Maziko a Ulamuliro Wademokalase: Kumvetsetsa Kusankha ndi Upandu

Kusankha ndi kumasulira sikuli chabe zochitika za m’malamulo pakalendala ya ndale zadziko; izo ndizo njira zazikulu zimene zimatembenuza uchifumu wotchuka kukhala ulamuliro wa boma lovomerezeka. M'madongosolo a democracy, njira zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa olamulidwa ndi amene amalamulira, kutheketsa nzika kusankha oimira awo, malangizo a kapangidwe ka ka kapangidwe ka zinthu, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbali zosiyanasiyana za masankhoti ndi maprime, chisinthiko, mavuto amene iwo amayang'anizana nawo, ndi zinthu zatsopano zoumba mtsogolo awo. Kumvetsa kwambiri mabungwe ameneŵa nkofunika poteteza thanzi la demokrase.

Zimene Zimachitika Posankha

Kusankha ndi mtima wa demokalase yoimira demokrase. Zimachita ntchito zambiri zimene zimachirikiza ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi womvera. Popanda masankho aufulu ndi abwino, boma silingavomereze anthu, ndipo kuŵerengera mlandu kumakhala lonjezo lopanda pake. Mapangano aakulu a masankho angagwetsedwe kukhala mizati inayi:

Chithunzi ndi Kusintha

Pamlingo wake waukulu, chisankho ndicho njira yotembenuzira chifuno cha voti m'bungwe lolamulira. Nzika zimasankha anthu amene adzawapangira zosankha m’malo awo, m’chigawo, ndi m'dziko. Chifaniziro chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti mawu osiyanasiyana . Mawu a masamu, chikhalidwe, mtundu, ndi mfundo . Chipambano cha masankho chimapereka lamulo, kusonyeza kwa gulu lopambana kapena woloŵa ntchito ndi malangizo a anthu onse akuyembekezera kuti alondole.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuyang’anira

Masankho olinganizidwa nthaŵi zonse amapanga nthaŵi ya kuŵerengera kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Olemba ayenera kupereka zolembedwa zawo kwa ovota, amene kenaka amaweruza ngati malonjezo anasungidwa ndi kuti ntchito yake inali yokhutiritsa. Chiwopsezo chimenechi cha kuchotsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti achitepo kanthu m’chikondwerero cha anthu mmalo mwa iwo okha, ndipo chimapereka njira yamtendere yopatsira mphamvu pamene osankhidwawo sakhutira. Monga momwe wasayansi wandale Robert Dahl ananenera, masankho ali “kulamulira pansi pa [1] atsogoleri ankhondo kuti avomereze.

Kukhoma Malamulo ndi Kukhazikika

Boma lobadwa pa masankho odalirika limakhala ndi maziko olimba alamulo. Pamene nzika zikhulupirira kuti kachitidweko kanali kachilungamo ndipo kukhalamo kwawoko kumakhala ndi chifuno, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kulandira ulamuliro wa boma, kugwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu. Kuyenera kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale bata landale, makamaka m’madera osiyanasiyana kapena kusintha. Kusankhako kumapereka njira yolinganizidwa, yopanda chiwawa yothetsera mikangano ya anthu ndi kusankha amene ali ndi mphamvu.

Kuthandizana ndi Kugwirizana Kwabwino

Kusankha ndi njira yaikulu yochitira mavoti. Zisankho zimalimbikitsa nzika kukambirana nkhani, kugwirizana ndi mabungwe andale, ndi kukhalabe odziwa.

Udindo Wauchigaŵenga Wosiyana ndi Wina

Pamene kuli kwakuti masankho amwambo amasankha amene adzakhala ndi udindo, maprinsipulo ndiwo njira za mkati zimene zipani za ndale zadziko zimasankhapo oimira awo. Ngakhale kuti sizikuwoneka kwa anthu onse kuposa masankho wamba, mapulaneti ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko, mkhalidwe wa maphwando, ndipo potsirizira pake, zosankha zoperekedwa kwa ovota mu November.

Kusankha ndi Kutsogolera Gulu

Ntchito yaikulu ya chipani ndiyo kupeta mbali ya chiyembekezo kwa munthu mmodzi wosunga. Njira imeneyi si yauchete; imapanga mkhalidwe wa maganizo a chipani. Gulu limene limagwiritsira ntchito mfundo yotsekedwa poyambirira . Imatsegulira kokha ziŵalo za gulu lolembetsa . Imatsegula kutulutsa ofunsira amene amafunsira ku gulu, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala onkitsa kwambiri kuposa osankha.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Zopangapanga ndi Kumanga Chipani

Opaleshoni amapereka mamembala a chipani ndi osankha mawu aakulu m'zochitika za ndale zadziko. Iwo angakhale chiŵiya champhamvu cholimbitsira malo ndi kuumiriza ochirikiza atsopano. Komabe, kutembenukira kwakukulu kuli kochepa kwambiri kuposa kutembenukira kwa anthu onse osankhidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kulirakula, oyera, ndi malingaliro ambiri. Zimenezi zingayambitse “vuto lachipwirikiti” kumene otonza ambiri, osankhidwa opambanitsa amalamulira, kusonkhezera magulu a anthu kukakhala pa malo amene angakhale osayendera kanthu ndi anthu onse.

Zitsanzo Zoyambirira: Chithunzi cha Dziko Lonse

United States ndi wachilendo pamlingo umene imagwiritsira ntchito mapulayimale kusankha mameseji a maofesi pafupifupi onse. Mademokrase ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zochepera za ziŵalo zokhala ndi ziŵalo zolamulira, zonga misonkhano yachigawo, zogwiritsira ntchito, kapena kusankha makomiti a m’kati. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kuli kofunika:

  • Otsekedwa: Mamembala a chipani cholembetsedwa okha angavote. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa chizindikiritso cha chipani ndi kuletsa “kuvota kwa chivoti” kuchokera ku zipani zina. Zofala m'maboma ambiri a U.S.
  • [[FLT: 0] Atsegula Oloŵa: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka angatengemo mbali m'chinthu chachikulu cha chipani chilichonse. Izi zingawonjezere kutuluka kwa gululo koma kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la zinthu (m' lekuatiso, ziŵalo za chipani chimodzi chosankha munthu wofooka kwambiri m’chinthu china).
  • SEMI-open/Semi- Otsekedwa: A project kumene odziimira okha angasankhe chipani chovomerezeka, koma olembetsa angangovotera m'chinthu chachikulu cha chipani chawo.
  • Kumwamba-ŵiri Osankhana (Nonpartisan frate committery): [FLT :1] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mu California, Washington, ndi Nebraska kaamba ka boma ndi mafuko a gulu. Oyembekezera onse amawonekera pa chikalata chimodzi mosasamala kanthu za chipani; opanga mavoti aŵiri opita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse, mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kwa gulu. Dongosolo limeneli limachepetsa kwambiri chisonkhezero cha osunga zipata a gulu.
  • Conuvenations ndi Cauczues: Igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ena (mlongo, kusankha utsogoleri wa Canada) kapena m'maiko onga Iowa ndi Nevada kaamba ka mpikisano wa pulezidenti wa U.S. zimenezi ndizo zowonjezereka koma zoyambitsa kukambitsirana kwakuya pakati pa otenga mbali.

Kaamba ka kupenda kokwanira kwa madongosolo aakulu mu U.S., [[FLT: 0] National Conference of State Legislatures imapereka chitsogozo cha boma ndi dziko.

Kusintha Zinthu Kunachititsa Kuti Zinthu Zikhale ndi Chipangizo Choyambirira

A growing body of political science research suggests that the structure of primaries contributes to political polarization. In closed primaries, the incentive to please an ideologically narrow base can drive candidates to the extremes. The Brennan Center for Justice has analyzed how open primaries might reduce partisan bickering by forcing candidates to appeal to a broader, more diverse electorate. Reforms such as ranked-choice voting (RCV) and top-two primaries are gaining traction as potential antidotes to this dynamic.

Kulemera kwa Mitundu ya Zinyama

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino kufunika kwa masankho.

Zimene Asankha: Chochitika Chachikulu

Izi ndi zisankho zimene zimagamula za kulamulira mabungwe a malamulo a dziko (m'chingamize, Palamende, Congress) ndi mkulu (Presidenti, Nduna Yaikulu). Nthawi zambiri masankho akakhala zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri. Iwo amapanganso maganizo a ndale zadziko ndi kukhazikitsa mapulani a zaka zikubwera. Malamulo padera . Dziko limagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la zolemba zakale, kuimira, kapena chitsanzo chosiyana [1]

Masankho a Maboma ndi a Makampani

Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaphimbidwa ndi mipikisano ya mtundu, masankho a kumaloko ali malo kumene boma liri ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo amasankha oyang'anira mzinda, opanga mabungwe a mizinda, mamembala a bungwe la sukulu, ndi akuluakulu a boma. Akuluakulu ameneŵa amapanga zosankha ponena za malo omanga, sukulu za boma, ma bajeti, ndi ziwiya za kumaloko. Otembenuka m'masankho a kumaloko amadziŵika kukhala otsika kwambiri (kaŵiri mwa 20 peresenti mu United States), kutanthauza kuti kagulu kakang'ono, kodzipereka kwambiri kawo kali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu.

Zosankha Zapadera ndi Zopanga

Chisankho chapadera chimaitanidwa kuti chichotse malo apadera osayembekezeredwa (m’chitsanzo, mpando mu Congress usakhale ndi kanthu) kapena kuti asankhe pa mafunso ena a boma. Mabungwe a Referendendium ndi ma aŵalo othandizira kuvotera mwachindunji pa malamulo, kukonza malamulo alamulo, kapena ngakhale kukumbukira akuluakulu a boma. Maboma a ku California, Oregon, ndi Colorado ali odziŵika bwino chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo koyambirira ndi kutumiza mauthenga. Pamene kuli kwakuti zipangizo zamphamvu za demokrase, iwonso angakhale osavuta kuvomereza bwino ndi kutsendereza nkhani zovuta.

Mmene Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu Imayendera

Chimafuna kulinganiza mosamalitsa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana, zimene ziyenera kuchitidwa mosakondera ndi moonekera bwino kuti anthu azikhulupirirana.

  1. Unistructure:[FLT :1] Maziko a pulogalamu ya votoral . Madongosolo amakono amasiyana kuchokera ku kulembetsa kodzifunira (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko monga Canada ndi maboma ambiri a U.S.) kulembetsa mwaufulu. Kuchepetsa zoletsa kulembetsa / kupyolera m'tsiku limodzi ndi makhoti a pa Intaneti . Kwasonyezedwa kuti kukwera, makamaka pakati pa osankhidwa ndi ochepa. Center yofufuza yatsimikizira zotsatira zabwino za kulembetsa kovota kwa odzifunira.
  2. Kusintha ndi Chidziŵitso: Nthaŵi ya ndawala ndi pamene oyembekezera kufika pa mapulatifomu awo, otsutsa, ndi kulankhulana ndi ovota. Mbali imeneyi imasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a ndawala, kuulutsa kwa wailesi, ndi kukwera kwa kusatsa malonda kwa wailesi. Njira yabwino yosanthula imafunikira mbulunga ya anthu yamphamvu kumene ovota angapeze chidziŵitso chodalirika, chocheperapotozera.
  3. Ntchito zotulutsa: Kachitidwe ka kuponya bolot kangatenge mitundu yambiri /in-person pa tsiku la chisankho, kuchiyambi kwa voti, kutulutsa makalata, kapena kudzera m’mabokosi otsika. Njira iliyonse ili ndi malonda pakati pa kufeŵetsa, chitetezo, ndi mtengo. Mliri wa Chovid ndi 19 unasonkhezera kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa makalata mu chisankho ndi kuvota kwanthaŵi yoyamba m'zigawo chambiri, kusintha kumene kwapitirizabe mpangidwe wosintha.
  4. Kuŵerengera ndi Kusintha: Pambuyo pa kutsegulira, mavoti ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa bwino ndi kuŵerengedwa. Maulamuliro amakono amagwiritsira ntchito makina a maso kapena makina amagetsi olunjika mwachindunji. Kaŵerengedwe kayenera kukhala kowonetsera kwa oyembekezera ndi openyerera; malo ambiri amafuna kuyanjanitsidwa kwa chiŵerengero cha mavoti oŵerengedwa motsutsana ndi chiŵerengero cha voti.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Kutsimikizira ndi Kukambirana: Sitepe lomalizira ndilo chitsimikiziro cha zitsimikiziro za zotulukapo zochitidwa ndi bungwe la chisankho kapena nduna ya boma. Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi nyengo imene zotulukapo zingatsutsidwe m'khoti. Malamulo otsegulidwa ndi unyolo wa kusunga anafunikira kuthetsa mikangano popanda kutsimikizira zotulukapo.

Kupitirizabe Kulimbana ndi Kukhulupirika kwa Munthu Wochita Zachiwawa

Kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wosankha zinthu pa zinthu zimenezi kumadalira mphamvu yake yotha kudziwa mavuto amenewa ndi kuthana nawo mwachangu.

  • Kutsendereza kwa voti: Liwu lotakata la malamulo kapena machitachita amene amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nzika zoyenerera kuvota, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsata magulu a anthu. Malamulo amaphatikizapo malamulo a ovota odalirika, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, kuchepetsa malo ofufuza m'madera ochepa, ndi ziletso pa kusanthula koyambirira kapena kosankha makalata. Njira zimenezi zimayambukira kwambiri kutsika kwa zopezedwa, okalamba, ndi ongosankha ochepa.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kujambula magawo a malamulo kuti atsimikizire phindu la chipani chimodzi mwa “kuchotsa". (kutsutsa achilikizi a chipani chotsutsanacho m'zigawo zambiri) kapena“ kugwetsa” (kuwaloŵetsa m'chigawo chimodzi). Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lalamula kuti gerrymanderning ndi funso landale losayenerera m'makhoti a boma, kusiyira kusintha ku malamulo kapena zochita za nzika. Mayiko ambiri asintha makomiti odziimira paokha kuti achepetse kuyendetsa gerrymermer.
  • [[FLT: 0] Dixoffix and Foreign Interference: Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za oyembekezera kubatizidwa, njira zosankhira, kapena zotulukapo zake zokha zingafooketse chidaliro cha anthu. Mapulatifomu a makampani a zamalonda akhala otengerapo kampeni yofalitsa mavairasi, maprogramu ena a boma akuphatikizapo kujambula ndi kulemba mawu, malamulo a pa pulatifomu osonyeza kusamala, ndi kulembedwa kwa zilengezo zandale.
  • Kuukira ndi Chitetezo cha Chisankho: Makina ovota ndi ma pulojekiti ovomerezeka a pulogalamu akhoza kugawidwa ndi ojambula anjiru. Ngakhale kuti palibe umboni wakuti kuvota kwakukulu kwachitika ku U.S., upandu wa kuloŵerera umakhala wodziŵika. Chisungiko chimafuna makina ovuta, madongosolo ofufuzira mpweya, mapepala openda masiteshoni, ndi ma ndandanda a zofufuzira papositi.
  • Kukhulupirira Kwaunyinji wa Anthu: Mwinamwake chitokoso chachinyengo kwambiri ndicho kutha kwa chikhulupiriro mwachisawawa m'masankho. Ngati mbali yaikulu ya anthu iposedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi otayikiridwa ndi oyembekezera kumwalira, [1] angachotsepo njira ya ndale zadziko kapena, choipirapo, kukayikira kuyenera kwa chotulukapo chilichonse. Kubwezeretsa chikhulupiriro kumafuna kuonekeratu, kutsata malamulo mosasintha, ndi khalidwe labwino la atsogoleri kuzungulira madera andale zadziko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mabampu a Voter Turnout : Mademokrase ambiri akulimbana ndi kutsika kosalekeza, makamaka pakati pa achichepere, osoŵa, ndi anthu ochepa. Zimenezi zimapanga “mpata wa magawo ” kumene mikhalidwe ya wovota wokhazikika, wokwera, wolemera, wophunzira kwambiri) sasonyeza anthu ambiri. Policies monga kusanthula (kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australia ndi Belgium), maholide a masankhoti, ndi maholide a foni ongowonjezera.

Tsogolo la Osankha ndi Apandu

Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi maphunziro a mavuto akale zikusonkhezera kusintha kwa zinthu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Digal ndi Hybrid Voting Systems: Mafuko ena akuyesa kuvotera ozikidwa pa intaneti kwa antchito ankhondo a kumaiko akunja kapena ovota okhala ndi zopunduka. Ngakhale kuti nkotheka, nkhaŵa za pa Intaneti zikakhala zowopsa. Akatswiri ambiri amachirikiza njira ya kusamala, yapapepala yobwezera.
  • Osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa achotsedwa ndipo mavoti achotsedwa. RCV amachotsa “chiyambukiro cha chivoti, [1] kulimbikitsa kuvomereza kutchuka, ndi kutsimikizira kuti opambana ali ndi chikoka. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australia, Ireland, ndi m’mizinda monga San Francisco ndi New York. Maine ndi Alaska alandira chisankho cha boma.
  • [[FLT :0] Mwachibadwa Voter Expaption (AVR): AVR], tsopano yogwira ntchito m'maboma oposa 20 a U.S. ndi Chigawo cha Columbia, imalembetsa nzika zoyenerera pamene zikugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma monga DMV. Kumawonjezera kwambiri kulembetsa ndi kuwongolera kulondola kwa mipukutu. [[FLT]] Listration on Civictural and Human Rights Reaual Constitution ya dziko lonse lapansi AVR [ monga mwala wa democracy ya democracy yamakono.
  • Kupezeka mobwerezabwereza : Malo ambiri akufutukuka pa nyengo zovota, kupereka voti paposi popanda chodzikhululukira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo cha chinenero. Makiyi ofufuza a m'manja ndi makina ovotera osavuta kwa anthu olumala akufalanso kwambiri.
  • Kusintha kwa Ndalama: Kulamulira kwa ndalama zambiri m'ndale kukupitirizabe kukhala nkhaŵa. Zonena zimaphatikizapo kupereka ndalama zapoyera (kutenga ndalama kapena “masankho osankhidwa"), zofunikira zowonjezereka zodziŵikitsidwa, ndi zoyesayesa za kuchotsa zosankha zonga Citazens United v.FEC mu U.S.

Kumaliza: Kusamala ndi Kusintha

Kusankha ndi maprinsigalamu si mabungwe apadera; iwo amakhala, amapuma mbali za demokrase zimene zimafuna kusungidwa ndi kuwongoleredwa. Kuchokera ku kupanga madongosolo aakulu oyenera kukhazikitsa kulondola ndi kupezeka, ntchito yotetezera ulamuliro wa demokrase imagwera ku nzika zoikizidwa, akuluakulu a masankho opatulidwa, ndi opanga malamulo ovomerezeka. Pamene mavuto a kuchotsa, kuyendetsa, ndi kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro kukulira, kufunika kwa kukonzanso mavoti apamwamba, kulembetsa kodzifunira, ndi machita a zachitetezo zoonekera bwino. Kukonzanso demokrase kumadalira pa njira iliyonse, koma pa kudzipereka kuti mawu oyenerera amvedwe, kuŵerengedwa, ndi kulemekezedwa.