Maziko a Malamulo a Maboma Popanga Malamulo

Federalism ndi DNA ya boma la United States, yoimira lamulo logaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi maboma a boma. M'nkhani ya kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, kugaŵa kumeneku sikuli lingaliro lalamulo koma kuwona kwenikweni kumene kumaumba mbali iliyonse ya kupanga malamulo. Kuyambira pa njira yandale yoyambirira yokha kufikira kukwaniritsa kwake ndi kutsata lamulo, kugaŵana mphamvu kumalamulira kuchititsa mkangano, mtundu wa kukwaniritsa malamulo, ndi njira zopendera milandu. Kwa opanga malamulo, magulu achifuniro, ndi nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu imeneyi kuli kofunika kwambiri kuyendetsa dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America.

Oyambitsawo anakhazikitsa njira ya boma yothetsera mavuto a ulamuliro. Nkhani za Conufederation zinapanga boma lofooka losakhoza kuyang'anira chitetezo cha dziko kapena malonda a dziko. Constitution, kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 0]] maulamuliro okhazikitsidwa [[FLT:]. Zimenezi zikupanga dongosolo la kachitidwe kameneka kumene boma la boma ndi maboma onse ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera, komanso malo aakulu odziŵika [[FLT:] kuwonjezerapo [[FFLT:3]], kumene kumasungitsa mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa ku boma ladziko. Zimenezi zimapanga njira ziŵiri ziŵiri zimene boma ndi maboma onsewo ali nazo. Zimapanganso mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za ulamuliro, komanso mbali zazikulu za mphamvu zodziŵika pakati pa [FLT:] [FFFFFF:FFF]

Mmene Mafuko Amasinthira Malamulo a Dzikolo

Nyumba ya boma ya United States ndi bungwe la boma lomwe linapangidwa kuti lilinganize zikondwerero za boma ndi dziko. Nyumba ya Oimira imaonetsa anthu, kupatsa maboma aakulu mphamvu, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikupereka umboni wofanana wa boma lililonse, kuvomerezana mwachindunji ndi boma. Malamulo a zigawo za bidameral ameneŵa akhazikitsa malamulo a mphamvu ziŵiri zosiyana za ndale zadziko: woyang'anira ntchito wa boma ndi wokonda wa boma.

Dongosolo la Komiti ndi Chikondwerero cha Boma

Federalism imayambukira komiti yachinsinsi koma yamphamvu. Mamembala a Congress kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira pamakomiti amene amayang'anira madera a malamulo okhala ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji za maboma awo. Bungwe la boma laulimi liyenera kufunafuna mpando pa Komiti ya Zaulimi, pamene kuli kwakuti woimira wa chigawo wokhala ndi kuikako zida zazikulu zankhondo adzaika patsogolo Komiti ya Zomangamanga. Kupanga kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti nkhani za boma ndi za kumaloko zikuikidwa mwachindunji m'dongosolo la boma la genic. Ndiponso, komiti ya msonkhano, kumene kusiyana kwa Nyumba ndi matembenuzidwe a malamulo amayanjanidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala kumene mikangano ya boma imathetsedwa. Kulakwa kumaphatikizapo kupatsa maboma ufulu kapena kulola malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Ntchito ya Prezidenti ndi Opereka Maula ndi Ansembe

Nthambi ya boma imachitanso mbali yaikulu m'kuumba boma kudzera mwa lamulo. Pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito Boma la United Union kapena bajeti za boma kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko m'madera amene amasungidwa mwamwambo, monga maphunziro kapena thanzi la anthu. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti boma lolamuliralo lilibe mphamvu yachindunji ya apolisi, kaŵirikaŵiri limadalira pa kugwiritsa ntchito Claus [1] kugwirizanitsa ntchito ya boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya boma kuti iperekere audindo ya boma, njira imene yayambitsa mgwirizano wovuta. Mayi angasankhe kulandira ndalama za boma, koma mwa kuchita zimenezo, ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika za boma. Zimenezi zakhala zikutsutsana kwambiri, monga momwe zikugwirizana ndi kutsutsa kwa boma.

Malamulo a Boma Monga Olamulira Odziimira Paokha

Malamulo a boma sali mabungwe aulamuliro a boma. Iwo ali odziimira okha okhala ndi mphamvu yolamulira pa nkhani zonse zimene sizinagawidwe ku boma la boma ndi Konsichushoni. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ntchito zazikulu za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: maphunziro, chiweruzo cha upandu, lamulo la katundu, mapangano, kupereka chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka. Mphamvu ya Police , imene ili ulamuliro wachibadwa wa maboma kulamulira thanzi, chitetezo, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo, ndilo lilo la ulamuliro wa boma.

Malamulo Osiyanasiyana a Boma

Malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri m'dzikolo. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya bameral, yoikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi nyumba yaing'ono (yotchedwa Msonkhano kapena Nyumba ya Otumiza) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Khonsati). Nebraska imangokhala boma lokha lokhala ndi unibaral, wosakhala wa partistanan. Pambali pa nyumba yoyalo imeneyi, malamulo amasiyana m'maluso awo. Ena, monga California, New York, ndi Pennsylvania, ali ndi nthaŵi yonse, matupikitala apamwamba. Ena, monga Montane, Hampshire, ndi Wyoming, ndi mbali ya malamulo a nthaŵi yake. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambukira mwachindunji mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo, monga ngati chisonkhezero cha olandira ndi magulu a zikondwerero.

Demokrase Yachindunji ndi Kupanga Malamulo a Nzika

Maboma ambiri amaphatikiza mbali za demokrase yachindunji m'madongosolo awo a malamulo. ndi terentesum imathandiza nzika kunyalanyaza malamulo a boma, kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo mwachindunji mwa miyeso. Ichi ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri cha boma, kulola malamulo ogaŵanitsa nkhani monga kukhazikitsa chamba, malamulo a msonkho, ndi kukonzanso milandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira imeneyi imapatsa nzika mphamvu, monga momwe kukhazikitsa malamulo kungatsogolere ku ku kukhazikitsa malamulo osemphana ndi boma kapena malamulo a boma omwe alipo, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku ku ku ku kugaŵana kwa malamulo.

Njira Yothandiza Kulimbana, Kutha Kupeza Chitetezo, ndi Kugwirizana

Unansi pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma ngwamphamvu, umapikisanitsidwa, ndi kugaŵidwa mosalekeza. [Kusintha kwa] Claus (Atucle VI) ukusonyeza kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, kutanthauza kuti pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma limakonda kulithetsa. Komabe, Demetrisement ya 10 imagwira ntchito monga mphamvu yolimbana, kulenga mbali yofunika kwambiri ya boma kuti boma liyenera kuilemekeza.

Chiyeso ndi Malire Ake

Federal fexective codest ingatenge mitundu ingapo. Kumasula kumakhalapo pamene Congress akunena momveka bwino kuti lamulo lake limagonjetsa lamulo la boma. Kumasulidwa kumachitika pamene chiweruziro cha boma chimakhala chachikulu kwakuti sichimasiya mpata wa kachitidwe ka boma, kapena pamene lamulo la boma likapanga chopinga kukwaniritsa zolinga za boma. Mtengo wa pretution ndi mbali yaikulu ya zokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kugonetsa. Magulu ofunitsitsa amavomereza msonkhano wa boma kuti apange muyezo mmodzi, pamene otsutsawo amachirikiza kusungitsa mkhalidwewo. Khoti Lapamwamba limalimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi nthaŵi zonse ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa boma.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Opatulika ndi Azakudya

Mosasamala kanthu za kuthekera kwa mikangano, zambiri za kugwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma nzogwirizana. Nyumba zambiri zimakhazikitsa malamulo amene amakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu za dziko koma amagaŵira ulamuliro waukulu wa kukwaniritsa ku maboma. Chitsanzo chimenechi, chodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] yuniversitedism , chimadalira pa kuchirikiza kwa boma ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, deseat Air Act imalola kuti malo otetezerako akha akhazikitse miyezo ya dziko, koma maboma ali ndi thayo la kuyambitsa Development Itment Acritives (IPS) kukwaniritsa miyezo imeneyo. Waivers amalola kuti ayese ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana, monga ngati mmene amachitira ndi njira za Médid kapena kayendetsedwe kakhalidwe ka mtundu.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana

Kupenda mbali za malamulo a boma kumasonyeza bwino mmene boma limasinthira malamulo a boma.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo: Lamulo la Chithandizo Chachikulu ndi Boma Lofeŵa

Affordal Care Act (ACA) ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha ntchito ya boma. Lamulo lofuna kuwonjezera inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kudzera m'kuphatikizana kwa malamulo a boma ndi kukwaniritsa kwa boma. Mlandu wa Supreme Court National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius inali nthaŵi yolongosola za boma. Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya msonkho, koma linagonjetsa kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a Medicaid, kugamula kuti boma ladzikolo silinganene kuti liwopseze ndi kutayikiridwa kwa ndalama zonse za Medica chifukwa cha kukana kuwonjezeka. Chigamuchi chigamu chaufulu, kuchititsa kugawa kwa maiko osawonjezedwa modabwitsa.

Malo Okhala: Chikalata Choyera cha m’mlengalenga ndi Chikalata cha ku California

Lamulo la malo okhala ndi malo ena kumene chigwirizano cha boma chimapanga mgwirizano wocholoŵana. Ceaner Air Act imakhazikitsa dongosolo logwirizana pamene boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake, koma limasunga ulamuliro wa kuigwiritsira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima. Mbali yaikulu ya dongosololi ndi muyezo wapadera wa California wa woyendetsa wamphamvu wa dziko, monga opanga a galimoto kusankha magalimoto kuti apange magalimoto oletsa kumanga magalimoto osiyanasiyana a m'dziko la California. Mtengo wa bomawu ukhoza kuonetsa mmene boma lina lingachitire zinthu monga ngati muyezo wa dziko la California. Zimenezi zachititsa California kukhala dala woyendetsa galimoto kuti apange magalimoto kuti atetezere kwambiri ku magalimoto osiyanasiyana kuti apeŵere magalimoto osiyanasiyana m’dziko osiyanasiyana.

Chiweruzo: Olamulira Alimbana ndi Cannabis

Kuswa lamulo la boma ndi kuletsa chivomerezo cha boma kuimira umodzi wa nkhondo zachindunji kwambiri m'dziko lamakono. Chigwirizano cha Substances Act chakuika chamba monga Shedynal I, kupanga kupangidwa kwake, kugawidwa, ndi kukhala ndi lamulo losakhala lalamulo. Komabe, maboma oposa 40 alola chingwe cha kansabu ya mankhwala, ndipo oposa 20 achilola kuti chigwiritsiridwe ntchito chauchikulire. Ichi chimapanga chitsutso chachikulu chalamulo. Boma limadalira kwambiri pa kuweruza kochitidwa ndi boma, makamaka kupyolera ku [[FLT: 0] Cole] Kukambitsirana [[FLT:] (kutsaliratu), kuletsa), kuletsa ndi malamulo olimbitsa thupi. Chitetezo cha bomacho chimakhala ntchito cha malamulo a boma pansi pa lamulo lovomerezeka lamulo lovomerezedwa ndi lamulo. Chilungamo chakutsogolera ku ntchito ya lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la pa chigamu: [F.F.

Mavuto Oyambitsa Vutoli ndi Kusintha kwa Mafuko

Nkhani monga nkhani zachinsinsi zachinsinsi, nzeru zopanga, ndi mliri wa anthu sizigwirizana bwino m’mabokosi a boma ndi a boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Pochita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Intaneti ndi yoyambirira, komabe boma la boma lakhala lochedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi a zachinsinsi. Posoŵa ntchito yachinsinsi ya boma, monga California yaloŵerera. California Consumer Infish Act (CPA) inakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha dziko lonse cha ufulu wa kudziŵa zinthu, mofanana ndi Sec Air Act ya California adatulutsa. Zimenezi zachititsa ntchito yomakulakula ya malamulo achinsinsi a boma, kupanga zothodwetsa zokakamiza makampani. Tsopano pali chitsenderezo chachikulu pa Congresss kuti apereke lamulo lachinsinsi limene limachotsa malamulo a boma, kuchititsa kutsutsana kwalamulo kwapamwamba pakati pa phindu la ufulu wa dziko ndi phindu la boma.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko ndi Chiŵiya cha Federalism

Federaliism yakhala chiŵiya chachikulu cha kuyang'anira zandale. Pokhala ndi boma logawikana pa mlingo wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri lotsegulira malamulo, maboma akhala malo oyamba a kukonza malamulo. Oimira boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa boma la boma pa zochita za boma, ndipo maboma akugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zalamulo kupangira malo otetezereka kapena malo ankhondo kaamba ka nkhani monga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi kusanthula. Zimenezi zasintha maziko a mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko la America yopanga malamulo kuchokera ku Washington, D.C., kumalikulu a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti izi zinenero, zimapangitsanso malo alamulo opatulidwa ndi kuyambitsa mafunso ponena za kuchotsa mimba ndi ufulu ndi ufulu wa dziko.

Kumaliza: Federalism monga Wosaumirira Malamulo

Federalism si chiyambi cha kachitidwe ka malamulo ku United States; ndi mphamvu yaikulu yoyesa. Imafuna njira ya kumbuyo kwa lamulo lalikulu lililonse, kuchokera ku mmene lamulo limalembedwera ku mmene limagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kugawiridwa. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi okonza malamulo, kumvetsetsa boma nkofunika kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chimene maulamuliro a America amaonekera kukhala ounjikana, opikisanitsidwa, ndi osintha. Dongosololi limapangidwa kuti lisasinthidwe mofulumira, koma lakonzedwanso kulimbikitsa kuyesa ndi kuvomereza kwa kumaloko. Pamene dziko likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano ndi kugaŵikana kwakukulu kwa ndale, malamulo a boma adzapitirizabe kukonza mavuto amene akunenedwa kudzera mwa lamulo, kutsimikizira kuti njira ya malamuloyo imakhala yolimba pa malire a mphamvu ya mphamvu yake.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maziko a mbiri ya dongosolo lino, kutanthauza Mapepala a Federalist pa Congress.gov. Contemporary kusanthula kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kungapezeke kupyolera mu Department Research Service , ndi zikhoterezo za boma zopitirizabe za boma zikutsatiridwa ndi [[FLT:] Conferality of State Legislatures [FLT:].