Kumvetsa Chirajiya: Msonkhano wa ku India wa ku America

Rajiya Sabba, kapena Msonkhano wa ku United States, ndi nyumba yapamwamba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya India ya badamaral . Ilo limaimira maboma ndi magawo a Union (UT) pamlingo wa dzikolo, kukhazikitsa pulatifomu ya mawu a m'chigawo kuti asonkhezere lamulo la boma. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabba, imene yasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, Raja Sabba wapangidwa kukhala thupi lopitiriza, [FLD:], [FOLD] [2] zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, kutsimikizira chikumbukiro ndi bata. Kukonza ndi kusankhidwa kwa Rajiya Sabba kumalamuliridwa ndi mamenti apadera a madera a India.

Mphamvu zonse za Raje Sabba zaikidwa pa 250 a ziŵalo, zimene 238 ali oimira a maboma ndi ma UT, ndi 12 amaikidwa ndi Purezidenti wa India kaamba ka ukatswiri wawo m’minda yonga mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi utumiki wa anthu. Kugawiridwa kwa mipando ku boma lililonse ndi UT kuli kozikidwa pa anthu, monga momwe ma Seminara a Fourge of the Constitution. Maboma okhala ndi anthu ambiri, monga Uttar Pradesh (mipando 31) ndi Maharash (mipando) yosatsatidwa), ali ndi oimira ena, pamene kulibe magawo aang'ono ngati Goa (pampando 1). Madera a United States, chiŵerengero cha mipando yake yokha n’nja, Pudry ali ndi malo ake, ndi UTyry, ndi maultssssss proced programme olinganizidwa limodzi mwa magawo aungwe ena aungwe aungwe andale zadziko, koma akuwonedwa ndi maulamuliro aumboni aumboni apadera.

Njira Yosankha Anthu a M’gulu la Raje Sabha

Maboma ndi UTs okhala ndi misonkhano ya malamulo, Raje Sabba amasankhidwa ndi mamembala osankhidwa a misonkhano imeneyo pogwiritsa ntchito chisankho chosamutsira chimodzi (STV) . cha kuimira kolinganiza. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti zipani zochepa kapena oyembekezera kupambana, mosiyana ndi njira yoyamba yopangira malemba yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Lok Sabba. Chiŵalo chilichonse chimavota ndi mtengo wotsimikizirika ndi chiŵerengero cha mipando yodzazidwa ndi chiwonkhole cha chiwonkhetso cha boma [FLT:].

Mmene STV imagwirira ntchito m’chisankho cha Raje Sabba:

  • Wosankhidwa aliyense (wosankhidwa MLA) ali ndi voti limodzi, koma voti limenelo limasamutsidwa pakati pa oyembekezera kusankhidwa mozikidwa pa zimene amakonda.
  • Chiwonkhetso chonse cha mavoti ovomerezeka chimagawidwa ndi chiŵerengero cha mipando yoti ikwaniritsidwe, ndiyeno wina amawonjezeredwa kupeza quottua yofunikira kuti woloŵa ntchito apambane.
  • Osankha apamwamba mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna. Ngati mavoti oyamba a wosankha apitirira muyezo, mavoti otsala amasamutsidwira ku pulogalamu yotsatira. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa afika pa muyezo, wofuna kubatizidwa wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa.
  • Amachitabe zimenezi mpaka mipando yonse itadzadzazidwa.

Njira imeneyi yalinganizidwira kutulutsa zotulukapo zogwirizana ndi kuletsa ulamuliro wonse wa chipani chimodzi. Komabe, m'zochitika, ndale zogwirizana ndi kuvota kwapadera kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambukira zotulukapo. Mwachitsanzo, m'boma limene gulu limodzi limakhala ndi unyinji wosatsutsika, ofuna kupambana mipando yonse, koma m'msonkhano wopachikidwa, dongosolo la STV limalola anthu aang'ono kuimira. Bungwe la EComficiation of India (ECI) limayang'anira voti onse a Ranya Sabhaha kuti atsimikizire kuti atsane ndi malamulo ofunikira.

Kuti akhale woyenerera kusankhidwa pa Raje Sabha, wobatizidwa ayenera kufikitsa ziyeneretso za pansi pa Article 84 : kukhala nzika ya India, kukhala zaka zosachepera 30, ndi kukhala ndi ziyeneretso zina zoikizidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ofuna kulembetsa monga osankhidwa m'boma kapena UT kumene akufunafuna kusankhidwa. Disquaality pansi pa kuimira kwa People Act, monga zikalata zaupandu kapena kukhala ndi udindo wa phindu, amatsatiranso.

Chosankhidwa m’Magawo a Union: Njira Yachiŵiri

Union Madera mu India amayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi boma lapakati, ngakhale kuti ena apatsidwa gawo lapadera ndi misonkhano yawoyawo yalamulo. Njira yosankha Rajiya Sabba kuchokera ku UTs sikugwirizana; imadalira pa kaya UT iri ndi msonkhano walamulo. Pakali pano, aŵiri okha UTS , Delhi [[FL:1] ndi Pucherry [[FFLT:3]] [-kanucmar] [] ndi zisumbu zosankhidwa za malamulo zimene zimatengamo mbali mu Rayya Sabha. Masankho ena, monga Chandirh, ndi Nagarla ndi Dauda , Laukhdadhasea, ndi Nicmarma, ndi Zisumbu za Kamirn, ndi osagwirizana ndi zisumbu zina za Samirma (zolowera).

Magawo a Magawo ndi Misonkhano Yalamulo: Delhi ndi Puducherry

Delhi ndi [FLT:] Puducherry ali ndi malo apadera a malamulo pansi pa Zigawo 239A ndi 239A. Onse aŵiriwo ali ndi Mabungwe a Malamulo ndi Bungwe la Atumiki, koma maulamuliro awo ali ndi malire poyerekezera ndi magawo okwanira [“dziko, apolisi, ndi dongosolo la anthu latsala pansi pa purifi ya boma. Komabe, misonkhano yawo yapatsidwa mphamvu kwambiri kwa jaya Sabba. Delhi ali ndi mipando 3 jambwa, pamene kulibe kuti Puuchryhah 1. Kusankhaku kumatsatira njira ya SV yofanana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito: AMLMLLY (mulungu 70, SMLML), kulibeyma (monga SMLL) yosagwirizana ndi mametoke) kungophatikiza ndi mametopetoto osankhidwa ndi ma [1]

Mwachitsanzo, ku Delhi, chipani cholamulira chimalandira mipando itatu yonseyo chifukwa cha ukulu waung'ono wa msonkhanowo ndi chenicheni chakuti STV traffic system mu chivomerezo chimodzi imakhaladi chochitika choyamba cha kumbuyo kwa mpando wa Puduchry . Komabe, m'chosankha cha Delhi, dongosolo la STV nlofunika kwambiri. MMLA la voti la voti la bungwe la UT limakhala ndi maziko a chiŵerengero cha anthu a U tH pa mipando. Chosankha chenicheni chimachitikira m'nyumba ya msonkhano ya malamulo pansi pa ulamuliro wa ECI. Raji Sabba . . Osankhidwa ku UT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magawo a Union Opanda Misonkhano Yalamulo: Kuimira mwa Kutenga Mitu

UTs amene alibe msonkhano wa malamulo, palibe wosankhidwa ndi MMA [MLTA] Kuvotera Raja Sabba ziŵalo. Mmalomwake, Malamulo amapereka kuti pulezidenti wa Indiya aimire mamembala ameneŵa [UTS. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulidwa ndi Article 80 ([5]] ndi Government of Union Maderation Act, 1963 (monga ngati kusinthidwa). Ziŵa za m'mame ake amatumikira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, mofanana ndi osankhidwa, ndi kukondwera ndi maudindo ofanana ndi Sarnha. Iwo angavote kuwonjezera nkhani zonse za kusankhidwa (osankhidwa) ndi ku komiti ya Pulezidenti yokha.

Ntchito yosankha imayambitsidwa ndi Ministry of Home Affairs, yomwe imapereka lingaliro la maina kwa Pulezidenti kuchokera ku zipani za ndale zadziko, chitaganya, kapena ku uyang'aniro wa UT. M’zochitika zake, boma lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri limatchula anthu amene apanga zopereka zazikulu m'moyo wa anthu onse, ntchito za anthu, kapena chikhalidwe, kapena amene ali ndi unansi wolimba ndi UT. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wotchuka wa malo okhala ndi malo okhala kuchokera ku zisumbu za Andaman, kapena ku Necobar ndi Lakhadseat agwirizana pa mpando umodzi. Pa 2025, UTs, amaimiridwa ndi Rajesha Saba .

  • Andaman ndi Nicobar Islands ndi Lakshatchey (mpando umodzi wokha pamodzi)
  • Chandigarh, Papara ndi Nagar Hapoli, Daman ndi Diu (mpando umodzi wokha pamodzi)
  • Ladakh 1, pambuyo pa kukonzedwanso kwa 2019)
  • Jamumu ndi Kashmir (osati mwachindunji Rajiya Sabhah pakali pano; mipando yake inagawiridwa ku boma la J&K asanakonzeretu, koma tsopano nyumba yoyamira ya UT sinapatsidwebe kuti isankhe mamembala. M’malo mwake, boma lapakati lapanga zokhalazo kudzaza mipando imeneyi pa mapulaneti kapena kusankhidwa pambuyo pa msonkhano, koma monga tsopano iwo amakhalabe opanda ntchito? Pambuyo pa 2019, J&K’SYA Sabsha adachepetsedwa kuchokera pa 4 kuyembekezera?, Senga yachina inakonzedwa kuti ipereke mipando ya J&K 4, koma ikumaikidwa ndi magawo ake. Koma tsopano ndi magawo ake ndi maufumu ake omwe amaikidwa ndi chisankhomo chachikulu. Koma popanda n’kusinthani kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi msonkhanowo. Komabe, msonkhanowo sunakhalepo ndi msonkhanowo mpaka kufika pa masankhonya 2024? Chipangano cha Aphka Korga chika

Chitsanzo: Mpando wa Rajiya Sabhaha woimira UTs ya Chandigar, Farra ndi Nagar Hameli, ndi Daman ndi Diu amachitidwa ndi nominee. Njira yosankha imaphatikiza boma lalikulu lolingalira oyembekezera amene angaimiredi zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana za madera omwazikana m’madera ameneŵa. Pulezidenti amafalitsa chidziŵitso pansi pa UForciation Commission , ndipo chiŵalo cha Diu chimalumbira mu Rajaya Sabba. Dongoli, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amasuliridwa ndi mkulu wa nyumba yapamwambayo, amatsimikizira kuti ngakhale UT ali ndi mawu ang'ono m'lamulo la dziko lonse.

Magawo Apadera ndi Mafano Awo Apadera

Mawu akuti “malo apadera” m'nkhani ya Rajiya Sabba amaimira magawo amene ali ndi makonzedwe apadera a malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha malo awo oyenerera, okhala ndi nzika za dzikolo, kapena kudzilamulira kwa mbiri yakale. Ameneŵa akuphatikizapo Magawo a Andaman ndi Nicobar Islands [, [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [amene] amachotsa [[FLT:], ndi [FLT] , monga momwe amachitira ndi malo apadera [FLT:], monganso malo apadera mum [FLTFLT:], popanda mum [FL:7] mu chigawo chapaderachonsechonde, ndipo kulinso magwero apadera m'zithunzi cha Narmaunikome ndi zigawo zapadera. Komabe, zopanda zotchulidwanso kumbuyo kwa zigawo zapadera za dziko lapansi, zomwe zilipo zokhala zokhala zothandizira zapadera, zosadalira pa zigawo zina, ndipo zokhala zokhalamo.

Chosiyana chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho Presidenti wa mamembala aŵiri kuchokera ku chitaganya cha Anglo-Indiya [1] mpaka ku Lok Sabha (dis anatsalira mu 2020) ndi mamembala 12 oikidwa ku Rajiya Sabba. Pakati pa ameneŵa 12, n’kofala kuphatikiza anthu ochokera ku madera ena kapena madera ena ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa asilikali wa ku Ladakh kapena katswiri wa sayansi ya za m’nyanja kuchokera ku Andaman ku madera ena. Komabe, zimenezi sizingachitike mwachibadwa ku malo apaderawo; n’zofunika kwa Pulezidenti, zotsogozedwa ndi boma.

Nkhani ya Jamu ndi Kashmir: Gawo Lapadera la Chigwirizano Lili ndi Malamulo

Kulinganizanso kwa Jammu ndi Kashmir mu 2019 kunapangidwa Chigawo chatsopano cha Union cha Jamu ndi Kashmir ndi msonkhano wa boma ndi UT wa Ladakh popanda msonkhano. Kwa J&K, mipando yake inayi Rajiya Sabba adakhala mbali ya chigamulo cha boma (Aticle 80 ndi Chigawo Chachinayi). Pambuyo pa kulinganizanso, UT’S Rapya Sabba Sabba adachepetsedwa ku [FLT: 0] mipando? Kwenikweni, J&K Reorgation Act, 2019 programult ques kuti ifotokoze kuti UT of J&K idzakhala ndi malo anayi mu Rajishapya SY: Fact. Pamene kudzakhala ndi zigamu zapadera zapadera zapadera ndi zigawo zina 204. Komabe, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkhano wa ECI.

Ladakh, kumbali ina, ndi UT popanda nyumba yoyalulidwa, chotero kuimira kwake kumachitidwa kupyolera mwa chiŵalo choikidwa . Njira imeneyi imasonyeza mkhalidwe wa ndale wocholoŵana wa chigawocho. Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) sachita mbali m'masankho a Rajiya Sabhaha, koma kaŵirikaŵiri mamembala ake amasonkhezera boma lapakati kuti athetse nkhani za munthu wofunsira ntchito amene amamvetsetsa nkhani za kumaloko monga kukopa alendo, malo, ndi chitetezo chamalire.

Njira Yoyendera Malo Apadera: Mmene Mitembo Yakumene Tikukhala

M'madera ena apadera, monga ngati Andaman ndi Nicobar Islands , mulibe mabungwe a boma akumeneko amene amasankha Rajiya Sabba . Komabe, Andaman ndi Nicobar Panchayati Act [Malamulo] [FLT: 3] Amapereka malo a mudzi ndi chigawo, koma ameneŵa alibe mbali iriyonse m'masankhoti a palamende. Njira yokha ya Rajiya Sabba ndi kuimira. Nkhani yoyambayo imatchula kuti “malamulo apadera osankhidwa m'madera ena apadera pansi pa chisumbu, pamene kulibe ndi malo osokoneza (UTkh, Puuchry) ndi osayenerera kulongosola bwino za malowo.

Komabe, pali makonzedwe mu Kuperekedwa kwa Chikalata cha Malamulo, 1951, Chigawo 27C chimene chimachita ndi kusankhidwa kwa oimira kuchokera ku UTS popanda malamulo: iwo amasankhidwa ndi ziŵalo za Nyumba ya Anthu (Lok Sabha) ndi Msonkhano wa United States (Rashima Sabha) kuchokera ku UT? Ayi, ndiko kukwaniritsa malo wamba. Kwenikweni, popeza kuti masankhoti oyamba a Rajaha Habba kuchokera ku UTs, Prezievena. Kulibe ndi mapangano a makampani a kumaloko. Nkhani oyambirirawo “kamene kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa a bungwe lakwawo kapena mipingo yapadera. Ndiwo okha amene ali olondola m’gulu lapadera. Ndine: Sinatero msonkhano wachigawo cha dzikolo.

Tanthauzo la Kuimira Magawo Aang’ono

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Union Producations ndi madera apadera mu Rajiya Sabra kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale madera okhala ndi anthu ochepa kapena ofunika kwambiri ali ndi chigamulo m'kulamulira kwa dzikolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa amatsutsa kuti ziŵalo zosakhala ndi mlandu wa kusankhidwa, ochirikiza amagogomezera kuti ziŵalo zimenezi zimabweretsa chidziŵitso chapadera ndi kuchirikiza nkhani zimene zinganyalanyazidwe ndi andale zadziko osankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵalo chachimuna cha Lakshadting chingadzutse mavuto a nyengo pa zisumbu za matanthwe, pamene chiŵalo cha Chandigagh chikhoza kuchirikiza ntchito yabwino yokonza mizinda. Rayya Sabba angachirikize ntchito ya andale osankhidwawo monga chipinda choyendera malamulo a anthu monga malo otetezedwa, ndi otetezera, amene amakhudza mwachindunji anthu a UT.

Ndiponso, njira ya kusankha mwa kusanthula yakhala yopendedwa ndi chiweruzo. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya kusasankha siiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito koma iyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa thandizo ndi uphungu wa Bungwe la Abusa. Ili ikutanthauza boma lalikulu ligamula bwino lomwe za anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwirizana ndi gulu kapena zifukwa zandale. Komabe, malamulo a Bench mu Kupulv v. Union ya India (2006:[FL.3] imamasulira zofunika za “opyraat Syaoptototo ku gawo logwirizana ndi kugawa kwa Sargovdo. Komabe, malamulo a boma a Bench m'dzikololensi la chisankhomolere kukhazikitsa chisankhomoti cha lamulo la lamulo la oweruza.

Kumaliza ndi Chidule cha Mfundo Zazikulu

[NF10] Mamembala osankhidwa kuchokera ku Union SFP: [F10] ndi gawo lapadera ndi kugawana kwa mademokrase . kwa ma UT ndi zisumbu za geography [1] Delhi ndi Pudderry [1] Chosankha chimatsatira njira yoimira yosiyana ndi yosamutsira, kutsimikizira kuti mamembala osankhidwa a msonkhano asankha woimira. UTs popanda unduna ndi Nicor Islands, Lakhath, Farli ndi Diu ndi Diu, Changal Appin, ndi Ladar Apple, Suk. Zigawo zake za , monga Jam, zinazosanja za , zinakhala ndi kugalamu ya madera osiyanasiyana a : [NFFF]. [NFFFN, kapena sulie, madera ambiri a Supergototion: "N, kapena kuti: "Nyu: "N, MP]