Njira Zosavuta Zodziŵira Mmene Mizere Yachigawo Imakokedwera

Njira Zosavuta Zodziŵira Mmene Mizere Yachigawo Imakokedwera

Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a chigawo amagwirira ntchito n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa zandale ku United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amagamula za anthu a m'mabungwe, nyumba zoyaluza, ndi mabungwe a komweko, kusonkhezera mwachindunji zigamulo za masankho ndi zosankha za mapulogalamu. Njirayi imaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana, malamulo oletsa, ndi mphamvu za ndale zimene zingakhudze kwambiri anthu ndi kulamulira. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri akatswiri a zasayansi, mfundo zazikuluzo n’zofikirika kwa nzika iliyonse yofuna kudziŵa mmene mawu awo amawonjezeredwera [1] kapena kuimitsidwa mwa kujambula mapu a pulogalamu.

Zaka khumi zilizonse, pambuyo pa Cunic ya U.S., maboma ayenera kujambulanso malamulo awo ndi magawo a msonkhano kuti aone ngati anthu akusinthasintha. Njira imeneyi, yodziŵika monga redifoliforming, ndi yofunika kwambiri podziŵerengera mlandu wa demokrase. Komabe nthaŵi zambiri imasokonezeka, nthaŵi zina imaphimbidwa ndi otsatsa malonda. Nkhani ino imaswa mfundo zofunika kwambiri: kuti mizera yachigawo ndi iti, mmene imakokedwa, malamulo alamulo amene amawalamulira, vuto la gerrymerdering, ndi njira zothandiza zimene nzika zingachite. Pofika pomaliza, mudzakhala ndi kumvetsetsa bwino, kwa mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri.

Kodi Mizere ya Chigawo Nchiyani?

Mizere yachigawo ndi mipambo ya dziko imene imagawa boma kapena chigawo kukhala mavoti osiyana. Cholinga chawo n’chopereka chizindikiro m'mabungwe a malamulo m’njira yofanana. M'nyumba ya Oimira a ku United States, boma lililonse limalandira mipando yambiri yolingana ndi anthu ake, ndipo m'boma lililonse, zigawo zimakopeka kukhala ndi anthu amodzimodziwo. Mfundo yomweyi imagwira ntchito ku boma la malamulo, mabungwe a boma, ndi mabungwe a mizinda.

Malo amenewa sasinthasintha akawerengera anthu kwa zaka zambiri. chigawo chimene anthu atha kukhalako chikhoza kulowa kapena kulowa m’chigawo chapafupi, pamene malo akukula mofulumira angagawidwe m’madera ambiri. Maonekedwe, kukula, ndi kupangidwa kwa mizere imeneyi kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Iwo angaone ngati ndi gulu liti limene linapeza malo ambiri okhala, kaya anthu ochepa ali ndi mwayi wosankha anthu amene angafune, ndiponso mmene chuma cha dziko lapansi chimagawidwira.

Mizere yachigawo imayenderananso ndi anthu ofunitsitsa kukambirana. Malo a nyumba, mafuko, kapena madera a zachuma amene ali ndi nkhaŵa zofanana. Moyenerera, madirowa a mapu amayesa kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ameneŵa azikhala ogwirizana kuti asakhale ndi mawu osokoneza. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti anthu andale, njira zoyendera, ndi zitokoso za lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapondereza kuyendera madera ogwirizana, ogwirizana.

Mmene Mizere Yachigawo Yojambula Mapazi Inayendera

Ntchito ya Kuŵerengera

Kusintha kwa ntchito kumayamba mwalamulo ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Khrinizo, makamaka chaka chotsatira kuŵerenga (m’chitsanzo, 2021 pa 2020). Thuluwa ya Census Bureau imapereka ziŵerengero zatsatanetsatane za anthu pa mlingo wa matanthwe, zimene mapu a madrowa amagwiritsira ntchito kuwongolera malire. Maboma ayenera kutsimikizira kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana, chofunika chodziŵika monga “munthu mmodzi, mfundo ya voti imodzi, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani ngati [FLT: 0] Reynolds v. Sims . (1964) ndi [FL:] Sandber. Sandft . [12]

Kodi Ndani Amakoka Mizere?

Ulamuliro wa kujambula mizera ya chigawo umasiyana ndi boma. M'mayiko ambiri, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lili ndi udindo waukulu. Chifukwa chakuti olamulira amafuna kuwonjezera phindu lawo, kakonzedwe kameneka kamachititsa kuti anthu azingofuna kuchita chidwi. Komabe, maboma ena ayamba kulowa m'mabungwe odziimira okha kapena a bipartisan redi ogwirizana ndi malamulo kuti achepetse kuponderezedwa kwa anthu. Pa zaka za 2024, maboma pafupifupi 21 amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito njira inayake ya bungwe la communion kapena boma kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kudziimira paokha.

Mapu yeniyeni imajambulidwa ndi ojambula mapu a antchito, olemba ntchito, kapena olemba mapulogalamu apadera, koma chilolezo chomaliza chili ndi bungwe la malamulo kapena bungwe. M'maboma okhala ndi boma logawikana, njirayi ingathe kutsekedwa, nthaŵi zina imasiya mapu [1] akujambula ku makhoti. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 2020 ya kuŵerenga anthu, maboma angapo monga Ohio ndi North Carolina adaona nkhondo zophwanya malamulo pa makhoti aakulu kapena makhoti a boma.

Njira Yodziŵira ndi Zoletsa

Madrowa ayenera kulinganiza miyezo ingapo yopikisana. Lamulo la Federal limafunikira chiŵerengero cha anthu cholingana ndi kugwirizana ndi Chikalata cha Zopanga ufulu, chimene chimaletsa kujambula mizera imene imachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya magulu a mafuko kapena a zinenero za anthu ochepa. Maboma ambiri amakhazikitsanso malamulo ena, monga ngati kupikisana kwa chigawo (mbali zonse za chigawo ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa mwakuthupi), kulumikizana kwa malo, osati kupangidwa mwachilendo), ndi kulemekeza zigawa zandale monga maufumu ndi mizinda. Maboma ena amafunadi kuti zigawo za dziko zikhale “mpikisano wamwayi wadzaoneni kapena kutsatira malire achilengedwe monga mitsinje ndi misewu.

Komabe, njira zimenezi zimatsutsana. Chigawo chogwirizana kwambiri chingagaŵitse anthu ofuna kusangalatsa, pamene chigawo chimene chili ndi mizera ya deralo chingakhale ndi kusalingana kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Lamulo limene limaikidwa pa mfundozo nloikidwa bwino kwambiri, ndi kulinganiza kumene amapanga mapu omaliza. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ohio, malamulo a boma amafuna kuti mizera yachigawo “isafune kukomera mtima kapena kunyoza chipani chilichonse cha ndale zadziko,” makonzedwe amene akhala nkhani ya nkhondo zambiri za khoti.

Zofunika za Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Voing Rights Act ya 1965 (VRA) ndi lamulo limodzi lofunika kwambiri la boma lokhudza kupeputsa. Chigawo 2 chimaletsa kachitidwe kalikonse ka kuvota kamene kamatulukapo kukana kapena kuletsedwa kwa kuyenera kwa kuvota chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena chinenero. Kusintha, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti madirowa a mapu sangachotse dala chigawo cha anthu ochepa m’madera ambiri kuti achepetse mphamvu yake yosankha.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zakhazikitsa mayeso atatu a kuyesa kwa mafuko ocheperawa: Gulu laling'ono liyenera kukhala lalikulu ndi la malo okwanira kupanga unyinji wa anthu m’chigawo chimodzi; liyenera kukhala logwirizana ndi ndale zadziko; ndipo ambiri ayenera kuvotera mokwanira monga gulu lakugonjetsa wosankhidwa wocheperapo. Ngati mikhalidwe imeneyi ifikiridwa, mapu ayenera kuphatikizapo chigawo kumene gulu laling'onolo liri ndi mwaŵi wakusankha wosankha. Nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa “chigawo cha anthu wamba.

Munthu Mmodzi, ndi Munthu Mmodzi

Chiŵerengero cha anthu cholingana sichingasinthidwe ndi zigawo za mabungwe. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti zigawo za msonkhano ziyenera kukhala “zolingana kwambiri ndi anthu monga momwe zimachitikira,” kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kulakwa kwa 1% pakati pa chigawo chachikulu ndi chochepa kwambiri. Zigawo za boma, muyezo uli womasuka pang'ono, kulola kuti zigawo 10% zigwedezeke pokhapokha ngati kuli kulungamitsidwa. Koma ngakhale zopatuka zazing'ono zingaitane kutsa kulakwa, monga momwe zimawonera mu [[FLT: 0]. Methiktott v. Abrott [1] (20) , kumene Khoti limene linalamulira kuti likhoza kuchititsa zigawo zonse kukhala ndi anthu oyenerera.

Kuzenga Mabwalo a Milandu ndi Makhoti

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulinganiza kwaufuko kuli kopanda lamulo, kuletsa kuli malo osadziŵika bwino. Mu 2019, Khoti Lalikulu losungidwa mu Ruuko v. Common Creast kuti chikalata chachiŵembu chachiŵembu sichoyenera m'mabwalo a boma, ndipo kuti oweruza a boma sangakanthe kuweruza mapu chifukwa cha kukhala opambanitsa. Komabe, makhoti a boma angapereke ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kukondera. Mwachitsanzo, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania proganiongation mu 2018 monga woyendetsa mamepu ya boma pansi pa masankhoti a boma, ndi khoti la North Carolina Sup mu mapu 20222.

Kudya Mafuta: Kupatulana Mafuko ndi Ufuko

Kodi Majeremusi Akuvuta Bwanji?

Gerrymandering ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire a chigawo chimodzi kuti apatse chipani chimodzi kapena gulu losankhira phindu. Mawuwa ayamba mu 1812, pamene Bwanamkubwa wa Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry anasaina mapu amene anali ndi chigawo cha samandeŕ́́́ hint , kutsogolera nyuzipepala kusindikiza nyuzipepala ya portmanteau “gerrymerder." lerolino, germaningerdering atenga mitundu iŵiri yaikulu: suntism ndi fuko.

Parisan gerrymaning ndi pamene gulu la olamulira redigation lipanga mizera kuti liwonjezere mipando yake ndi kuchepetsa mipando ya chitsutso, ngakhale pamene voti ya dziko lonse ili pafupi kugaŵanika. Techniques zimaphatikizapo “kugwetsa". Ogwirizana a m'zigawo zambiri kumene ali ochepa, ndi“ kuwagwetsa". Kuloŵa m'madera angapo kumene amapambana, kuwononga mavoti awo. Chotuluka chake ndicho mapu amene “amakomedwa ndi mapu.

Mapapu ena amaika mwadala anthu a mafuko aang'ono m'madera ena kuti achepetse chisonkhezero chawo. Makhoti amapenda mapu ameneŵa mopendedwa kwambiri, ndipo ngati fuko ndilo “mbali wapamwamba , mapu ake sagwirizana ndi makampani ngati sagwirizana ndi phindu lofuna kuchititsa chidwi.

Zitsanzo za Kumenyana

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zaposachedwapa ndi mapu a msonkhano wa ku North Carolina pambuyo pa kuŵerengera anthu mu 2010. Mu 2016, khoti lina linapeza kuti mapu a boma anakokera madera awiri a Black , koma kenako anasonkhanitsa Blackvvote m'zigawo zozungulira maderawo kuti apange mapu atsopano. Momwemonso, Maryland, khoti la Democratic dered parcons adalemba chigawo cha dzikolo kuti asankhe Democratic Revice, kupanga “mawonekedwe onga a maluwa a dzikolo.

Kukula kwa programu ya [[FLT: 0] yothandiza kukonza [[FLT: 1] kwapangitsa chizoloŵezicho kukhala cholondola kwambiri. Maprogramu onga Maput alola madiarowa kuti afanane ndi mamiliyoni a mapu othekera, kusankha imene imapatsa gulu lawo phindu pamene ikutsatirabe malamulo. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zimasintha democracy kukhala masewera a uinjiniya wa chibage, kupangitsa anthu kukayikira masankhoti.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kuchepetsa

Kusintha kwa Maganizo

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, madashopu a mapu anagwiritsira ntchito mapu a mapepala, masamu, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Masiku ano, kukonza malo ndi njira yapamwamba yodziŵira zinthu. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programme , masamu otsogola, ndi maalamu amphamvu a mamepu amatheketsa madrowa kusintha madeti a mapepala ndi maopaleshoni. Amatha kuona njira zopangira mapepala pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira, kusintha mizere kuti aphatikize kapena kuchotsapo malo enaake, ndi kuona mmene kusintha mwamsanga kusintha kwa kusintha kwa mapulogalamu, utundu, ndi malire a chitaganya.

Mphamvu ya luso la zopangapanga imeneyi ndi lupanga lothyoka ŵiri. Kumbali ina, imalola zigawo za anthu zokhoza kuchulukana ndi kusungidwa bwino kwa anthu. Kumbali ina, imathandiza kuchititsa kucholoŵana koposa. M'mayiko amene chipani chimodzi chimalamulira kupendedwa kwa zinthu, muyezo pakati pa kujambula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika. Ochirikiza kusintha amatsutsa kuti luso la zopangapanga silingakhale vuto lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kubwezeretsa Malamulo ndi Kutentha kwa Malamulo

Ofufuza ena apereka malingaliro ogwiritsa ntchito maajensi popanga “mapu auchete". Onyalanyaza zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kompyuta ingawone madera amene ali ogwirizana ndi ofanana kwa anthu popanda kuganizira mmene anthu amasankhira. Mapu amenewa, amene nthaŵi zina amatchedwa kuti“ akhungu” kukonza, angatumikire ngati chizindikiro cha mapu olingaliridwawo akuchotsa mapulogalamu kuchokera ku shirtisan . Komabe, ngakhale maalbum alfactal ayenera kusankha njira zopangira mfundo zoyenerera, ndipo zosankha zimenezo zingatulutsebe zotsatira za pulogalamu.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, kuphunzira makina ndi luntha lopanga zaloŵa m'malo. Al angapange mapu zikwizikwi ndi kuwapeza chifukwa cha chilungamo, mpikisano, ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo. Koma kugwiritsira ntchito AI m'kukonza zinthu kumadzutsa nkhaŵa za kukongola ndi kubwezera mlandu. Ngati maalamu ajambula mapu amene amathandiza chipani chimodzi, amene ali ndi udindo? Pamene sayansi ikali kuchotsa, ikusintha kale mmene mapu ndi makhoti amapendera madirowa ndi madesiki a zigawo.

Mmene Nzika Zingathandizire Ntchito Yolalikira

Kutengamo Mbali Kwapoyera m’Kukonzanso Zinthu

Nzika siziyenera kukhala openyerera amwambo wa kupenda malo. Maboma ambiri amaimba milandu kwa anthu amene amakhala pa mapu olingaliridwa. Kupezeka pa mayeso ameneŵa, kaya pamasom'pamaso kapena kwenikweni, kuli njira yamphamvu yosonyezera nkhaŵa za kugaŵikana kwa chitaganya, kutayikiridwa, kapena kusankhidwa kwa fuko. Ngakhale pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa, nzika zingapereke umboni wolembedwa kwa mamepu a boma, mabungwe a boma, kapena makampani a Chilungamo ngati zimakhulupirira mapuwo kuswa lamulo la boma.

Maboma amene ali ndi makampani odziimira okha, ntchito imeneyi imakhala yooneka bwino kwambiri. Mabungwe amachititsa misonkhano yambiri, amatulutsa mapu osonyeza mapu kuti apendedwe, ndiponso amalandira mapu kuchokera kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la California Citizens Redicicoligiting Commission loika mapu ojambula zithunzi za anthu pa Intaneti ndipo linachititsa nkhani 50 pa nthawi ya kayendedwe ka dziko lonse. Michigan, Colorado, ndi mayiko ena.

Kulinganiza ndi Kuphunzitsa

Kupyola pa kukhala ndi phande kwa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, magulu a m'chitaganya amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Magulu onga League of Women Voters, ACLU, ndi Brennan Center ya Justice pulogatoring, mafaira ozenga milandu yotsutsa mapu osalungama, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. Nzika zingagwirizane kapena kuchirikiza magulu ameneŵa, kapena kuyamba mgwirizano wa kumaloko kuti achilikize mizera yolungama. M'maiko ena, zoyesayesa za udzu zakhala zosonkhezera zoyesayesa za opanga makomiti a ganyu kapena kulimbitsa malamulo oletsa [1]

Luso la zopangapanga limapatsanso mphamvu nzika. Zida za pa Intaneti zonga Planquere [FLT ] imalola aliyense kusanthula mapu olingaliridwa kaamba ka kukondera, ndi mapulogalamu onga Dongosolo la projekiti yonga kutheketsa nzika kujambula mapu awoawo ndi kuwatumiza monga njira zina. Zida zimenezi zimatheketsa ntchito imeneyi ndi kupatsa anthu wamba mawu m'dongosolo limene kaŵirikaŵiri limawoneka kukhala losangalatsa.

Kudziimba Mlandu Ndiponso Kuvutika ndi Malamulo

Ngati mapu ali olakwika, nzika zingapite kumakhoti. Chiyambire chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la Richo , milandu ya boma iyenera kusumikidwa pa kuswa lamulo la fuko la anthu olingana, osati phindu lenileni. Komabe, makhoti a boma akhalabe malo abwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2022 Court Supreme inakana mapu ambiri otengedwa ndi bungwe la Republicanādominedificieditioning, kupeza kuti anaswa lamulo la boma lotsutsa kugaŵana kwa 76a. Nthaŵi zambiri, milandu imeneyi imadalira umboni woperekedwa ndi mboni, masamu, ndi nzika.

Mlandu umenewu ndi wovuta kwambiri komanso wodula, koma wathandiza kuti mayiko ayambenso kujambula mapu, monga mmene zinachitika ku Texas, Alabama, ndi Virginia m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.

Kusintha ndi Kulamula kwa Odziimira pawokha

Mlandu wa Olamulira Odziimira pawokha

Kusintha kotchuka kwambiri kothetsera kugaŵanitsa ndiko kupangidwa kwa mabungwe odziimira okha. Mabungwe ameneŵa amachotsa mapu [1] Kuchotsa m’manja mwa andale zadziko ndi kupatsa kagulu ka nzika kapena oweruza, kosankhidwa kaamba ka ukatswiri wosachita 76partisan. Maboma onga California, Arizona, ndi Michigan agwiritsira ntchito makomiti a comganical rediditioning , ndipo zotsatira zake zakhala mapu amene ali opikisana kwambiri ndi osonyeza bwino malire a chitaganya.

Ofufuza a m’bungwe la ofufuza ali ndi malamulo okhwima: iwo satha kulinganiza zogaŵanitsa, ayenera kuchita misonkhano yapoyera, ndipo ayenera kupanga mapu amene amakwaniritsa ziyeneretso zonga kugwirizanitsa, kudalirana, ndi kulemekeza maboma a kumaloko. Ofufuza ndi Brennan Center akusonyeza kuti mamepu okhala ndi makampani odziimira okha ali ndi mamepu amene sasintha kwambiri ndi ovomereza kwambiri kusintha kwa anthu.

Zotsatira Zina za Kusintha

Kupatulapo madansi, masinthidwe ena akupanga masinthidwe abwino. Multi 76 chigawo chimodzi ndi kuvota koikidwa pa malo kukhoza kuchepetsa chiyambukiro cha gerrymander mwa kutsimikizira kuti anthu ochepa apambanabe malo ena olingana ndi mavoti awo. Protographiation directal [[ ndi njira ina, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mademocracy, imene imapeŵa kupotoza ndandanda ya chigawo chonse. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku kumafunikira kusintha kwa malamulo kapena kusintha kumene kuyang'anizana ndi chigawa chawo champhamvu cha ndale zadziko.

Kusintha kwina kwa kusintha ndiko kufuna kuti mapu ojambula alamulidwe ndi lamulo, okhala ndi chitetezo cha chitaganya ndi kugwirizana koikidwa pamwamba pa phindu la ochirikiza. Maboma angapo atenga malamulo oterowo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri lamulo limadalira pa mabwalo a milandu.

Kudziŵitsidwa kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuŵerengeredwa

Pomalizira pake, thanzi la kukonzanso limadalira pa kudziŵidwa ndi anthu. Ofufuza akamvetsa mmene mizere ya chigawo imakhudzira kuimira kwawo, amakhala othekera kwambiri kufuna chilungamo. Mabungwe a Non partistan onga Commone Cause ndi League of Women Voters akupitirizabe kuphunzitsa nzika ndi kukakamiza kuti ziwoneke. Mlingo wa 202020 wa kubala anthu unakhala ndi mlingo wa kugawiridwa kwa anthu onse, ndi kuvomereza ndi kuweruza kopambana kwa milandu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti nzika zingayambukiredi njira imene kaŵirikaŵiri imachitidwa m’nyumba zotsekedwa.

Kumaliza

Mizere yachigawo ndi yosawoneka ya democracy ya America. Amapanga anthu amene amasankhidwa, malamulo amene amapita patsogolo, ndiponso ngati anthu ali ndi mawu abwino. Kujambula mizere imeneyi ndi kuphatikizana kovuta kwa mfundo za anthu, malamulo, kunyadira, ndi kuvomerezana kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuti njirayi imaoneka ngati yosasiyana, mfundo zake zazikulu n’zomveka: kuimira, osati kugawana, ndi kuyankha mlandu kwa anthu onse.

Pamene njira yotsatira ya kukonzanso zinthu ikufika mu 2031, nzika zili ndi mpata wofuna kusintha. Kaya mwa kugwirizana ndi magulu a anthu ozembetsa, kupezeka pa milandu ya anthu, kapena kungophunzira okha, chilichonse chimathandiza kuti zinthu zioneke bwino komanso zikhale zolungama. Mtsogolo tsogolo la zigawo limadalira pa anthu odziwa bwino amene amakana kuvomereza kuti ulamuliro wa demokrase usakhale wopeŵeka.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, chezerani [[FLT: 1] Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [[FLT :2] kapena ACLU project Yamalonero [. Kupenda mapu anu a boma, gwiritsirani ntchito PLANCRE .