Kufunafuna mabungwe okhoza kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, oŵerengera, ndi ophatikizapo ndi kuvuta koonekeratu kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. Mabungwe apadziko lonse ayamba kukhala monga oseŵera apakati pa ntchito imeneyi, akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapadera zothandizira, chuma chochuluka, ndi luso la zomangamanga kuti athandize maboma a m'maulendo awo a kusintha. Kuchokera pa kukhala ongoyang'anira, mabungwe onga bungwe la United Nations, World Bank Group, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OCD), ndi mabanki a za kupita patsogolo kwa mabizinesi a madera ambiri, ndi kukonza maluso a zachuma, kudziimira kwa anthu, ndi kutumiza ntchito kwa anthu. Ntchito yawo imatembenuz miyezo yapadziko lonse m’malo okhazikika, kuchirikiza ndi kuyendetsa bwino chuma kwa anthu.

Kupenda kumeneku kumawonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zongofuna kupenda mphamvu za anthu, njira zoyendetsera zinthu, ndi zovuta zosatha zimene mabungwe ameneŵa amayang’anizana nazo polimbikitsa madongosolo a ulamuliro padziko lonse. Kukutsimikizira mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito malo awo apadera kuti asonyeze kuonekera, kulimbikitsa lamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma apitirizebe kulabadira zosoŵa za nzika zawo. Kulimba kwa chichirikizo cha mitundu yonse kumeneku sikuli kofanana; kumadalira pa kulinganiza kosiyanasiyana kwa zifuno zandale, udindo wawo, ndi kuyenerera kwa oseŵera apadziko lonse ophatikizidwa.

Ntchito Yosinthasintha ya Chichirikizo cha Ulamuliro wa Padziko Lonse

Ntchito ya mabungwe apadziko lonse polamulira yasintha kwambiri kuchokera ku technocratic, mapulani-dved , kuyandikira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Lerolino, pali kuzindikira kwakukulu kumene kulamulira kuli kwa ndale zadziko ndi mozungulira. Chisinthiko chimenechi chachititsa madongosolo owonjezereka amene amagogomezera umbuye wa dziko, mapendedwe a zandale, ndi maphunziro ogwirizana. Zolinga za kuyendetsa, makamaka [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [FLT] [SD 16 [[FLT] , adapereka mapangano ogwirizanitsa, mapangano a zandale, ogwirizana bwino, ndi zigwirizano zamphamvu. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwapadziko lonse kumapereka mphamvu ya kudziloŵetsa m'chilamulo, ndi kutsendereza, ndi kuweruza kwa kayendetsendereze, ndi kawirika kwandale.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo a Padziko Lonse

Chimodzi cha ntchito zosonkhezera kwambiri za mabungwe apadziko lonse ndicho ntchito yawo monga oyendetsa malonda. Amapanga madongosolo amene amalongosola miyezo ya ulamuliro wabwino. Msonkhano wa United Nations wolimbana ndi Chiphuphu (UNCAC) ndi chipangizo chokha chogwirizana ndi lamulo padziko lonse choletsa ziphuphu, kukhazikitsa njira zolamulira, kuphwanya, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Mofananamo, OECD’s [FLD] [[FLT] [1] Anti-BRIBY Convention [ [[FLT:]] Activey Conventionssss yogwirizana ndi mayiko ena, ikalimbira malamulo ovomerezera malamulo ovomerezera kuphwanya malamulo a akuluakulu a mayiko a m'mabizinesi. Malamulowa sagwirizana, amasintha mwa kupenda njira za mayiko, ndi kuyendera magulu a za zogwira ntchito zamakono, kukwaniritsa zipani za mayiko osiyanasiyana popanda ntchito, zimene zingafunikire kuti akwanire kuyendetsa malamulo a mayiko ena, ndipo akwane mapangano awo otsutsa kwambiri.

Kuletsa Ndalama ndi Njira Zamakono

Mlingo wa chithandizo chandalama cholunjikitsidwa ku masinthidwe ngwabwino. Bungwe la World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) limapereka makampani mamiliyoni zikwi makumi ambiri a madola m'zopereka ndi kulola, mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zimene zaperekedwa kulimbitsa makampani a boma. Ndalama zimenezi zimathandizira zonse kuyambira kumanga madongosolo a za msonkho kuti apange malo olembetsa. [FLD:0] [FLD] [1] Bank ya World Bank iyang'anira ntchito za ndalama [ [[FL:3]] kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizana kukongoletsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndi ntchito za kuyendetsa ntchito za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zimene zimafuna madongosolo ndi kusintha kwa makampani monga mikhalidwe yochotsa ndalama. IMFF imapereka chithandizo cha zothandizira ndalama pakati pa mabanki ndi ndalama, kuyendetsa ntchito za ndalama, kuwala kwa makampani, ndi kuchuluka kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kuphatikiza kwa mabizinesi a maiko ena.

Kufufuza, Kupenda, ndi Kuŵerengera Ausinkhu Wanu

Kuphatikiza pa kupereka ndalama ndi malamulo, mabungwe apadziko lonse amagwira ntchito monga machenjezo ofufuza za kupita patsogolo. Mfundo ya IMF IV imapereka kufufuza kwanthaŵi zonse kwa thanzi la anthu a m'mayiko a zachuma ndi zachuma, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira zofufuza zokhudzana ndi ziphuphu ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Mabungwe a Financip Task Force (FATF) amalemba mayiko okhala ndi mayiko olephera kutsutsa ndalama, kupanga chisonkhetso champhamvu cha kukonzanso zachuma ndi zachuma. OECD imafufuza njira yake yoyendera za kayendetsedwe kake kake kake kokhudzana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito za dziko lililonse, kufalitsidwa m'ma lipoti poyera. Ntchito imeneyi ya "nammi ndi sham, pamene kuli kotsutsana, imapereka njira yofunika kuyankha mlandu imene maboma okha siithandiza.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kuyambukira ndi Kupima Miliri

Mabungwe apadziko lonse achirikiza kwambiri ulamuliro wawo m’madera angapo amene apanga mapindu aakulu oyerekezera. Kupenda mbali zimenezi kumapereka chidziŵitso chotsimikizirika cha mmene kusintha kukuchitidwira ndi zotulukapo zimene kwafikirapo.

Kulimbikitsa Mayendetsedwe a Ndalama a Anthu Onse

Kuyang'anira chuma cha anthu onse kuli ntchito yokhazikitsa. Bank, kupyolera mwa Programme Global Prevenation Practice, yakhala mtsogoleri m'kuchirikiza Public Financial Management (PFM) kusintha. PLT] PULT [PULT] PUP] Plicturetureturetureture ndi Auniversurence (PANUTS) [PA] [[FFLAN]] [[FLT]] Programme , pulogalamu yambiri yothandiza kusanthula madongosolo a PFM. Chipangizo chimenechi chimathandiza maboma kuzindikira kulephera kwapadera kwa kapangidwe ka bajeti, kuŵerengera, ndi kuyang'anira. Chitukuko, chitukuko cha maprojekiti opanga malonda opanga malonda ndi ntchito zina za m'dziko la Sierrace inachirikiza kukonzanso kwa ndalama, ndi kukonzanso kwa ndalama zambiri za kukonzanso kwa anthu.

Kupita Patsogolo Poona Malo Oyera ndi Kulimbana ndi Kupanga

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) yakhala patsogolo kuchirikiza njira za dziko zotsutsa chiphuphu. Ntchito ya UNDP kaŵirikaŵiri imasumika pambali yotetezera njira zachinyengo, kuthandiza maiko kukhazikitsa makhonsati a kudziimira otsutsa chisakoswe, kukhazikitsa kupezeka kwa malamulo, ndi kuchirikiza kuonekera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, UNDP yachirikiza kupangidwa kwa maluso a boma m'maiko akuyanja ku Latin America ndi Africa, kutheketsa nzika kuyang'anira kuwonongedwa kwa anthu onse ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kuŵerengera mlandu. Banki ya World Vanstole As Rerevorence (SAR), kugwirizana ndi Ofesi ya UN pa Mankhwala ndi Krime (UNDC), imatumikira kubwerera ku maiko omatukuka, kutumiza lamulo lamphamvu ndi kutumiza chiphuphu, kutumiza lamulo lamphamvu la kayendetsedwe ka ka ka kawonetseke, kuimira ntchito yotsika yapamwamba. Zimenezi zimaimira ntchito zalamulo, ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito ya lamulo, kukhazikitsa boma, ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu, kugwirizanitsa ntchito za boma, kukhazikitsa chigalamu, ndi kukhazikitsa chigalamu.

Kuchirikiza Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo ndi Ufulu wa Kuweruza

Maboma a boma ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa mapangano, kuteteza ufulu wa katundu, ndi kukhazikitsa chilungamo chofanana. Yuropu Union (EU) yapanga ulamuliro wa malamulo kukonzanso mzati wa kuwonjezera kwake. Mayiko akhansidenti ayenera kusonyeza mbiri yolembedwa ya ufulu wa chiweruzo, njira zoletsa kuipitsa, ndi ulemu pa zoyenera zazikulu asanavomereze ku Komiti ya Malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kwakhala kolimba kwamphamvu kwa kusintha ku Central ndi Kummaŵa kwa Ulaya ndi Western Balkan. EU imapereka maprogramu aakulu a antchito a boma, kumene antchito a boma ochokera kumaiko omwe alipo ndi ziwalo zawo akugwira ntchito kumbali kwa mayiko ena kupanga malamulo atsopano, zipolowe, ndi kuwongolera dongosolo la bwalo lamilandu. Pamene njirayi ilibe yopanda mavuto ake amphamvu kwambiri, ina ya kusintha madongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri.

Kuyendetsa Malo Oonera Zinthu Mosinthasintha ndi Kusamalira Ngongole

IMF yakhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'kupititsa patsogolo kuwonekera kwa makampani, kuzindikira kuti ndalama za anthu zachiphamaso zili maziko oyambitsira ziphuphu ndi kusasamala. [FLT]F] IMF’S Fiscal Transparency Code [ imapereka malamulo ndi mfundo zomveka bwino. Mautumiki a zaluso amathandiza mayiko kutulukira mipata yawo yochitira lipoti ndi kukulitsa njira zowongoletsera kuonekera bwino, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa bwino mabizinesi a boma ndi mabizinesi a anthu onse. M'malo audindo a ngongole, IMFF ndi Bank akugwira ntchito ndi mayiko amene akulimbikitsa kujambula ndi kuyang'anira. Zimenezi zathandiza kuti mayiko ambiri ayambe kuyang'anizana ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kuyendetsa bwino zinthu kopindulitsa ndi kopindulitsa kwa makampani opindulitsa.

Kulimbana ndi Mavuto Olimbana Nawo Ndiponso Zifukwa Zandale

Ngakhale kuti mabungwe a mayiko amathandiza kwambiri, kukonza zinthu n’kovuta mwachibadwa ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kumakhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kuipa kwa Chifuniro cha Ndale ndi Kukhala Mwini Nyumba

Masinthidwe a boma nthaŵi zambiri amasokoneza zinthu zokhazikika. Amene amapindula ndi madongosolo oumiriza, uyang'aniro wochepa, kapena kulamulira kwanzeru pa zinthu zambiri kaŵirikaŵiri adzatsutsa kusintha. Mabungwe apadziko lonse angapereke uphungu wa ndalama ndi luso, koma sangathe kupanga chifuniro chandale. Kusintha kwachipambano kwambiri ndi kuja kwa atsogoleri a m’banja ndi okonzanso zinthu. Pamene kusintha kukuonedwa kukhala kusintha kwa kunja koikidwiratu, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachiphamaso kapena pambuyo pochepa kwa chitsenderezo chakunja. Kusintha ku "kusintha kwa problen-druvery kusintha kwake kowona mtima" kumasonyeza kuzindikira kuti kusintha kokhoza kukhazikika kuyenera kukhala kosonkhezeredwa ndi kwa m’kati ndi kwanzeru, ndi mabwenzi a mitundu yonse akuseŵera ochirikiza mbali yapadera osati yotsogolera.

Kuyenera kwa Malemba ndi Kupeŵa Mabuku Obiriŵira

Palibe chitsanzo chimodzi cha ulamuliro wabwino chimene chimagwira ntchito kulikonse. Kusintha kumene kunapambana m'dziko lapakati la ku East Asia kungalephere m'kulandira ndalama zochepa, nkhondo zokantha dziko ku West Africa. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse nthaŵi zina asulizidwa chifukwa cha kupititsa patsogolo zothetsera zoyenerera zimene sizikukhudza za ndale zadziko, chikhalidwe, ndi mbiri yakale. Masinthidwe kuyambitsa njira ya Uyang'aniro Waukulu wa New Public ya kugula ndi kuyendetsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, akhala ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana m'malamulo a ntchito yachiŵeniŵeni ndi maprogramu amwayi okhoza kuchirikiza. Chichirikizo chogwira mtima cha mitundu yonse lerolino chimagogomezera kusinthika, kufufuza, ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku zimene zikuchita m'nkhani zapadera. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti mabungwe a padziko lonse ayambe kudziŵa zinthu, aloŵe m’mipando, ndi kuyendera pamodzi ndi kuyendera nthaŵi yawo.

Kugwirizana ndi Kugaŵanika

Chitokoso chachikulu ndicho chiŵerengero chachikulu cha akanema apadziko lonse ophatikizidwa m'kuchirikiza ulamuliro. Dziko limodzi lingakhale ndi ntchito zambiri zosiyanasiyana zochirikizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a UN, opereka ndalama, mabanki a kupita patsogolo kwa nthaŵi zambiri, ndi ndalama za dziko lonse. Kugawikana kumeneku kungagonjetse madongosolo a dziko, kupanga zoyesayesa zogwirizana, ndi kupanga zinthu zotsutsana. Zoyesayesa zowongolera mgwirizano, monga ngati UN Development System Reformation kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zodalira pamodzi, cholinga cha kuchepetsa mtengo wa malonda ndi kutsimikizira njira yogwirizana. Komabe, zisonkhezero za mabungwe osiyanasiyana zingavute kugwirizanitsa. Kulimba kwa dziko kudalirana kumafuna utsogoleri wamphamvu kuchokera ku maboma a dziko, amene ayenera kukhoza kupanga zofunika ndi kuŵerengerana mlandu kwa mayiko onse kaamba ka kugwirizana nawo.

Kusungika ndi Kuchepetsa Kugwira Ntchito Kwanthaŵi Yaitali

Kusintha kwa boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumatenga zaka khumi kapena kuposapo kusonyeza zotulukapo zenizeni. Madongosolo a ntchito m'mabungwe apadziko lonse ali ovuta kwambiri, kwa zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kumayambitsa chitsenderezo cha mwamsanga, chimene chingagwirizanitse kuchirikiza kusinthika kosavuta, kusintha kwa masinthidwe. Kusintha kusintha kokhazikika kwa masinthidwe pambuyo pa kutha kwa ndalama za kunja kuli vuto losalekeza. Kayendetsedwe ka ndalama kanga kangachepeke kake ka zinthu kanga kangachepeke ngati kukhoza kukukula. Kusintha kwa masinthidwe pa zotulukapo zazikulu monga kuchepetsa umphaŵi kapena kupititsa patsogolo ntchito kwa ntchito kukuvuta kwambiri. Mabungwe a maiko ambiri akuwonjezera kupenda ndi kupenda kolimba kwambiri kwanthaŵi yaitali, koma kanthaŵi ino, kumene kulibe umboni wofunikira kusungidwa.

Malamulo Abwino ndi Malo Ozungulira

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, ntchito ya mabungwe apadziko lonse yokonza zinthu zosintha iyenera kupitirizabe kusintha mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa dziko lapansi.

Kusintha Masamu Kuti Akhale ndi Umboni

Kusintha kwa makompyuta kumapereka zipangizo zatsopano zamphamvu zothandizira kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera. Mabungwe a padziko lonse akuchirikiza maboma kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a manambala, mapulatifomu okonza zinthu, ndi madoko a makompyuta amene amapangitsa ntchito za boma kuonekera bwino ndiponso kukhala zogwira bwino. Ntchito ya World Bank pa Govtech ndi UNDP yathandiza mayiko kukwera kwambiri, madongosolo a makompyuta ozikidwa pa magetsi. Komabe, kusintha kwa maawitiki kumayambitsanso ngozi, kuphatikizapo kutsendereza, kuyang'anira, ndi kuopsa kwa pa Intaneti. Mabungwe a padziko lonse ali ndi ntchito yopanga malamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono m'makompyuta m'chigawo cha anthu onse, kutsimikizira kuti masinthidwe a makompyuta apamwamba m’malo mwa kuchepetsa chikhulupiriro m'boma.

Kufutukuka kwa Kummwera kwa Kum’mwera ndi Kugwirizana Kozungulira

Chitsanzo cha mwambo wa kuchirikiza kuyendera limodzi kuchokera ku maiko otukuka kupita ku South South South. Zokumana nazo zachipambano m'maiko onga Brazil, India, ndi South Africa zimapereka maphunziro ofunika kwa mabwenzi ku South. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse angagwire ntchito monga ogwirizana ndi osinthana chidziŵitso chimenechi, kugwirizanitsa ausinkhu wanu ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi makampani a mabungwe amodzi amene amathandiza munthu wopereka ndalama ndi kuchirikiza kusinthitsana kwa ku Southern Southern . Njira imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imasangalala ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi ndale chifukwa chakuti imaonedwa kukhala yocheperapo pang'ono pa chidziŵitso cha dziko limene likutukuka. OCD imathandizira kwambiri pogwirizanitsa njira yokambirana pakati pa OE CD ndi maiko ena, kuvomereza kuti ikhoza kuyenda bwino.

Kusintha kwa Maulamuliro ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumapereka chitokoso chachikulu. Mabungwe a maiko akuzindikira mowonjezereka kuti kachitidwe kabwino ka nyengo kamafunikira mabungwe amphamvu, kuyang'anira ndalama zowonekera, ndi malamulo. Green Climate Fund, yosungidwa ndi World Bank ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi UN, imafunikira miyezo yolimba ya malo okhala ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala ndi za mayanjano ku kuigwiritsira ntchito bwino. Kuchirikiza maboma kusamalira ndalama za nyengo mowonetsera, kulamulira bwino misika ya carbon, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a malo okhala ndi ulamuliro. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwa ulamuliro ndi madongosolo a za nyengo kumatsimikizira kuti kuyenda kwachuma kochitidwa kuli kochitidwa kulinganiza kwa nyengo ndi kuzoloŵera ndi kuzoloŵera kwabwino, ndi kuti anthu okhala ndi zigamu zamphamvu zimene zikuyambukira malo awo ndi moyo wawo.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi maboma adziko m'mbali ya ulamuliro ndi wovuta, wamphamvu, ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Kumaphatikizapo kutengera malamulo, makonzedwe a zandalama, kumanga udindo, ndi kuŵerengera. Umboni umasonyeza kuti chichirikizo chimenechi chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri pamene chikukhudzana ndi nkhani za m'nkhani, ndale, kuyang'anira, ndiponso kukhala ndi moyo weniweni wa oseŵera. Kupambana kwa makampani a zachuma, kutsutsa kulephera, ndi kukonza malamulo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kumasonyeza phindu la pangano la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kugaŵana kwa ndale, kugawikana, kugaŵana, ndi kuchirikiza kulimbikitsa mphamvu za kudzichepetsa kwa kunja ndi kudzichepetsa. Pamene anthu apadziko lapansi akulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano, zofuna zabwino, ndi kufalikira, ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu apadziko lonse, ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu. Mabungwe apadziko lonse adzayamba kukhazikitsabe ntchito yothandiza kwambiri pomanga mapangano a anthu ogwirizana.