Political Action Committee (PACs) yakhala ziŵiya zamphamvu kwa nthaŵi yaitali zothandizira anthu ndi kusonkhezera zivomerezo. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PC akugwira ntchito mu United States, ma PCS ali ndi malo osiyana ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi makampani awo ogwirizana ndi makampani, maukwati a antchito, makampani, kapena mabungwe a mamembala a ma PCs , omwe amayendera okha. Amapempha ndalama kuchokera kwa mkulu wa boma ndi kukhazikitsa ndalamazo kuti asungerere kapena kutsutsa nkhani zina, malamulo, kapena njira zoyendetsera. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, mbali ya PCC yosagwirizana ndi anthu ogwirizana m'nkhani ya ndawala za malonda zakula, kuwachititsa kutsutsa kotsutsa m'zandale zamakono. Nkhaniyi imapereka mayeso osakhala aumboni a boma, malamulo, ndi masinthidwe awo a zalamulo, ndi mapangano, ziyambukiro, zokambirana za milandu zogwirizana ndi nkhani zawo.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Pansi pa lamulo la zandalama la boma, PPAC ndi gulu limene siligwirizana ndi bungwe, gulu la antchito, gulu lophatikiza ziwalo, kapena gulu lina lililonse limene lingakhazikitse PC. Liwulo limafotokozedwa ndi Federal Ecompution Commission (FAC) pansi pa 11 FR 0.5 (e). Ma PAC ali ndi malongosolee, ulusi umodzi, kapena gulu lina lochititsa kuti anthu ayambe kupereka mwaufulu kwa munthu mmodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa, malamulo, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo, kapena kukwaniritsa malamulo.

PACI, kusiyana ndi, amadalila ndalama zawo za kucokela kwa anthu. Iwo amalandila ndalama za gulu lacindunji, mamembala, kapena mabwana, ndipo ntchito zawo n’zogwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu lochirikiza zinthu. Osalumikizana ndi ma PC, kudalira pa ndalama zoyendetsera kampani yaikulu. Saona za bungwe limodzi kapena za bungwe limodzi, zimene zimawalola kuyang'ana mwamsanga pakati pa nkhani ndi kusungitsa munthu mmodzi wa m’banja lawo losankhidwa. Zitsanzo za anthu osagwirizana zimaphatikizapo bungwe la American Liberian Union (ACC) PACC) PCC), PC, Kachithandizo Kayendetse ndalama, ndi bungwe losakhala la National Revidential Fund (zikulu za ndalama za NRA n’zosagwirizana ndi ndalama zake, monga ngati zikhoza kuwonjezera pa CC, ngakhale kuwonjezera panyuluso, kuti zikhoza kuwonjezera ndalama za anthu ena osoŵa. Komabe, ngakhale kuti pa CCC, pazikhoza kuwonjezera patchose, ndipo paunika ndalama zina zapadera, zikhoza kuwonjezera pat'zonse, kungowonjezera pat.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Chisinthiko

Kapangidwe kamakono ka PC kanalinganizidwa ndi Federal EFURANT Act (FACA) ya 1971 ndi kukonza kwake mu 1974, kumene kunakhazikitsa malire a zopereka ndi zofunika zodziŵira. Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba Bockley v. Valeo chinasiyanitsidwanso pakati pa zopereka (zimene zikhoza kukhala zopereŵera) ndi ndalama zodziimira (zosangakhale ndi malire a nthaŵi yaitali imene sanagwirizane ndi ofunsira). Chigamulochi chinatse chitseko cha anthu osagwirizana ndi PPACs kuti adzipereke mopambanitsa pa nkhani yokhudzana ndi nkhani.

Mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi 1990, ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa anafalikira pamene magulu a malingaliro anazindikira kuti angapereke zopereka zazing'ono ndi kusonkhezera pankhondo za malamulo. Kukwera kwa ndalama zaposi kumapereka ndalama zapadera ndi makompyuta pambuyo pake kunakhozetsa ma PAC ameneŵa kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zamphamvu popanda kufunikira dongosolo la kalelo. [FL:0] Citinisens United v. FORC . [FFLT:1] kupanga chosankha choperekedwa mwaufulu mwa kulola makampani ndi maukwati kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamaliritsika, ndi makhoti apamwamba otsalirapo podziimira, ndipo mabwalo apansi otsatirapo akutsogolera ku chilengedwe cha PC. Pamene kuli kuchirikiza kosiyana kwa PC. Oposa onsewo amatsogolera ku mtundu wa PCC, iwo sangachitenso ntchito yake yosiyana koma osagwirizana. Komabe, ngakhale kuti angopereka ndalamazo.

Ntchito Yolimbana ndi Nkhani ya Usilikali

Ma PAC ndi oseŵera apamwamba ogwirizana ndi nkhani ya kufalitsa nkhani za kukhazikitsa malingaliro a anthu, kusonkhezera zotulukapo za boma, kapena malamulo oyendetsera ntchito popanda kuyang'ana chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa. Mosiyana ndi ma PC ongowonedwa ndi ofunsira, kufalitsa PCs angaloŵetse m'nkhani za malamulo a poyamba pa teji, kusonkhanitsa udzu, ndi zoyesayesa za nthaŵi yaitali za maphunziro. Ufulu wawo kwa gulu kapena bungwe la kampani umawapatsa mphamvu yopanga ziganizo zimene sizingatheke kugwirizanitsa PCs ndi gulu lalikulu.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Ambiri

Chimodzi cha ntchito zazikulu za PPACs (zosagwirizana ndi anthu) chikusintha malingaliro a anthu. Kupyolera mwa kusatsa malonda koperekedwa (wailesi, wailesi, wailesi), , zoulutsira mawu zopezedwa (zotulutsidwa, zojambula, makampani a za mayanjano), ndi pangano lachindunji (makalata, maholo a tauni), iwo angawonjeze chithunzi cha nkhani ndi kuikonza kwa osankha ndi opanga malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, PACIPUC yosanja yosagwirizana ndi malamulo aupandu ingayambitse malonda otse ntchito yokopa kutsutsa, mwakutero kukakamiza opanga malamulo kuchitapo kanthu.

Kulowera Malamulo Motsatira Malamulo ndi Kuphunzitsa Mwachindunji

Ma PAC amene sawalumikiza kaŵirikaŵiri amalemba otsata otsata mwambo ndi kusungitsa antchito achikhalire ku Washington kapena malikulu a boma. Iwo amayang'anira malamulo, malamulo achidule, ndi kukumana ndi opanga malamulo kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa ndalama zapadera. Chifukwa chakuti iwo samayang'aniridwa ndi chikalata chimodzi cha kulinganizika kwa bungwe, iwo angachirikize malo onga ngati uchete, kuwongolera kochitidwa ndi mankhwala ovomerezedwa, kapena kusintha mkhalidwe wadziko kumene kunganyalanyazidwe ndi opanga ganyu.

Maluwa Ochititsa Nthumanzi

Kupyola mkati mwa wailesi ya Beltway, APACI Opanda olumikizidwa apambana pa maprikiti ogwirizanitsa udzu. Iwo angalinganize makampani a banki, machenjezo a email, ndi maulendo ogwirizana ku maofesi a msonkhano. Cholinga ndicho kusonyeza chichirikizo chachikulu cha anthu (kapena chitsutso) kaamba ka lamulo, mwakutero kupereka chikuto cha ndale zadziko kwa opanga malamulo kuvota mogwirizana ndi malo a PC. Osagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri ndi magulu ena a anthu, kupanga zigwirizano zimene zimawafikira.

Mkupiti wa Maphunziro

Ma PAC ambiri osalumikizidwa ndi ovota amasumika maganizo kwambiri pa maphunziro, kufalitsa makina osindikiza, makadi oŵerengera, ndi zitsogozo. Mwakudziŵitsa wosanthula za malamulo ocholoŵana . Monga malamulo a zamalonda, kusintha kwa zaumoyo, kapena mapangano achiweruzo . Awa ndi ma PaC amaumba nkhani zimene ovota amapanga zosankha. Ntchito yophunzitsa imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imayala maziko a zoyesayesa za pambuyo pake m'mavoti.

Maluso Omwe Sakugwirizanitsidwa ndi Mapale Omwe Ali Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

PCs imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirizana ndi chuma chawo, zolinga zawo, ndi zandale. Pansipa pali njira zambiri:

  • Independent Expenditures [1]: Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC amwambo osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ali ndi polekezera m'zopereka zachindunji, angawononge ndalama zosaŵerengeka pa zowonongedwa zaumwini(masiye, otumiza makalata, kapena kulankhulana kwina kumene kumatsimikizira kwa wofunsira kapena motsutsana naye popanda kugwirizanitsa ndi mkupiti wake. Zowonongedwa zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizidwa m'madera opikisana kumene kopeka kopedwa kungasonkhetse fuko lapafupi.
  • [[FLT :0] Ndizo TV ndi Kutsatsa malonda kwa Digital [1]: Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsa malonda osatsa malonda ovuta amene amasumika pa chosankha cha wopanga malamulo kapena ziyambukiro za chikalata choyembekezera. Chifukwa chakuti kutsatsa malonda kumeneku kumayendera paokha, kukhoza kukhala kwamphamvu ndi kwamaganizo, koyambitsa mkangano wapoyera.
  • Nyumba ya Makomboni [1] : Mwa kugwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo osapanga phindu, mayanjano a malonda, ndi ma PAC, ma PC osagwirizanitsidwa angagwirizanitse zinthu ndi kupereka kutsogolo kogwirizana. Makampani a malonda angapereke kufufuzidwa kwapamwamba ndi kuulutsa kwa unyinji wa manyuzipepala kumene kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa kusonkhezera malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Litigation ndi Amicus Mifuno [1]: Nkhani ina ya kuletsa kulakwa imachita machenjera alamulo, kulembetsa milandu kapena kupereka chidule cha makhoti zimene zikukhudza nkhani zawo zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa mfuti kochirikiza PC kungafotokoze mwachidule m'milandu yovuta ya boma yoletsa mfuti.
  • Kuvomereza ndi Kuŵerengera [1]: Ma PAC ambiri osalumikizidwa amafalitsa “machikwangwani” amene opanga malamulo ozikidwa pa mavoti pa nkhani zazikulu. Makhadi apachikwangwani ameneŵa amagaŵiridwa kwa ziŵalo ndi ochirikiza, kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha kuŵerengera ndi kusonkhezera ovota kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa opanga malamulo.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ndi ya Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amagwira ntchito m'malo atsatanetsatane olinganizidwa oyang'anira ndi FEC. Malamulo ofunika amaphatikizapo:

  • Kulembetsa ndi Kusimba : Pambuyo pa kukweza kapena kuwonongera ndalama zoposa $1,000 m'chaka cha kalendala, PAC yosalumikizidwa iyenera kulembetsa ndi FEC ndi malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi oululira zopereka zolandiridwa (kuphatikizapo maina opereka, maadiresi, ntchito, ndi olemba ntchito kaamba ka zopereka zoposa $200) ndi zowonongedwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Khoti Yopereka Malipi [1]: Munthu angapereke $5,000 pachaka ku PC yosalumikizidwa. PaC yosakhala yogwirizanitsidwa ingawonjezere $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse ku komiti ya osankhidwa (masankho aunyinji ndi a onse ali malire opatukana). PaC angaperekenso ndalama zodziimira paokha mosalekeza.
  • Kuvomereza pa Mapilo Amitundu ina : Maiko akunja amaletsedwa kuthandizira pa PC iliyonse, kuphatikizapo yopanda ogwirizanitsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa Malamulo : Ma PAC osalumikizidwa sayenera kugwirizanitsa ndalama zawo zaumwini ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani za ndale zadziko. Ngati pachitika, ndalama zowonongedwazo zimaonedwa monga zopereka zoikidwa pamlingo wochepa.

Kaamba ka chitsogozo cha tsatanetsatane, onani tsamba .FEC pa kusindikiza PAC.

Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo ameneŵa, otsutsa amanena kuti njira zotsekereza zopitira kumbuyo zimalola ma PC kubisa chidziŵitso chenicheni cha wopereka kupyolera mwa makampani kapena mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zotchedwa “ndalama zachinsinsi” mabungwe osafuna phindu amene safunikira kuvumbula zopereka zawo. Zimenezi zasonkhezera makambitsirano opitirizabe ponena za kuoneka bwino.

Kukhudza Ndale ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa akhala mphamvu zazikulu m'makonzedwe a malamulo. Luso lawo lakuyendetsa zinthu paokha ndi kusumika maganizo kwambiri pa nkhani imodzi imawalola kupeza chisonkhezero chosayerekezeka mogwirizana ndi bajeti yawo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchirikiza kwamphamvu yokonzedwa bwino kungasinthe kukambitsirana kwa lamulo mwa kupereka ndalama mwa kufufuza, kukhazikitsa chichirikizo cha anthu, ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti apereke ngongole za msonkho. Mofananamo, kusumika maganizo pa ufulu wachiŵiri wa Amerekale kungayambitse chitsutso choopsa cha kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti, kaŵirikaŵiri kusonkhanitsa mizu ya udzu ndi maofesi a masiteshoni ndi mafoni.

Chisonkhezero cha ma PAC si ogwirizanitsidwa chiri chowonekera makamaka m'zigawo zozungulira ndi pa lamulo lapamwamba la profile . Mkati mwa mkangano pa Affordble Care Act mu 2009-2010, ma PAC ambiri osagwirizanitsidwa kumbali zonse ziŵiri osungidwa kwambiri m'zotsatsa malonda za wailesi yakanema ndi mkupiti wa udzu, kuthandiza kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu. Posachedwapa, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa akhala apakati m'nkhondo za ufulu wosankha, malamulo a za nyengo, ndi kusintha kwa anthu oloŵa m’dziko.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti ali ofunika, ma PAC osalumikizidwa amasulizidwa kwambiri:

  • Malo a Transparency : Ngakhale kuti ma PAC sayenera kuululira operekawo FEC, kuchuluka kwa ma PC ndi mabungwe a ndalama zakuda zasokoneza mizera imeneyi. Ma PAC ena osagwirizana amalandira zopereka kuchokera ku ma PC kapena kuchokera ku phindu lina [[FLT:] 501 (c)(4) [1] Mabungwe amene savumbula okha, kutetezera bwino magwero oyambirira a ndalama.
  • Chisonkhezero Chopambanitsa cha Opereka Achuma [1]: Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PC amalinganizidwira kupereka zopereka zazing'ono zophatikizapo, m’zowonadi ambiri amadalira kwambiri pa anthu achuma oŵerengeka kapena mabungwe. Zimenezi zingafooketse lingaliro la demokalase la kutengamo mbali m’mbali yaikulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Makalata : Chifukwa chakuti ma PAC osalumikizidwa sagwirizana ndi oyembekezera, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatsa malonda aukali oukira. Kuipidwa kumeneku kungakulitse magawano ogaŵanitsa ndi kuletsa pangano la wovota.
  • Kuvuta kwa malamulo [1]: Kusiyana pakati pa nkhani ya kupeputsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kusokoneza n’kovuta kwambiri. Ma PAC osalumikizana ndi pulogalamu ya FEC ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala malamulo a FEC kuti apeŵe kuphwanya malamulo a kagwiridwe ka zinthu kapena kuyambitsa malamulo ena. Kuvuta kwa lamulo kumeneku kungachotse zinthu zimene zingapite ku advocacy.

Kufufuza Nkhani za PaC Yosagwirizanitsidwa

Ndalama Zothandiza Kuteteza Zachilengedwe

Environmental Defense Action Fund (EDAF) ndi PACI imene sigwirizana. EDAF imayang'ana za kusintha kwa nyengo, mpweya woyera, ndi malamulo amadzi oyera. Mkati mwa 2010, inapanga nkhani ya zaka zambiri yokhudza kuchirikiza anthu kuchirikiza lamulo lachipwirikiti ndi lokhudzana ndi malamulo. Kuphatikiza pamodzi malonda a pa TV, mapempho a pa Intaneti, ndi ndalama zodziimira paokha m'mafuko aakulu, EDAF inathandiza kuti apitirizebe kusintha nyengo ya dziko ngakhale pamene lamulo lomveka linalephera. Kuchirikiza kwake kuchirikiza makampani a za nyengo ya makampani a zachippeti ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a gulu la pa Intaneti kungagwiritsitse ntchito yosa kudutsa mpikisano wa PrexC.

Bungwe Loona za Chipambano la Dziko Lonse

NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) ndi odziŵika bwino kwambiri ndi PC . Amayeso otsatiridwa ndi mbiri yawo yachiŵiri ya kukonzanso ndi ovomereza okonzekera mfuti . Kuwonjezera pa zopereka zolunjika, NRA-PVF imawononga ndalama zambiri pa zowonongedwa zaumwini , kuukira olimbana ndi mfuti ndi otsatsa malonda ndi a makalata. Udzu wake umalimbana modabwitsa; “NRA-ILA” (IStive for Legistrative Action) imagwirizanitsa malamulo a boma, monga ngati “kulimbana ndi mfuti yapamwamba ya boma. NRA-PFF imayendetsa malamulo a chipambano m’kuyendetsa bwino nkhondo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Mndandanda wa EMILY

. . . . . . Ngakhale kuti ndi wosankhidwa ndi wotchulidwa pa PCC , EMILY akuchititsanso nkhani yaikulu yokhudza ntchito ya kulera. Imatsogolera maprogramu ophunzitsa osankha ufulu wobereka, ndi makampani odziimira okha amene amachititsa mkangano wokhudza kuchotsa mimba ndi kuletsa mimba.

Kusintha Zinthu

Poyankha nkhaŵa za ndalama zobisika, njira zingapo zosonyezera zatulukira. DISCLOSE Act, yomwe yakhazikitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Congress, ingafunikire ma PAC ndi magulu ena owononga zinthu kuti avumbule opereka ndalama zoposa $10,000. Mayiko ena atengera malamulo awoawo, ofuna kuti ma PaC osalumikizidwa apereke malipo ochulukirapo ndi kudziŵira gwero la zopereka zoikizira. Kuwonjezera apo, FEC yalimbikitsidwa kukonza malamulo ake kuti athetsere malamulo amene amalola anthu olemera kupereka ndalama kudzera mwa ma PC ambiri.

Zipangizo zamakono zimachitanso mbali ina: mabungwe onga Center for Responsive Political (Opensets) ndi kufalitsa nkhani za paC pa PLT , kutheketsa atolankhani ndi oyang’anira kuti atsatire ndalama. Zoyesayesa zoonetsa mobwerezabwereza zimenezi zimathandiza ofufuza kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa, ngakhale kuti sizimachepetsa kwenikweni mphamvu ya ma PCS onse omwe sagwirizana.

Kuwona Zamtsogolo

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ndi mapulatifomu a ku America, makamaka monga nkhani ya kufalitsa kufutukuka kwatsopano monga ngati malamulo opeka a nzeru, kusatetezeka kwa pa Intaneti, ndi chinsinsi cha magetsi. Kukula kopitirizabe kwa mapepala a pa Intaneti ang'onoang'ono a kampani ya pa Intaneti [1] Kuwonjezedwa ndi mapulatifomu onga ngati Act Blue ndi Win Red , kudzathandiza kuti ma PC ambiri aoneke. Komabe, kusintha kwa malamulo (monga ngati khoti lalikulu lamilandu yolamulira kugwetsa [[FLT:]] Citents [FLT]]) angasinthe kwambiri malo. Ngakhale popanda chigamulo chotero, kuchitapo chowonjezereka, kuzungulira mphamvu yosayendera PC kuti avomereze njira zina.

Pamene nzingu za chisankho 2024 ndi 2026 ziyandikira, ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa adzasumika maganizo pa nkhani zotentha: mkhalidwe wakunja, zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba, kusamuka, ndi kusintha kwa democracy. Luso lawo la kukweza ndalama mofulumira, kugawana, ndi kulinganiza nkhani yapoyera limatsimikizira kuti adzakhalabe oseŵera apakati m'kufalitsa ndawala za kuyembekezera mtsogolo.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa amaimira mbali yofunika ndi yamphamvu ya chigawo cha ndawala cha zachuma. Ufulu wawo umawatheketsa kuchirikiza zochititsa zimene zinganyalanyazidwe ndi ma PC ndi zipani za ndale zadziko zogwirizanitsidwa. Mwakusonkhanitsa makampani a udzu, kuchirikiza ndawala za maphunziro, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pazokha, iwo amapanga chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo aŵiri ndi malingaliro a anthu. Komabe mikhalidwe yeniyeni imene imawapangitsa kukhala amphamvu [“kudalira pa ulamuliro wa gulu ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndi zaukulu wa kampani, [1] Kuyesanso moyenerera za kuwala ndi mphamvu ya PCs. Kumvetsetsa mbali ya osakhala ogwirizana ndi ofunikira kuyendetsa malamulo, ochirikiza, ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kuwongolera nkhani zamakono. Pamene dziko landale likusintha, APC ameneŵa adzapitiriza kuyesanso kukhazikitsa malamulo aufulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu a dala la pa ndale, kuchotsapo chigawa.