Mbiri Yakale: Vuto la Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Pambuyo pa Chipanduko cha America, maboma atsopano odziimira okha amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation, maziko amene anatsimikizira kukhala osakwanira momvetsa chisoni. Boma lalikululo linalibe mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ake. Shays’s Regault mu 1786 inavumbula kutha kwa dziko, kupempha boma lamphamvu kwambiri. Bungwe la Constitution la 1787 linatulutsa chikalata chatsopano cholamulira, koma linapanga pepala losiyana kwambiri ndi ena. Otsutsa, odziŵika kuti Anti-Fédalist , anatsutsa kuti Lamulo lolingaliridwalo limapereka mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri kwa wolamulira wapakati ndipo analibe chilolezo cha ufulu wa anthu.

M’moyo woipidwa umenewu mmene Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay anayamba kulemba mpambo wa nkhani 85 pansi pa dzina lachipani lachimuna la “Publius.” Lofalitsidwa pakati pa October 1787 ndi August 1788 mu nyuzipepala za New York, nkhani zimenezi zolembedwa zokhala ndi cholinga chosonkhezera malingaliro a anthu ndi kusungidwa kwa otchuka, makamaka m’dziko la New York. Federalist Papers inapereka kuchirikiza kolimba ndi kopindulitsa kwa Malamulo, kulongosola malamulo ake, kulungamitsa mphamvu zake, ndi kufotokoza mantha a awo amene anaziona kukhala chiwopsezo cha ufulu.

Kumangidwa ndi Kulembedwa kwa Publius

Mankhaniwo anatulutsidwa mofulumira kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri akuwonekera tsiku limodzi kapena aŵiri pambuyo pa kulembedwa. Hamilton, amene analinganiza ntchitoyo, analemba nkhani zambiri . Madison anapereka makumi aŵiri ndi anayi, ndipo Jay analemba asanu. Pambuyo pake maphunziro afotokoza bwino lomwe kugawiridwa kwa nkhani zambiri zotsutsana, koma mawu ogwirizana a “Publius” akhalabe pangano la kugwirizana kwawo. Nkhani iliyonse inachita chitsutso kapena kufotokoza mbali ina ya Malamulo olingaliridwa, kuchokera ku kufunika kwa mkulu wamphamvu ku pulani ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi nthambi ya chiweruzo.

Kulamulira Chiwawa cha Kudzisamalira Na. 10

Mwinamwake wotchulidwa kwambiri pa nkhani zonse, Federalist No. 10, wolembedwa ndi James Madison, akulongosola za ngozi ya gulu la anthu . Magulu ogwirizana ndi chiwongola dzanja chimodzi ku ufulu wa nzika zina kapena ubwino wa anthu. Otsutsa za Federali ananena kuti boma lalikulu lingakhale lopanda ulamuliro ndi kuti ndi kagulu kakang'ono chabe ka anthu ogwirizana kamene kangasunge ufulu. Madison anasintha maganizo ameneŵa. Iye ananena kuti dziko lalikulu, mwa kuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu a anthu, lingachititse kuti chiwembu chikhale chovuta kwambiri kuti chipeze anthu ambiri ndi kupondereza ena.

Madison analemba kuti: “[Kusintha kwa atsogoleri andale kungayambitse mphamvu ya dziko lawo, koma kudzakhala kosakhoza kufalitsa moto wambiri ku United States. Kuzindikira kumeneku [1] kuti kukula ndi kusiyana kwa United States kungagwirizanitse ulamuliro wandale. Kumeneku kunapereka chilungamitso champhamvu cha dongosolo la boma limene likugawidwa pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma, ndipo kudzakhala maziko a ufulu wa ku America.

Wolinganiza Wadziko Na. 51: Macheke, Kulinganizika, ndi Makonzedwe a Boma

Mu Federalist No. 51, Madison analongosola njira imene mphamvu ya boma ingakhale yochepa. Mawu otchuka kwambiri a nkhaniyi amajambula mfundo ya pulani ya malamulo: chikhumbo chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chiletse chikhumbo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kuti kuti kuti kuti kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri, Konsichushoni imapatsa nthambi iliyonse ndi njira zopitira kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa ena. Chigwirizano, nduna, ndi nthambi za khoti za khoti zimapatsidwa mphamvu zoyanjanitsidwa.

Madison anafotokozanso kufunika kwa chisungiko cha kaŵiri kaamba ka ufulu: kugaŵana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, ndi kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma lenilenilo. Dongosolo loikidwa lopendedwa ndi la malingana limatsimikizira kuti ngakhale ngati mbali imodzi ya boma ikhala yoipa, inayo ingaletse ntchito zake. Malamulo otchulidwa mu No. 51 ali maziko a dongosolo lalamulo la U.S. ndipo amatchulidwa nthaŵi zonse m’zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba ponena za kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro.

Wolinganiza Na. 78: Kudziimira Paokha kwa Chipani cha Asilikali

Alekizanda Hamilton ndi amene analemba nkhani yaikulu ya ntchito ya atsatiri a boma m’malamulo. Hamilton ananena kuti jaji inali nthambi yosaopsa chifukwa chakuti inali yopanda ulamuliro pa chikwama kapena lupanga. Ikanachititsa kuti makhoti azitha kudziimira okha. Kuteteza ufulu wa munthu, Hamilton anachirikiza moyo wa oweruza a boma (kugonjera ku khalidwe labwino) ndi malipiro osatha kutha potumikira. Malamulowa, iye anatsutsa kuti, anali ofunika kuti makhoti azitha kugwira ntchito monga chitetezo chotsutsana ndi lamulo la boma kapena kuukira boma.

Chofunika kwambiri, Hamilton anayala chiphunzitso cha kupenda kwachiweruzo . Mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo kukhala osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Analemba kuti kumasulira malamulo ndiko chigawo chapadera ndi chapadera cha makhoti. Hamilton analingalira kuti ngati lamulo loikidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo limatsutsa Malamulo, makhoti ayenera kuchirikiza malamulo monga mmene mawu apamwamba a anthu. Chifukwa chimenechi pambuyo pake chinapeza mawu ake omveka bwino kwambiri m'nkhani yotchuka Barbury v. Math . Math [18]] [18]), kumene Woweruza Wamkulu Yohane Marshall adakhazikitsa mphamvu ya kupenda. Pangano lowonjezera, No.

Chisonkhezero pa Malamulo a ku United States ndi Kumasulira Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti Federalist Papers anali mabuku a mkupiti olembedwa kusungitsa kusungidwa, iwo mwamsanga anapeza ulamuliro wapadera monga matanthauzo a tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo. Makhoti, makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba, alemba m'milandu mazana ambiri kuti adziŵe cholinga cha Mafaramers. Zolembazo siziri zolamulira lamulo, koma zili pakati pa magwero ofunika koposa a kumasulira koyambirira. Justice Joseph Story, m'makalata ake , olemba pa Malamulo , kuwatamanda monga “mawu a ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Khoti Lalikulu ndi Mapepala a Oyang’anira Mafuko

Kuchokera ku Republic yoyambirira kufika ku tsiku lamakono, Bwalo Lapamwamba la Mapepala latembenukira ku Mafuno a Malamulo kuti lithetse nkhani za tanthauzo la lamulo. [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall wotchulidwa Federal No. 44 kuchirikiza chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro . lingaliro lakuti Court ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwatsatanetsatane m'malamulo. M'zaka za zana la 20, Supt . [[FLT:] Mu Khoti Virginia. [FLT:] [FL:] [FL:] [12] [12] [4], khoti lonena za chikalatachonse cha boma kutsimikizira. [F.]

Zida Zomasulira: Kuyamba Kulemba ndi Konsichushoni Yamoyo

Federalist Papers ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa oweruza ndi akatswiri amene amamamatira ku chiphunzitso choyambirira . lingaliro lakuti Malamulo ayenera kutembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu la malemba ake. Olemba m’Chipangano Chatsopano kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula zolembazo monga umboni wa mmene makonzedwe a Malamulo anamvedwera panthaŵi ya kutembenuza. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, wotsogolera woyambirira, anatchula kaŵirikaŵiri mapepala a Federalist pa malingaliro ake. Kumbali ina ya matanthauzo ake, awo amene amayanja “malamulo a moyo” amagwirizananso ndi nkhani, koma amagogomezera mapulinsipulogalamu aakulu monga boma ndi mphamvu zochepetsedwa. Kumasulira njira yolinganizidwa ndi mafamenti, Pedial Paption.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malamulo a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Anafuna kuti alemberedwe ufulu monga mkhalidwe wa kupeputsa. Federalist Papers inayankha mwa kunena kuti lamulo la ufulu silinali chabe losafunikira komanso loopsa. Mu Federalist No. 84, Hamilton anachenjeza kuti kundandandalika zoyenera kungamvedwe ngati kupatsa mphamvu za boma pa ufulu uliwonse wosandandandalikidwa. Analemba kuti: nchifukwa ninji [adzalengeza kuti zinthu sizidzachitika zimene sizingachitike? Malamulo anali opatsa ufulu wochepa, mphamvu zolamulira, zogaŵa mphamvu; mphamvu iliyonse sinalongedwe ku maulamuliro kapena anthu. Lamulo la ufulu, Federalvition, likhoza kunena kuti boma lili ndi ulamuliro wa madera opatulidwa.

Mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kumeneku, Congress yoyamba inalinganiza kuti Bill of Rights ($10] kukonzanso kwa ufulu wina [“mu 17899, ndipo inavomerezedwa ndi maboma mu 1791.' Mfundo za Federalist Paper sizinapambane pamfundo imeneyi, koma zinakonzanso chinenero chomalizira cha Ninthner Conformation, chimene chimalongosola kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu wina “kudzakhala kosalingaliridwa kukana kapena kuchotsa ena osungidwa ndi anthu. Kuthetsa kumeneku kumawonjezera nkhaŵa imene Hamilton anaitchula mu Federalist No. 84. Ndiponso, nkhanizo za kutetezera maulamuliro, chigwirizano ndi kulinganiza, kufufuza ndi kulinganiza zinthu zina, kuwonjezera, ndi kutetezera kolimba kwambiri, kaamba ka ufulu.

Malamulo Okonzedwanso ndi Kufutukula Ufulu Wanu

Malamulo operekedwa mu Federalist Papers adasonkhezeranso kusintha kwa malamulo a boma pambuyo pake. Courtments (Thirteenth, 145, ndi 15th) inasintha unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma, kupereka chitetezo cha boma pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa chiŵeruzo. M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Servement Claus ya Demendment ya 145 ku “kuchepetsa". Malamulo ambiri a Bill of Rights, kuwagwiritsira ntchito ku maboma. Njira imeneyi ya kugawa ndi mizu yake m’chiyeso ya boma logwirizana ndi boma limene lingateteze ufulu wa nzika pamene boma likulephera kuchita motero. Nkhaniyo ponena za ufulu wa boma wamphamvu wa boma kutetezera ufulu wa boma ndi Woweruza.

Kunyada ndi Kupitiriza Kukambitsirana kwamakono

Federalist Papers sizongopanga za mbiri yakale; izo zidakali mbali ya moyo ya makambitsirano alamulo ndi andale. Madenti, ziŵalo za Congress, ndi oweruza amapitirizabe kuwagwira mawu kuchirikiza malo awo. Makalatawo agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makambitsirano a mphamvu ya ulamuliro (m'zaka za zana la 70), ukulu wa mfundo za malonda (Oferalist No. 42), ntchito ya Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo (Oferalist. 62-63), ndi malire oyenera a kupendanso milandu. M'zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zoyamba, akatswiri afufuzanso mapepala m'zachuma, boma, ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, No. Ogwirizana 51 amatchulidwa ndi amene akutsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro. Momwenso, boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndalama za bungwe la bungwe la United States.

Zovuta ndi Zolephera

Ngakhale kuti Federalist Papers amalemekezedwa kwambiri, sachita kusulizidwa. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti nkhanizo zinali zokopa zolinganizidwa kupambana nkhondo ya ndale zadziko, ndipo chifukwa chake siziyenera kuonedwa kukhala zolongosola zauchete za tanthauzo lalamulo. Ena amawona kuti olembawo anasonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro a nyengo yawo, kuphatikizapo kuvomerezedwa kwa ukapolo. Malamulo amene Federali anachirikiza anthu aukapolo monga anthu atatu a munthu pazifukwa za kuimira, ndipo nkhanizozo zimanena zochepa ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukapolo. Kupanda mawu ameneŵa kwachititsa ena kukayikira kuyenerera kwa kumasulira malamulo a boma m’chitaganya chamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi cha anthu. Komabe, ngakhalenso otsutsa akuvomereza mphamvu yopirira za kutsutsana kwa mfundozo, ndi ufulu wa kudziimira paweruza.

Zimene Anaphunzira

Kumvetsa bwino ntchito ya Federalist Papers m'kuumba malamulo ndi zoyenera za United States, nkothandiza kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zazikulu zingapo kuposa pa trio yotchuka. Federallist No. 9, yolembedwa ndi Hamilton, ikufotokoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bungwe la United Union monga chitetezo cha m'banja ndi kuopsa kwachilendo. Ayi. 23 amatsutsa kufunika kwa boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zotetezera. Osati Masson, amalongosola mkhalidwe wa boma latsopano, kugogomezera kuti ndilo la dziko limodzi ndi logwirizana. Ayi, kupenda kulekana kwa maulamuliro a maulamuliro, pamene kuli kutsutsa kuloŵerera. No. 62 - 63 amalongosola mbali ya boma lokhazikitsa. Nambala 70 imapangitsa mkhalidwe wa bomalo, ngakhale linzake.

  • [['FLT:0] Mndandanda wa zinthu Na. 9 [[MLT:1] - magetsi a Union monga chitetezo ku chigaŵenga ndi chipanduko.
  • M'bulu Na. 10 – Upandu wa kuulutsa ndi mapindu a lipabuliki yaikulu.
  • M'list No. 39 - Msanganizo, mbali imodzi ndi mbali mbali ya mkhalidwe wa boma.
  • M'list No. 51 – cheke ndi magetsi, kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, ndi chisungiko cha kuŵiri cha ufulu.
  • [[MLT: 0] M'sankhi No. 70 – Kufunika kwa bwana mmodzi, wamphamvu.
  • Mndandanda wa anthu Na. 78 - Ufulu wa achiweruzo ndi mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo.
  • Mndandanda Na. 84 – Zikalata za ufulu ndi kuweruzidwa kwa mphamvu.

Chiyambukiro cha Maphunziro ndi Ukwati

Federalist Papers si za maloya ndi oweruza okha; iwo amapatsidwa mofala m'makalasi a koleji pa boma la America, ziphunzitso zandale, ndi lamulo la malamulo. Iwo amapereka ophunzira mawindo a mwachindunji a mfundo zimene zinaumba kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtunduwo. Mabungwe onga National Archives ndi [FLT] ndi [FLT] Lystes ya Congress [[Foct:3] amapereka makope ndi ziŵindi za maphunziro. Makalatawo akusonyezanso mbali zazikulu m'maphunziro olinganizidwa kuchirikiza kumvetsetsa kwa malamulo. M'nyengo ya kuwonjezeka kwa gulu, mafalitime amatumikira monga chikumbutso chakuti ma programme olinganizidwa mwadala kutsutsana m’zoloŵeramo m’malo mwa kuichotsa.

Kumaliza: Chikalata Choyambirira cha Chilamulo cha ku America

Federalist Papers idakali magwero ofunika kwa aliyense wofunafuna kumvetsetsa maziko alamulo ndi anthanthi a United States. Anaumba mkanganowo pa kupekedwa, monga ngati kulungamitsa kwa mutu wa Malamulo, ndi kupitirizabe kusonkhezera kumasulira malamulo ndi kutetezera ufulu. Kuzindikira kwa boma, kuopsa kwa mapangano, kufunika kwa kupenda ndi kulinganiza, ndi ntchito ya komiti yodziimira payokha n’zofunika lerolino monga momwe zinalili m’ma 1780. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo asinthidwa ndi kufotokozedwanso zaka mazana aŵiri, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino olongosoledwa ndi Publius adakalibe malo a malo a malamulo a American ovomerezeka.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, malembo onse a Federalist Mapepala akupezeka kupyolera mwa Canfor.gov compact ndi Project ku Yale Law School [1]. Zopereka zimenezi zimalola oŵerenga kupenda zolemba zoyambirira zonse ndi kupenda ziyambukiro zawo pa zochitika zalamulo zotsatira.