulanga munthu aliyense amene ali ndi udindo wokalipira kapena kubwezera, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa zokondera za ndale zadziko.
Kuimira Kwapanthaŵi Yake: Kufunafuna Zotulukapo Zosagawanika
Kuimira Ndandanda
Kuimira ndandanda ya (List PR) ndiyo njira yofala kwambiri yovota padziko lonse, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ku Ulaya, Latin America, ndi Africa. Lamulo lamwambo nlomveka: magawo amalandira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo mogwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti ya dziko kapena yachigawo. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapezedwa mwa zigawo zambiri ndi kutseka kapena kutseka mpambo wa zipani.
[[MLT: 0] Mndandanda wa PR [[FLT: 1] umapatsa atsogoleri a gulu ulamuliro waukulu, pamene amasankha dongosolo la ofunsira pandandanda. Mavoteri amaponya pulogalamu ya paphwando, ndipo mipando imadzazidwa kuchokera pamwamba pa ndandanda. Chilango chimenechi ndi chitha kuthandiza pa magulu oikidwa dala m’malo apamwamba. [[FLT:], ndi "'kutsegula Mndandanda wa PR, kugwiritsidwa ntchito [[FLT:] [FLT], [FL:], [FFFF:], [FF:], [1], mowonjezereka, kuwonjezera. "[4]
Mndandanda wa PR utulutsa zotsatirapo zolondola kwambiri za njira iliyonse. Mayiko amene amaugwiritsa ntchito amakhala ndi ovota ambiri ndi oimira bwino akazi ndi anthu a mitundu ing'onoang'ono. Electoral Reform Society imagaŵira tsatanetsatane wa kuyerekezera kumene kuli ndandanda ya PR yosiyana.
Maboma aakulu a malonda ndi kukhazikika kwa boma. Madongosolo a malonda nthaŵi zambiri amapanga maboma ogwirizana, amene nthaŵi zina angachedwe kupanga ndi kugwa m'malo ozungulira kwambiri (m’chitsanzo, Israel, Italy). Komabe, maboma a mgwirizano wamitundu iŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga ziyambukiro zowonjezereka, zogwirizana za malamulo ovomerezeka. Otsutsa amatsutsanso kuti List PR imapatsa mphamvu zambiri kwa gulu la anthu, makamaka m'madongosolo otsekereza, ndipo kuti makhonde a zigaŵenga angachititse magulu otsutsa kupeza malo a nyumba za malamulo.
Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)
Chountsoctable Vote (STV) ndi njira yapadera yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Osankha audindo m'njira yosankha. Kusankha, wobatizidwa ayenera kufika pa chigawo china cha mavoti, chodziŵika monga Diopqution : . Magawo otsala amasamutsitsidwa kwa otsalira ozikidwa pa zofuna za ovota. Ngati palibe wotsalirapo amene wafika pa chigawo, woimira wocheperapo amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwa. Zimenezi zimapitirizabe mpaka mipando yonse yadzazidwa.
STV imalingaliridwa mofala kukhala imodzi ya njira zapamwamba ndi zoimira. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka chisankho cha dziko mu Republic of Ireland , . [Malta [1] , ndi Catenary ya Australian [. Imaphatikiza kugaŵana kwa ndandanda ya PR ndi chigawo chimodzi choŵerengera. Ma Voter angasankhe pakati pa ofunsira kwa gulu limodzi, ofupa anthu otchuka ndi olanga otchuka.
Zovuta zazikulu za STV ndizo kucholoŵana kwake ndi kufunika kwake kwa kuŵerenga. Zotsatirapo zingatenge masiku kuti athetse, ndipo ovota nthaŵi zina amapeza njira yapamwamba yosokonezeka. Mapepala aakulu olembedwa ofunikira m'zigawo zambiri angakhale owopsa. Mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zimenezi, osintha ambiri amalingalira STV kukhala muyezo wa golidi kaamba ka kukhoza kwake kwapadera kupereka zotulukapo zonse ziŵiri ndi kusankha kwenikweni.
Njira Zophatikiza: Kuletsa Kugaŵanitsa
Mtengo wa Member (MMP)
Meseber Proportigal (MMP) imafuna kugwirizanitsa mipando yakumaloko ya magawo amodzi ndi kulingana kwa ndandanda ya PR. Voters adaya maboloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wobatizidwa wa kumaloko (kaŵiri wogamulidwa ndi FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa chipani cha dziko kapena chigawo. Mapale a pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa parati amagawidwa kubwezera kutsata kumafuko amodzi, kutsimikizira kuti zopanga zonse za bungwe la okhazikitsa malamulo zisonyeza chivoti.
MMP imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu [[FLT: 0] German [Boundstag], [[FLT :2] New Zealand , [[FLT :3], [[FLT]] Scotland [, ndi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Wales [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ['s's's's's''''. Kulandira MMP [kalonga wa New Zealand] mu 1996] kukonzanso bwino malo ake andale, kuswa ulamuliro wa Labour ndi National ndi kukakamiza kutsogolera. Voters m'mappotols" mofala chifukwa cha kukwaniritsa mphamvu zonse ziŵiri za dziko.
MMP siili yopanda mavuto. Mipando ya ku Openhang imachitika pamene phwando lipata mipando yambiri ya munthu mmodzi kuposa imene ili ndi ufulu wochitapo kanthu pa chisankho chake. Germany adafunikira kuyambitsa "mipando yapamwamba" kuti akonze zimenezi, kuphulika kwa ukulu wa Bundestag. Kuwonjezera apo, dongosololi limapanga magulu aŵiri a nthumwi: maMP ndi mpambo wa maMP, zimene nthaŵi zina zingatsogolere ku mkangano. Mosasamala kanthu za nkhani zimenezi, MMP imakhala imodzi ya mapu a mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mayiko amene amafuna kuti onse azikhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Kuphatikiza ndi Member Majoritarian (MMM)
Member Majoritarian (MMMM), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti kuvota, imafanana ndi MMP koma ili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu: mipando ya ndandanda siibwezera kusokonezeka kwa malo. Mipando yachigawo ndi mipando ya paphwando imaikidwa paokha. Malamulo otsimikizirika ameneŵa amakonzedwa kuti atulutse maboma oyera, osasintha, achigawo chimodzi.
MMM imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu [[FLT: 0] Japan (Nyumba ya Oimira), Mexico , ndi South Korea [[FLT:]] South Korea (imene posachedwapa yasintha ku kusiyana kwakukulu). Ku Japan, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) yakhala yokhoza kutetezera zinsinsi zazikulu zonse ziŵirizo ndi chigawo chimodzi ndi zigawo za gulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti MMM imapereka nduna zamphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa mavoti a anthu aang'ono, monga momwe kuthandizira kwawo kopambana. Andale alingalira za "MDjotri" njira yamakono ya kugwiritsa ntchito mzimu wake.
Njira Zina ndi Zofunika
Kupanga Malo Okongola Kwambiri (Instant Runoff)
Kuvota kosankhidwa kwapadera (RCV), kapena kuvota kwamwamsanga, kukufalikira mofulumira mu United States monga kusintha kwa FPP. Voters oyembekezera osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi chivoti (m'zosankha (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Ngati palibe wotenga woloŵa pa chisankho choyamba, wosankha wosankhidwa ndi mavoti oŵerengeka achotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaikidwanso ku chosankha chotsatira chopindulitsa. Mchitidwe umenewu umapitirizabe kufikira munthu mmodzi atafika pachigono chachikulu.
RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'madera ambiri mu MAINE [FLT :1] ndi [[FLT :2] Alaska ya chisankho cha boma, mu Australia kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira, ndi m'mizinda yambiri ya US (San Francisco, New York City, Minneapolis). [[FTLT:6] gulu la Fairvior acvoccizer ndi kuyendetsa dzikolo.
Ochirikiza RCV amatsutsa kuti achotsa "chiyambukiro cha pulogalamu ya FPTP" imene imakantha FPP, kulimbikitsa kuchirikiza kopindulitsa (monga oyembekezera kusankhidwa afunikira mavoti achiŵiri), ndi kutsimikizira wopambanayo kukhala ndi chichirikizo cha ambiri. Komabe, RCV ndi yosavuta kuipha pakati, pamene ofunsirawo amene ali ndi chigawo chachiŵiri chapaderacho atha kuchotsedwa mwamsanga ngati alibe mavoti oyambirira amphamvu, kusiya owonjezereka aŵiri owonjezereka m'choloŵa. Chisankhothi chapadera cha 2022 Alaska ndi chisankhoti cha 2009 cha Burlinggarton amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri zitsanzo za chochitika chimenechi. RCBBB, nthaŵi zina kudzaza, ndi kutsogolera, kuwonjezera, kuthamanga kwa mpira wa mpira wambiri.
Kulandira Chilolezo
Kuvota kovomerezedwa kuli chimodzi cha masinthidwe osavutirapo opezeka. Mavoter angavoterere (kutsimikizira) ambiri monga momwe amafunira. Wosankha wokhala ndi mavoti ovomerezedwa koposa apambana. Kumeneku kukugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa masankho a boma mu Fargo, North Dakota , ndi . Louis, Missouri ndi mabungwe ambiri odziŵa ntchito.
Kuvota kumayamikiridwa chifukwa cha chopinga chake chaching'ono chopinga kuloŵa ndi kutsutsa mwamphamvu chiyambukiro cha chitayiko. Ofufuza angachirikize chokondedwa chenicheni ndi kulolera kotsimikizirika, akumapereka chithunzi cholondola kwambiri cha gululo cha chigamulo kuposa FPTP. Komabe, osuliza amatsutsa "kuvota" ( kokha kuvomereza munthu mmodzi wosankhidwa mwalamulo), kumene kumachepetsa phindu la chidziŵitso cha woponya pepala. Samalolanso wovota kusonyeza mphamvu ya kupambana inde /no sino sitepeni.
Kutulutsa ndi Kutulutsa Mawu
Chosankha (chotchedwanso Range Voting) chimalola ovota kuŵerengera wosankha aliyense pamlingo wa manambala, monga ngati 0 mpaka 10. Wosankha amene ali ndi aniversi yaikulu koposa akupambana. Imeneyi ndi cardnal njira yovotera, kutanthauza kuti imakopa ukulu wa chivoti, osati dongosolo la malo awo. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti ena a kampani ndi makomiti ena osankhidwa ndi osapanga kampani.
STRA POTCT (Score Ndiyeno Mopanga Mool Runoff) ndi kuwongolera kolinganizidwa kuchepetsa kukuza mawu kwapadera kumene kungagwetseretu Chivoti. Ofunsira aŵiri okhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu amaloŵa mumpikisano wa nthaŵi yomweyo, ndipo olembawo amatchulidwa kuti ndi ati mwa aŵiri amene anaikidwa pamwamba ndi osankhidwa ambiri. Kuthamanga komalizaku kumasunga lamulo la "majeri" lamulo limene anthu ambiri osankha ali nalo. [[FLT: 0] A Cqual Vote Coalition ochirikiza kusanthula kwa STRAR monga wosintha zinthu wogwirizana ndi kutsutsa. Madongosolo ameneŵa amaimira lamulo la kulinganiza, kuyesa kuchepetsa chidziŵitso cha kuchepetsa.
Mapeto ake: versium ndi Mfumu mu Electoral Design
Palibe njira yovota yapadziko lonse. Dongosolo lililonse limaimira malonda osiyana pakati pa makhalidwe opikisana: kulinganiza ma f. kuŵerengera, kukhazikika, kufeŵetsa. Kusamveka kwa Mivi. Kusatheka kwa pulogalamu ya votal kumatikumbutsa kuti palibe dongosolo losankhira limene lingakhutiritse miyezo yonse yofunika panthaŵi imodzi.
Kusankha njira yovota ndi chosankha chachikulu chimene chimaumba mbali zonse za ndale. Anthu ogaŵanika kwambiri angaike patsogolo kusokonezeka kwa Chiungwe cha PR, pamene kuli kwakuti mtundu wofuna ulamuliro wotsimikizirika ungadalire FPTP kapena MM. Kukwera kwa RCV ndi star kumasonyeza chikhumbo chachikulu cha njira zina zimene zimaswa kakombo la PR-Maritarian dichomy. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi nkofunika kwa wophunzira aliyense wa demokrase, monga malamulo a masewerawo akugamula kuti apeze amene akupambana.