Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka cha Lamulo la United States chimatsimikizira ufulu wa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, chitetezo chimene chakhala chokhoza kumasulira kokulira ndi chisinthiko chalamulo. Kusintha sikuli m'malo; kumapangidwa ndi zochita za nthambi zitatu zonse za boma ku boma, boma, ndi mlingo wa kumaloko, ndi oweruza akumachita mbali yeniyeni m'kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kuzindikira kugwirizanitsa pakati pa mabungwe ameneŵa kumavumbula makina ovuta omwe onse aŵiri amachirikiza ndi kutsendereza ufulu wa mfuti ku America.

Ntchito ya Boma la Federal

Boma la boma limachita monga womanga wamkulu wa malamulo a mfuti za dziko kupyolera mwa malamulo ake alamulo, oyendetsa, ndi oweruza.

Malamulo a Nyumba za Malamulo

Maziko a lamulo la boma la mfuti ali pa malamulo monga ngati National Firengs Act ya 1934 (NFA) ndi Gun Control Act ya 1968 (GCA). NFA inakhazikitsa misonkho ndi zofunika zolembetsa pa magulu ena a zida, kuphatikizapo mfuti zachiwaya ndi mfuti zazifupi zoletsedwa, pamene GCA inakhazikitsa njira ya boma yomangira mfuti za anthu ogulitsa ndi yoletsa mfuti ndi yoletsa kugulitsa mfuti. Brady Hand Poliv Politive Prevention ya 1993 inapanga chikalata cha dziko lonse choyendera kumbuyo cha United States (NICS), chimene chimakhalabe chida chachikulu choletsa anthu kugula mfuti. Zoyesayesa zambiri zaposachedwapa za boma, monga za Bipartas Saver Center of 2022, Chikalata cha kugulitsatsatsa kwa zaka 21 za boma la ".

Ntchito ya Oyang’anira ndi Kukakamiza

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemarms ndi Explolesives (ATF), mbali ya Department of Justice, ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma lokhala ndi ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo a mfuti. A ATF amalamulira ogulitsa mfuti zololedwa, amayang'anira, ndi kufufuza kuswa konga kugulitsa ndi kugula udzu. Bungwelo limatsutsanso malamulo amene amaweruza kumasulira malamulo amene alipo, monga kumasulira malamulo pa zimene zimapanga "chida chamoto" pansi pa NFA kapena malamulo onena za "kuponya mfuti za mfuti zopanda lamulo" – mfuti zopangidwa kuchokera ku ziwitso kapena 3D yosindikiza. Pulezi a bomawo amachititsanso mphamvu zopereka malamulo kuti mabungwe apange machitidwe, monga ngati malamulo opanga malonda a boma opanga zida kapena kukonza njira zoyendetsera mfuti.

Makhoti Oyang’anira Makhoti ndi Khoti Lalikulu

Nthambi ya chiweruzo pa mlingo wa boma imapereka kupenda komaliza pa lamulo la mfuti. Khoti Lapamwambalo linagamula mlandu mu Digrigory of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2008) inali mphindi yotayidwa, yotsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumateteza ufulu wa munthu wokhala ndi mfuti ya mwini m'nyumba. Kugamula kumeneku kuletsa chifuwa cha Columbia ndi kuika maziko a mavuto a mtsogolo. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FLT:] [FLD] [2] Donald. City of Chivomende. Chigamu cha Chivomezi [FLD] [FLT: 3.20]) (20] (20) kugamula mawu oyenera kupyola paphwa kumbuyo kwa KG. Claup, zinadziŵika posachedwapa monga njira yodzilamulira. [R.V.41, B.B.N.U.A.

Mbali ya Boma ndi Maboma Akumaloko

Ngakhale kuti boma la boma limakhazikitsa maziko a malamulo oletsa mfuti, maboma ndi madera ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu yokhazikitsa malamulo awoawo.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo a Boma

Mayiko ena, monga California, New York, ndi Massachusetts, akhazikitsa njira zolamulira mfuti zambiri, kuphatikizapo zofunikira zazikulu, ziletso za mitundu ina ya mfuti, ziletso za mfuti, ndi "kapena ndi "zinsisi" ali ndi madongosolo olola (ngakhale Bruen ] akakamiza ambiri kutembenukira ku "ya juunia"). Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mofanana ndi Texas, Arizona, ndi Florida ali ndi malamulo olekerera amene amalola kunyamula ndi kuika malire ochepa pa mitundu ya mfuti. Kudumphaka kumeneku kuli chotulukapo cha mwachindunji cha ulamuliro; mabanki a Tenth Amegement ku maiko omwe sagawiridwa ku boma, ndi malamulo a boma a boma a boma a boma lolamulira a boma.

Kuthawa Kwawo ndi Kuthawa

M’maboma, mizinda ndi mabwinja angayese kukhazikitsa malamulo awo, monga ngati madera opanda mfuti, nyengo zoyembekezera, kapena kusimba zofunika za mfuti zotayika kapena kuba. Komabe, maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo oletsa maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kuposa lamulo la boma. National Rifle Association inayamba kalekale kuchirikiza kutsekedwa koteroko kuti atetezere malamulo amene angasokoneze eni mfuti zololedwa. Nkhondo za malamulo zimabuka kaŵirikaŵiri pamene malamulo akumalo akumalo akumene akuletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la San Francisco lakhala likulamula kuti eni mfuti zawo atseke mfuti zawo panyumbapo, linatsutsidwa ndi boma lomaliza ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la California.

Makhoti a Boma ndi Kuperekedwa kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri

Makhoti a boma amachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri pomasulira ufulu wa mfuti pansi pa malamulo a boma la United States ndi malamulo awoawo, ambiri mwa makhotiwo ali ndi chitetezo chosiyana cha ufulu wa kunyamula zida. Pambuyo pake Bruen , makhoti a boma tsopano akuyang'anizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso atsopano a mbiri yakale ku malamulo. Malamulo ogaŵanitsa malo apafupi (nyumba, masukulu, zileŵero), ziletso za msinkhu, ndi ziletso za magazini zikupitidwa tsopano kupyola boma ndi makhoti a boma, ndi zotulukapo zimene malamulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kaŵirikaŵiri malamulowa amagaŵa magaŵa a maboma, kuwonjezereka kwa mabwalo a Supreme Court.

Dongosolo la Chiweruzo ndi Milandu Yachiŵiri ya Kusintha

Makhoti ndiwo omalizira kuletsa mikangano yachiŵiri ya Lamulo, opatsidwa ntchito yolinganiza ufulu wa lamulo wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida motsutsana ndi zikondwerero za boma zokakamiza za anthu. Mbali ya junja lakhala yosintha moonekera, makamaka m’zaka za zana la 21, pamene miyezo yalamulo yopendedwa yakonzedwa.

Kuyesa Mwambo wa M’mbiri

Bruen . , makhoti aang'ono anatsatira njira ziŵiri: choyamba, anafunsa ngati lamulo lolemedwalo linatetezera ndi Lamfandi Wachiŵiri; ngati, kenaka linagwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kwapakati kapena kosamalitsa kudalira pa ukulu wa mtolo. Bruen , Khoti Lalikulu linakana njira imeneyi ndi kulamula kuti ayesedwe ndi kuikidwa ndi kuikidwa kwa malamulo a mbiri yakale, mbiri, ndi mwambo. Pambali ya kafikiridwe kamakono, lamulo la mfuti ndilokhalokhalokha ngati boma lingasonyeze kuti ndi "kutsimikiza ndi mwambo wa mtundu wamakono wa zida zankhondo."

Chochititsa Kufufuza Kotchedwa Bruen Litigation

Chiyambire chigamulo [[FLT: 0] Bruen . Makhoti apereka mpambo wa malamulo amene amayesa dongosolo latsopano. Makhoti ena achirikiza ziletso zina, kupeza malamulo a mbiri yakale m'malamulo oletsa mfuti zosungidwa kapena obisika. Makhoti angapo aswa malamulo, monga ngati "malo apafupi" amene amaikidwa ndi anthu onse monga zigawo zopinga kunyamula. Malo a mkangano kwambiri ndiwo malamulo a "aspault produnder" ndi apamwamba a m'mabwalo ankhondo; makhoti angapo achirikiza ziletso zimenezi pansi pa [FLD:] Bru [FF:], pamene kuli kwakuti ena achepetsa kugaŵana kwa madera, mwachidziŵikire, chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu cha chigamulo chachikulu cha chigamu. [F4] Chigamu chachigamu chachi. Chomwe chimawonjezera kuwonjezera chikalata chachile chachikulu cha m'mbiri, chikalata chowonjezera chakutomake chachikulu chachikulu chakuto chaku

Zimene Boma Linachita Pophunzitsa ndi Pochitapo Kanthu

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri ku Kusintha kwa 144, kotsimikiziridwa mu McDonald , kumatanthauza kuti boma ndi maboma akuno amamangidwa ndi malire ofanana ndi boma la boma. Izi zakhala zapadera makamaka m'zochitika zokhudza makonzedwe a boma apamwamba ndi kunyamula ziletso. [FLT:] [FLT]] Denald [[FLT]], mfundo zingatsutse kuvomerezedwa kulikonse kwa ufulu wakunyamula zida; pambuyo pake, ziyenera kusonyeza kuti kulephera kwawo ndi miyezo ya m'mbiri. Chiphunzitso chimatsimikizira kuti zodziŵika bwino mu [FLD:4] Iye amathandiza mogwirizana ndi malamulo ogwirizana, ngakhale kuti akutsatira aunika bwino.

Kulinganiza Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kutetezeka

Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa lamulo wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida ndi cholinga cha kuchepetsa chiwawa cha mfuti ndi maziko a lamulo lamakono la Opperline Amendment. Makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi osungitsa malamulo amalimbanabe ndi kulinganiza kumeneku, ndipo miyezo imene amagwiritsira ntchito imatsimikizira ukulu wa malamulo ololedwa.

Ziyeso za Kufufuza Malamulo

Pasadakhale Bruen , makhoti ambiri anafufuza kwambiri kapena kuyang'ana kwambiri, malinga ndi mmene lamulo linachulukitsira mfundo za ufulu wachiŵiri wa Amereka. Kufufuza kokhudzana ndi lamulo lofunika kwambiri lokhudzana ndi chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma, pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuza kosamalitsa kunafuna chidwi chachikulu ndi njira zosavuta kwambiri zochifikira. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [2]] Bruen chigamulo cholukira poyera maboo, koma funso la kufulumira kupereka chitsati cha boma chitsati. Akatswiri ena amatsutsabe kuti [FL:4] Bru [FFFF:5] iko] ikodi imene ili pafupi ndi lamulo la mbiri yakale losagwirizana ndi malamulo ena.

Kuteteza Anthu ndi Mavuto a Malamulo

Malamulo otetezera anthu ambiri amaphatikizapo kuyang'anira malo, nyengo zoyembekezera, zofunika zosungidwa, malamulo otetezera kwambiri owopsa (mantha kapena "aleza" malamulo otetezera ofiira), ndi ziletso pa magulu ena a mfuti. Chilichonse cha ameneŵa chayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, poyambirira, Plate- Bruen[[FLT]] [mayeso] a boma okhala ndi ziletso za mfuti za anthu otsata 18 zatulukapo malingaliro otsutsana. Boma ayenera kupereka tsopano malamulo a mbiri yakale osonyeza kuti ziletso za nyengo yozikidwa pa mwambo. Mofananamo, kutsekereza ndi "aultrault" – gulu lofotokozedwa ndi mbali zokongola ngati zidutswa za mfuti ndi zikole – zikugawiridwa m'mabwalo zogaŵanidwa, kaya ndi zotetezedwa ndi zida zofala "zo" pansi pa "FFF:]

Umboni Wochokera kwa Mulungu

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bruen] imanyalanyaza ntchito ya umboni wamakono wa kukhazikitsa lamulo, umboni woterowo ukusonyezabe zigamulo za lamulo ndi njira zoperekera. Ochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti akutchula maphunziro ogwirizanitsa kupezeka kwa mfuti ku ku mlingo wapamwamba wa kuphana ndi kudzipha. Otsutsa amanena kuti kutetezera mfuti kumagwiritsira ntchito kofala ndi kuti kukhala ndi mfuti kungaletse upandu. Makhoti samanyalanyaza konse mfundo zopikisana zimenezi; iwo amayenerera pamene aona ngati zonena za mbiri yakale ziripo, monga momwe boma linganenere kuti mikhalidwe yamakono ya chibadwire kapena yochepera. Komabe, pansi pa [FL:] Bru [FFFF] [FF], kuyesa lamulo limodzi lalamulo, sikuyenera kutsimikizira kusungidwa koyenera kusungidwa koyenera kusungidwa kwapo.

Mavuto Amene Tidzakumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Kupita patsogolo kwa zasayansi, kusinthasintha kwa malamulo a khotilo, ndi kusintha malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzapitiriza kuumba mbali za boma ndi makhoti pochirikiza – ndi kuchepetsapo ufulu wosunga ndi kunyamula zida.

Luso la Zaumisiri ndi Zombo Zoyaka Moto Zosasintha

Kuwonjezeka kwa zida zosindikizira ndi kupanga mfuti kwapanga mfuti popanda manambala otsatizana, , , The ATF, pansi pa ulamuliro wamakono, inapereka lamulo mu 2023 limene linamasuliranso zida zonga zida zokhala ndi zida zokhala ndi kutsatizana kwa zifuko zomwezo monga mfuti zamwambo. Lamulo limeneli latsutsidwa kukhala kuswa kwa Second Amendment. Makhoti adzafunikira kusankha kaya kuyesa kwa mbiri yakale kuyambitsa luso la zopanga kapena kaya ngati dongosolo latsopano lonse la zida zimene sizinalipo m'zaka za zana la 18.

Kuyesedwa ndi Boma ndi Kukana Komwe Kuliko

Ngakhale pambuyo pa Bruen , nkhondo pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko ikupitirizabe. Mayiko ena, monga New Mexico ndi Colorado, akhazikitsa "malamulo ofiira" amene amalola makhoti kupereka malamulo a kuchotsa mfuti kwakanthaŵi chifukwa cha khalidwe loopsa. Malamulo ameneŵa apulumuka mavuto oyambirira a lamulo, koma kufunsira kwawo kumakhalabe kotsutsana. Kuwonjezerapo, mizinda imene imayesa kupanga "malo opanda ufulu" pa zoyendera za onse kapena m'nyumba za boma ikuimbidwa mlandu, ndipo zotsatira za milandu imeneyi zidzafotokoza malire otsegulira malamulo a Lachiŵiri la Kukonzanso.

Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu la Makhoti Apamwamba ndi Yamtsogolo

Ochuluka a Supreme Court asonyeza kufunitsitsa kukakamiza mwamphamvu kukhazikitsa Lamulo Lachiŵiri, koma Bwalo laperekanso chenjezo mwa kulola malamulo ena kuima (monga mu [[FLT: 0]] Rahimi). Milandu ingapo ikutsala kapena mwachiwonekere kupatsidwa chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa lamulo la kuletsa kwa magazi, lamulo la chiletso cha boma pa kugulitsa mfuti kwa anthu ochepera pa zaka 21, ndi ukulu wa "malo a mtima wapansi" kupyola masukulu ndi nyumba za khoti. Chigamulo chirichonse chidzasintha unansi pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya boma ndi makhoti kuchirikiza Lamulo Lachiŵiri siisintha ayi; ndi ntchito yaikulu yogwirizanitsa ntchito ya malamulo, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu ziyende bwino, ndi kumasulira kwa milandu. Kuyambira pa madongosolo a boma okhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la ATF, mpaka ku malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma ndi a kumaloko, mtundu uliwonse wa boma umathandizira kukwaniritsa tanthauzo lenileni la ufulu wosunga ndi kunyamula zida. Makhoti, makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba, amatumikira monga woweruza womaliza, kutsimikizira kuti kuphwanya kulikonse kwa ufuluwo kuyenera kuyenera kuyenera kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi malemba, mbiri, ndi miyambo. Pamene anthu akupitirizabe kutsutsana koyenera pakati pa ufulu ndi chitetezo, mabungwe ofotokozedwa pano adzakhalabe pa likulu la dziko lomayesayesa ndi kumasulira ndi kumasulira kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana la 200.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Kusintha:1]