Kumenyera ufulu walamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu mu United States kwasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi zoyesayesa zopitirizabe za ochirikiza kusintha kwa mibadwo yonse. Kuchita monga zosonkhezera kusintha, anthu ameneŵa ndi magulu atsutsa malamulo otsendereza, kusintha malingaliro a anthu, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kuwongolera koumiriza kochitidwa ndi lamulo. Nkhani yofutukulidwayi ikufufuza mozama mbali za mbiri ndi zamakono za kuchita maseŵera odzitukumula, kupenda mmene kachitidwe ka kamodzi kakhala kakusintha malire a ufulu ndi kulingana pansi pa Malamulo.

Zochititsa Zozama za Kudziloŵetsa m’Nthaŵi za ku America

Kuchokera pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa, kumenyera nkhondo kwakhala kosonkhezera kumenya nkhondo yogwirizanitsa malamulo a America ndi zolinga zake.

Gulu la Ofuna Kudzisunga

Gulu loletsa la zaka za zana la 19 liri limodzi la zitsanzo zoyambirira ndi zamphamvu koposa za kuchotsapo ufulu wa lamulo. Malamulo onga ngati Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, ndi William Lloyd Garrison anagwiritsira ntchito nyuzipepala, yofalitsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la Underpround Railrand kuvumbula nkhanza za ukapolo. Zoyesayesa zawo sizinangosonkhezera lingaliro la anthu a ku Northern komanso zinakakamiza boma, lomwe kwenikweni linatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa ufulu wa 13 Demendmentment mu 1865, kumene kunasonyeza mmene chisonkhezero cha makhalidwe abwino ndi cha ndale chinakhalira chosintha Konsiti. Kwa owonjezereka pa lamulo la boma, onani [[FLT:] Channel] Chambo cha bungwe la Constitution .

Mkupiti Wankhanza wa Akaziwo

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, omenyera nkhondo monga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ndi Sojourner Truth zinayamba kumenya nkhondo ya ufulu wosankha akazi. Pa zaka makumi ambiri za kulinganiza, kuchonderera, ndi kusamvera boma, kayendetsedwe kake kanathera pa Kukonzanso zinthu kwa 19 mu 1920. Makonzedwe ofunika kwambiri anali kuphatikizapo maulendo otere, njala, ndi osonkhezera opanga malamulo. Gululi linasonyeza kuti chipambano cha ntchito yosatha chikathetsa tsankho lachimuna, kukulitsa kusankhidwa kwa anthu ndi kuwonjezera lamulo la kukhala nzika yofanana.

Gulu la Antchito ndi Ufulu Wachuma

Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri amanyalanyaza m'makambitsirano a ufulu wa anthu, gulu la antchito lakhala lofunika kwambiri poteteza ufulu wa zachuma umene umachirikiza ufulu walamulo. Kumenya, kulinganiza, ndi kukakamiza kwa ntchito ya maola 8 patsiku la tsiku la tsiku kunachititsa lamulo monga National Labor Relations Act ya 1935. Ochita za malamulo monga Cesar Chavez ndi Dolores Huerta pambuyo pake anakulitsa nkhondoyi kwa antchito a pa famu, kugwirizanitsa zoyenera za antchito ndi ufulu wa anthu. Gulu la antchitolo limagogomezera kuti ntchito yochita zinthu zachuma n’njosagwirizana ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi njira yoyenerera.

Ufulu wa Eni America ndi Ulamuliro

Anthu a m'dzikolo akhala akugwiritsira ntchito njira zachikoka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhazikitsa ufulu wawo wa pangano ndi ulamuliro. American Indian Movement (AIM), yomwe inayamba mu 1968, inachita zionetsero zonga ngati kugwira ntchito kwa Alcatraz Island ndi Trace of Broked Treasues . Zochita zimenezi zinakopa anthu kuswa malamulo otetezera ndi ulamuliro wa mafuko. Zipambano za lamulo, kuphatikizapo Indiya Zefe - Deminitation and Education Active Act ya 1975, zinali zotsatira za chitsenderlinement. Nkhondoyo ikupitirizabe lerolino pa ufulu wosankha mavoti, ufulu wa dziko, ndi ulamuliro wa apolisi.

Nyengo ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni: Kuchotsedwa kaamba ka Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe la m’ma 1950 ndi m’ma 1960 lidakali chitsanzo chosonyeza kugonja kwa lamulo ndi kutembenuza lamulo. Mwa kutsutsa kosamenyana ndi chiwawa, zitokoso za lamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu, ochirikiza kuukira Jim Crow anachotsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kutetezera boma.

Zochitika Zofunika Kwambiri ndi Ntchito Yochititsa Mantha

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (555 9556 [1] [1] – Atakanidwa ndi Rosa Park kukana kwake kuchotsa mpando wake, mnyamata wa masiku 381 ameneyu anatsogolera ku Bwalo Lapamwamba logamula kuti kugaŵa mabasi a anthu kunali kosagwirizana. Mchitidwe wa kugwirizanitsa chuma ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu.
  • Gaysboro Sit- Ins (1960) [[FLT ] [1] - Anayi a pa koleji anakhala pa malo osungirako azungu okha, akumaika mlingo wa malo ogona ku South. Zochita zimenezi zinakakamiza mabizinesi ndi mizinda kuchotsa malo ogona a anthu onse.
  • March pa Washington (1963) [1] [1] [1] Anthu oposa 2500,000 anasonkhana pa Chikumbutso cha Lincoln, kufuna ntchito ndi ufulu. Chochitikachi chikufuna Chilamulo cha Chikomyunizimu, chimene chinadutsa chaka chotsatira.
  • Selma Marchs (1965) [[FL:1] – “Sande Lamlungu lachisokonezo,” kumene oyenda anaukiridwa mwachiwawa, anadabwitsa dziko ndi kuchirikiza mofunsiridwa kaamba ka Chikalata cha Kutulutsa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965.

Zochitika zimenezi sizinali zamwadzidzidzi; zinali zopangidwa mwa kulinganiza kosamalitsa ndi magulu onga Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ndi Wophunzira Nonliv Courining Colidating Komiti (SNCC).

Atsogoleri ndi Zolinga Zawo

Martin Luther King Jr. anachirikiza kusamvera kwa boma kopanda chiwawa, kuchokera ku nthanthi ya Gandhi. Malcolm X, poyamba akuchirikiza kudziimira yekha, pambuyo pake anasinthidwira ku kusuta . Mafikishoni onse aŵiriwa akusiyana m'machenjera . Kugwirizana ndi mkhalidwe umene unachititsa kachitidwe ka malamulo kukhala kosapeŵeka. Zolankhula ndi zolemba zawo zidakalibe zinsi za ochirikiza amakono.

Malamulo Opanga Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko Osonkhezeredwa ndi Azaulimi

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 choletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Chikalata cha Voting Rights cha 1965 choletsa tsankho la fuko povota. Malamulo ameneŵa sanali mphatso zochokera kwa andale zadziko; anali opambana mwamphamvu ochitidwa ndi ochirikiza chiwawa, kumangidwa, ndi kuopsezedwa. National Archives tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ya malamulo ya Chigamulo cha ufulu wa anthu .

Magulu Amakono a Makwalala ndi Kukula kwa Kumasuka kwa Nzika

M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu apitirizabe kupondereza ufulu wa malamulo, kukambirana nkhani za ntchito yapolisi, kusamuka, kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi.

Kusintha kwa Miyoyo ya Anthu Oda N’kofunika Kwambiri

Bukuli linayamba mu 2013 atachotsa Traivon Martin , Black Live Matter (BLM) ndipo linakula n’kukhala gulu la apolisi otsutsa nkhanza ndiponso kusankhana mitundu. Mwa kutsutsa, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kutsutsana ndi malamulo, BLM yakhala ikulimbana ndi mlandu wa apolisi, makamera a m'manja, ndi kuchotsa chitetezo. Gululi layambitsanso makambitsirano okhudzana ndi mfundo za ufulu wa 14 zoteteza boma ndipo linayambitsa kusintha zinthu. Koma kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu sikunafanane, kuchititsa kuti apolisi akhale andale.

Kulingana kwa Akazi ndi Kulingana kwa Mabanja

Malichi a 2017 Akazi, chimodzi cha zitsutso zazikulu koposa m'mbiri ya United States, chinakopa mamiliyoni ambiri poyankha chisankho cha Pulezidenti Donald Trump ndi nkhaŵa za ufulu wobereka, kuvutitsa akazi, ndi kusankhana amuna. Kusintha kwa akazi olemekezeka kunayambitsanso kugamula kwa ovota ndi kusankha akazi ambiri pa udindo. Nkhani ngati Cometer Rights Amedial Amerekation (ERA) zayambanso kugamulidwa, ndi ochirikiza kutchuka kwake ndi kusungidwa kwake.

Gulu la Olota Maloto ndi Ufulu Wosankha Anthu Ofuna Kusamukira Kudziko Lina

Achichepere osalembedwa, odziŵika monga Dreamers, alinganiza kwa zaka makumi ambiri kusungidwa kwalamulo ndi njira za unzika. Chilakiko chawo chinatsogolera ku programu ya Developred Action for Childhood (DACA) mu 2012. Mwa misonkhano, kukopa, ndi nkhondo za khoti, Olota asonyeza chitetezo cha malamulo a njira zofunikira ndi chitetezo chofanana kwa anthu osakhala a m'dziko. Gululi limaonetsa mmene magulu ogwirizana angalinganizire malamulo oyenera ngakhale popanda mphamvu yovota.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Kuchokera pa zipwirikiti za Stonewall za 1969 mpaka nkhondo ya ukwati wa kugonana, LGBTQ+ kachitidwe ka zinthu kawonjezedwa kwambiri kwa ufulu wa anthu. Mabungwe onga ngati Human Rights Campaign ndi magulu a udzu ogwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ufulu, maphunziro a anthu, ndi kachitidwe kachindunji. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015] Maukwati a anthu aufulu kumanja, chotulukapo cha zaka makumi ambiri a kugwirira ntchito. Posachedwapa, kukakamiza kaamba ka ufulu wosintha ndi kukana kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi kukana kukana kulanda anthu kulanda malonda ndi kuletsa ntchito zachipembedzo.

Zitokoso za Malamulo ndi Kusintha Mafotokozedwe a Malamulo

Kupereka malamulo a boma kwathandiza kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu upite patsogolo, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti mabungwe a boma akhale oweruza.

Milandu Yamilandu Yosaiŵalika Yosonkhezeredwa ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu

  • [FLT .Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [1] [1] - NAFLT:3] maukatswiri alamulo, otsogozedwa ndi Thirmall, anatokosa kuyang'anira sukulu mwachindunji. Chigamulo chimodzi chinalengezedwa kuti “kusalingana koma kusakhoza kwachibadwa, kugwetsa [[FLT: 4.] Pneby v. . Chigamulochi chinali chimake cha zaka za ntchito ya m'zikugwiritsira ntchito ndi ntchito yalamulo.
  • . Chigamulo chinazindikira kuyenera kwa chinsinsi ndi . Wade [[FLT :2] (1973] [1] [1] + Kumenyera ufulu wa akazi ndi ufulu wobereka zinabweretsa nkhani ya kuchotsa mimba ku makhoti. Chigamulocho chinkasonyeza kuti lamulo la malamulo liyenera kukhala lobisika pa malamulo pansi pa Demeshoni ya 14. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake linagwetsedwa ndi [[FLT: 4.] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [202]], mlanduwo umasonyeza mmene kugwiritsa ntchito chigamu cha ufulu wa kulowa m'malamulo.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015 +] mlanduwu unabuka ndi okwatirana a kugonana ndi LGBTQ+ mabungwe otsutsa kuletsa ukwati. Khoti linanena kuti Malamulo a 14 amafuna kuti maboma onse adziŵe maukwati a anthu a mtundu umodzi, kusonyeza mwachindunji malingaliro a anthu onse osinthasintha chifukwa cha ntchito.
  • Cibizens United v. FEC[FLT :2] (2010) [1] – Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri otsutsa opita patsogolo, nkhani imeneyi inatulukaponso ndi kutsutsa kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa kulankhula kochitidwa ndi magulu otsalira ufulu wa kulankhula ofuna kuwonjezera ufulu wa makampani. Kumasonyeza kuti chikiviviism chimapangitsa magawo a ndale zadziko.

Kuti aloŵe m'malo aakulu a makhoti, bukhu la ACLU lopereka chidziŵitso limapereka zitsanzo zambiri za mmene kugwirira ntchito ndi njira zalamulo zosonkhanira.

Mbali ya Lamulo la Chikondwerero cha Anthu Imakhazikika

Mabungwe monga Southern Poverty Law Center, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, ndi Center for Constitution Rights adachita ntchito yolinganiza mwa ukatswiri wa lamulo. Iwo amaphunzitsa maloya, mafashoni a mafaelo, ndi kuyang'anira kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsekera mpata pakati pa zitsutso za m’khwalala ndi nyumba za mabwele za Supreme Court.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusinthika kwa Chilango

Kulankhulana, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, kutumizirana mauthenga, kukopana, ndi kutumizirana mauthenga kwachititsa kuti anthu asamayende bwino.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma TV ndi Ma TV Pochita Chipolowe

Mapulogalamu monga Twitter, Facebook, ndi Istagram amatheketsa anthu kugaŵana mavidiyo, mafoni kuti agwire ntchito, ndi maphunziro. Makompyuta a Black Lives Hashtag anakhala ofanana ndi gulu lapadziko lonse. Hashtag sictivivism, pamene nthaŵi zina amasuliridwa kukhala apamwamba, asinthidwa mobwerezabwereza kukhala kusintha kwa dziko lenileni ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la # MeToo lifalikira mofulumira pa Intaneti, zomwe zinayambitsa kusintha ntchito ndi malamulo oletsa kuvutitsa akazi.

Kusangalatsa Anthu ndi Chichilikizo cha Ndalama

Ma Website monga GoFoundMe amalola omenyera ufulu kukweza ndalama za zitetezero zalamulo, belo, ndi ntchito za m’chitaganya mofulumira. Mkati mwa zionetsero 2020 pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd, mamiliyoni analeredwa kaamba ka ndalama za belo ndi mabungwe ochirikiza kuchirikiza. Kuperekedwa kwa democracy kumeneku kumachititsa zinthu zopezera ndalama popanda kudalira pa osungitsa ndalama amwambo.

Makina Oyendera Makompyuta ndi Maluso Olimbana Nawo

Choncho, mabungwe ambiri masiku ano amalimbikitsa kwambiri mfundo yakuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito maapulogalamu otetezedwa pa Intaneti monga Chilembo ndi kuphunzitsa anthu paokha.

Tsogolo la Kuphwanya Malamulo: Madera Atsopano ndi Nkhondo Zopitirizabe

Zaka makumi ambiri zikubwerazi zidzaona kuti mabungwe ayamba kuyendera zinthu zolungama, nzeru zongopeka, kusalingana kwa chuma, ndi kuopseza mabungwe a demokalase.

Chilungamo cha Nyengo ndi Ufulu wa Kumalo

Magulu a achichepere onga Sunrise Movement ndi Lachisanu kaamba ka Zamtsogolo akufuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu pa kusintha kwa nyengo. Iwo amapanga kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kukhala nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, akumanena kuti kuipitsa kumawononga kwambiri madera opatulidwa. Kutsatira malamulo kukukakamiza ufulu wa malo okhala abwino, kumanga pa mikangano ya malamulo yokhudza kukhulupirira anthu ndi njira yoyenerera.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Kukonzanso Kwachinayi

Anthu ofufuza zachuma amanena kuti kusoŵa ndalama kumachepetsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndiponso kuteteza ufulu wake.

Kuteteza Demokalase ndi Kupatsa Anthu Ufulu Wosankha

Pambuyo pa kutsenderezedwa kwa malamulo ndi zitokoso za kusanthula umphumphu, chivoti chikusumika pa kutetezera kuyenera kwa kuvota. Magulu onga League of Women Voters ndi Stacey Abramas Fair Want akukonzekera kufutukula njira yofikira kupyolera mwa kulembetsa, kulembetsa kwa wovota, ndi maphunziro. Nkhondo yopitirizabe pa Voting Rights Act imasonyeza kuti phindu silingakhale lachikhalire.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu m’kupititsa patsogolo ufulu walamulo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu si mawu am'munsi a mbiri yakale koma mphamvu yamoyo, yopuma. Kuyambira oletsa kufika ku Dreamers, kuyambira kulembetsa mpaka Black Live Constitution , ochirikiza malamulo atsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti malamulo a Sichikalata koma chikalata chamoyo chimene chimasintha pankhondo. Zipambano zimene tili nazo lerolino sizikuchitika ndi kusankhidwa, kutetezedwa kofanana, kulingana, ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, zonsezo zinapangidwa ndi anthu amene anakana kulandira chisalungamo. Pamene zitsutso zatsopano ziyamba, mzimu wa kachitidwe ka kachitidwe ka ka kachitidwe ka zinthu sudzakhalabe kofunika. Nkhondo ya chilungamo siimbidwadi; ikuperekedwa kwa mbadwo chotsatira.