Kodi Ulamuliro Uli Pati Ndiponso Chifukwa Chake Umalamulira Anthu Onse

Kulamulira kumaimira malamulo, mabungwe, ndi zochita zimene dziko limalamulira nazo. Ilo limasankha amene ali ndi ulamuliro, mmene amapangira zosankha, ndi ufulu wa nzika zimene ali nawo. Dziko lirilonse, kuyambira ku chisumbu chaching'onong'ono kufikira ku ulamuliro waukulu koposa, limagwira ntchito pansi pa mtundu wina wa ulamuliro umene umasonyeza mbiri yake yapadera, chikhalidwe, ndi makhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro ya maphunziro yokha. Nkofunika kuti munthu atenge mbali m’moyo wa anthu ndi kuzindikira mphamvu ndi mphamvu za maufumu andale osiyanasiyana.

Asayansi andale za dziko aphunzira kwa nthaŵi yaitali ulamuliro mmalo mwa magulu audindo. Madongosolo ena amaika patsogolo ufulu wa munthu ndi kupanga zosankha, pamene ena amagogomezera dongosolo, kukhazikika, kapena chiphunzitso chachipembedzo. Njira imene dziko likulamuliridwa imayambukira chirichonse kuyambira pa kukhupuka kwa zachuma ndi thanzi la anthu kufikira ku ufulu wa kulankhula ndi malamulo. Monga nzika zapadziko lonse, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amapindula mofanana ndi kumvetsetsa kowonekera bwino, kwa maulamuliro aakulu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito lerolino.

Tanthauzo la Kulamulira

Kulamulira kosavuta, kumatanthauza njira ndi mabungwe amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’dziko. Izi zimaphatikizapo mmene malamulo amapangidwira ndi kutsatiridwa, mmene chuma cha anthu chimasamalidwira, ndi mmene anthu amathetsera mikangano. Utsogoleri wabwino umayenderana ndi kuŵerengera, kuonekera, kulabadira, ndi malamulo. Kulamulira kosalongosoka, poyerekezera, kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa ziphuphu, kusadalirika, ndiponso kuchepa kwa anthu.

Kulamulira kumafalikira kupyola boma la dziko lenilenilo. Kumaphatikizapo maulamuliro a kumaloko, mabungwe a malamulo, ndi ngakhale nyumba zamwambo zonga mabungwe amwambo kapena atsogoleri a chitaganya. M'maboma amakono, utsogoleri umaphatikizaponso kugwirizana pakati pa chigawo cha boma, mabizinesi aumwini, ndi chitaganya cha anthu. mkhalidwe wa kulamulira ndi mfungulo wa kuletsa chitukuko cha dziko. , kusonkhezera chilichonse kuchokera ku malonda kupita ku mayanjano.

Mitundu Yaikulu ya Maulamuliro

Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la ndale zadziko lirilonse nlosiyana, zambiri zingagaŵidwe m'magulu aataliaaake ozikidwa pa malo okhala mphamvu ndi mmene zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Zotsatirazi ndizo mitundu yodziŵika kwambiri ya ulamuliro:

  • Democracy [[FLT :1] – Mphamvu imasungidwa ndi anthu, kaya mwachindunji kapena kupyolera mwa oimira osankhidwa.
  • Thupi la Chipani [[FL:1] – Mphamvu imasumikidwa mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono kokhala ndi ufulu wandale zadziko wochepa.
  • Chitotaliarianism – mtundu wonkitsa wa ulamuliro kumene boma limafuna kulamulira mbali zonse za moyo.
  • Monarchy – Mphamvu yapatsidwa kwa wolamulira mmodzi woloŵa, wokhala ndi madesikripiti osiyanasiyana a malamulo.
  • Oligarchy [1] - Mphamvu ili ndi anthu apamwamba ogwirizana ndi chuma, zomangira za banja, kapena ulamuliro wankhondo.
  • Theocracy[[FLT ] – atsogoleri achipembedzo ali ndi ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko, ndipo dongosolo lalamulo limachokera ku lamulo lachipembedzo.

Demokalase

Democracy, yotengedwa ku mawu Achigiriki amazindikiritsidwa ndi masankho aufulu ndi abwino, chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu, chipani cha odziimira, ndi anthu apamwamba. Anthu ali ndi ufulu wopanga zipani zandale, kutsutsa maganizo, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kuyankha pa masankho anthaŵi zonse.

Maboma a Democracia si onse ofanana. Mabungwe ndi machitachita ake amasiyana kwambiri m'dziko ndi dziko lina. Komabe, ambiri amagawana kudzipereka ku kuchuluka kwa anthu, kutanthauza kuti malingaliro ndi zikondwerero zambiri zingapikisane mwamtendere. Malinga ndi zofufuza za pachaka za [[FLT: 0] Nyumba zaufulu , chiŵerengero cha mademokrase padziko lonse chasintha m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, ndi mitundu ina imene ikukhala ndi democracy pamene ina yakhazikitsa mabungwe awo a democracy.

Demokrase Yachindunji

M'dziko la Athens ndilo chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri m’mbiri, kumene anthu amasonkhana m'misonkhano kuti akambirane ndi kugamula za malamulo. Switzerland yamakono imaphatikizapo mbali za demokrase yachindunji mwa kutumiza mamembala a dziko ndi a zigaŵenga, kulola nzika kuvomereza kapena kukana malamulo operekedwa ndi nyumba yaikulu.

Democracy Yoimira

Democracy yoimira iri mtundu wofala wa kulamulira kwa demokrase lerolino. Nduna zosankhidwa zoimira zikondwerero zawo m'mabungwe a malamulo onga ngati nyumba za malamulo kapena misonkhano. Oimira ameneŵa ali ndi thayo la kukonza malamulo, kuyang'anira nthambi yoyang'anira, ndi kuvomereza ku nkhaŵa za magulu. Mayiko onga United States, Germany, India, ndi Japan onse amagwira ntchito monga oimira democracy, ngakhale kuti aliyense wakhala ndi madongosolo osankhidwa ndi oyenerera, mayeso ndi madongosolo alamulo.

Chinsinsi chachikulu cha demokrase yoimira oimira ndiyo kulephera kwake. Kumalola mamiliyoni a nzika kukhala ndi phande m’kulamulira mwanjira ina, kupangitsa ilo kukhala lothandiza ku chitaganya chachikulu, chocholoŵana. Komabe, imafunikiranso njira zolimba zochitira ndi mlandu . Zonga ngati masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, manyuzipepala oulutsira zinthu, ndi malamulo osonyeza zinthu .

Kulemba

Chikonzi ndicho chitsanzo cha ulamuliro kumene mphamvu imaikidwa m’manja mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kapamwamba, ndipo kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko kumaletsedwa mwamphamvu. Mosiyana ndi mademokrase, maulamuliro a authoritarianism samalola mpikisano watanthauzo wa ndale zadziko kapena kusintha kwa mphamvu. Zisankho, ngati zichitika, zimalamulidwa kwenikweni kutsimikizira kuti zotsala za m’gulu la anthu zili m’malo.

Maboma audindo amasiyana mu mlingo wawo wa kutsendereza ndi dongosolo la kakonzedwe. Ena ali maulamuliro ankhanza a munthu mmodzi wamphamvu, pamene ena ali ankhondo kapena maboma amodzi. Chimene chimagwirizanitsa iwo ndi kusoŵa kwa kuŵerengera kwa anthu ndi kuchepetsa kwadongosolo kwa ufulu wa anthu monga ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi nyuzipepala.

Makhalidwe a Akonzi

  • Kuika mphamvu m’manja mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kochepa kokhala ndi mayeso ochepa a bungwe
  • Oweruza ofooka kapena olamuliridwa amene amatumikira boma m’malo mwa malamulo
  • Kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kufalitsa nkhani zonena za kusuliza
  • Kutsekerezedwa kwa magulu otsutsa, chitaganya cha anthu wamba chodziimira paokha, ndi magulu otsutsa
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito magulu a chitetezo kuyang’anira ndi kuopseza nzika
  • Boma limalamulira mbali zazikulu za chuma, kaŵirikaŵiri likumathandiza ochirikiza boma

Zitsanzo zodziŵika za kulamulira kwa authoritarian m’zaka za zana la 20 ndi 21 zimaphatikizapo Spain wa Franco, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, ndi China wa nthaŵi yake. Chimodzi ndi chimodzi chikusonyeza mmene madongosolo a authoritarianism angasungire bata kwa nyengo zotalikira koma kaŵirikaŵiri kutayikiridwa kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa munthu payekha, zoyenera zaumunthu, ndi kuyambika kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kupondereza

Chitsenderezo cha ulamuliro wopondereza chimaimira mtundu wa ulamuliro wopambanitsa ndi wosagwirizana. M'dongosolo la opondereza, boma limafuna osati kulamulira khalidwe landale komanso kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa munthu(malingaliro, chikhalidwe, banja, chipembedzo, ndi kudzidziŵikitsa kwake. Gulu limodzi kapena mtsogoleri amachirikiza malingaliro onse ovuta, ndipo kutsutsa kumaonedwa monga chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chitaganya.

Maboma ankhanza amagwiritsira ntchito mabodza aakulu, kuyang'anira kwa apolisi achinsinsi, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti agwirizane. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga timagulu taumunthu mozungulira mtsogoleri ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mantha kuchotsa adani enieni kapena ooneka. Wolemba mbiri Hannah Arendt, m'ntchito yake yapansi pa khosi Chiyambi cha Chipani cha Otsendereza , anagogomezera mmene madongosolo otero amadalira pa kudzipatula, mantha, ndi kutengeka maganizo kuti asunge ulamuliro.

Zitsanzo Zakale za Ulamuliro Wopondereza

  • Nazi Germany (1933-1945): Pansi pa Adolf Hitler, ulamuliro wa Nazi unalamulira pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Germany, kuyambira pa maphunziro ndi zoulutsira mawu mpaka sayansi ndi maluso. Bomalo linalondola malingaliro a fuko la nzika zakupha amene anatsogolera ku Chipululutso ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II.
  • Stalinist Soviet Union (1924-19953): Ulamuliro wa Joseph Stalin unali wodziŵika ndi kusonkhanitsa kokakamiza, kuchotsa kofalikira, dongosolo la misasa yachibalo ya Gulag, ndi chiŵiya cha boma chofala. Boma linalamulira chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi ngakhale makalata aumwini.
  • [[FLT: 0] North Korea (48-presente): Pansi pa ufumu wa Kim, North Korea imasunga dongosolo la ulamuliro wopondereza lomangidwa pa mfundo za Joche [ [kudzidalira kwaumwini]]. Boma limalamulira zoulutsira nkhani zonse, limaletsa gulu, ndipo limaumiriza kukhulupirika mwa kuyang’anira, kumangidwa kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kulambira kwaumunthu kuzungulira banja lolamulira.

Monarchy

Monarchy ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya ulamuliro, ya zaka masauzande ambiri. M'banja la mfumu, munthu mmodzi . monarch . imalamulira dziko, makamaka chifukwa cha moyo ndi kutengerana kwa chibadwa. Komabe, mphamvu yeniyeni ya monarch imasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malamulo a dziko.

Maufumu a monarchy amakono amagwera m'magulu aŵiri apadera. M'maufumu onse, wolamulira ali ndi mphamvu zosatsekerezeka pa boma ndi anthu. M'maufumu a monarchy, mfumu imatumikira monga munthu wamwambo pamene ikumasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu andale zadziko. Madongosolo ena, monga ngati mu United Arabhu Emirate, amaphatikiza mbali za ufumu ndi miyambo ya fuko ndi yofunsira.

Monarchy Yathunthu

M'ufumu waufumu wachifumu wokha, mfumu ndiyo magwero okha a ulamuliro wandale zadziko. Palibe malamulo kapena nyumba ya malamulo imene ingaletse zigamulo za wolamulira. Malamulo amakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lachifumu, ndipo abusa amayankha kwenikweni ku korona. M'mbiri, Louis XIV wa ku France anapeka monarchy ndi mawu ake [[FL:0] "L'État, c'esti" (Ine boma). Lerolino, maufumu achifumu onse ngosapezekabe m'maiko onga Saudi Arabia, Owatini, ndi Ewatini.

Wolamulira wa Malamulo

Maulamuliro a malamulo asintha kukhala oletsa maulamuliro a monarchy kupyolera mwa malamulo kapena dongosolo la malamulo. Mfumu imakhalabe chizindikiro cha umodzi wa dziko ndi kupitirizabe, kuchita ntchito zamwambo, pamene ntchito yeniyeni ya ulamuliro imachitidwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa. United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Sweden, ndi Thailand ndi maufumu onse alamulo. M'maiko ameneŵa, mfumu ingakhalebe ndi mphamvu zosunga sunga, koma imachitidwa ndipo siimachita ntchito yake kwenikweni m’nthaŵi za mavuto a malamulo.

Kulimba kwa ufumu wa malamulo kumadalira pa kukhoza kwake kusiyanitsa mutu wa boma ndi mbali zandale zogawanitsa anthu, ndipo zimenezi zingathandize kuti anthu asamagwedezeke ngakhale kuti maboma asintha.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy ndi njira imene mphamvu imaikidwa m’manja mwa kagulu ka anthu. Gulu limeneli lingasiyani ndi chuma, banja, udindo wankhondo, maphunziro, kapena kugwirizana ndi ndale zadziko. Mosiyana ndi demokrase, kumene mphamvu imatsegulidwa kwa onse, madongosolo a alongagi amaletsa kutengamo mbali kwatanthauzo kwa osankhidwa oŵerengeka.

Oligarchus angatulukire m'madongosolo a demokrase pamene atsogoleri a zachuma asonkhezera kwambiri ntchito ya ndale zadziko. Chochitika chimenechi, nthaŵi zina chotchedwa plutocracy , chimachitika pamene anthu olemera kapena mabungwe agwiritsira ntchito ndawala, kukopa, kapena kukhala ndi atolankhani kuti apange malamulo awo. Asayansi ena andale amanena kuti mademocracy ena amakono ali ongokhalira ntchito, ngakhale ngati akhalabe a democracy.

Mbali za Madongosolo Odabwitsa

  • Kusumika maganizo pa chuma ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko pakati pa anthu apamwamba aang’ono
  • Kuchepa kwa mpikisano weniweni wa ndale zadziko, popeza kuti apamwamba amalamulira kupeza chuma ndi mwaŵi
  • Mabungwe ofooka kapena olephera kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima
  • Makhalidwe amene amapindulitsa kwambiri olemera kapena olankhulana bwino
  • Kuchepa kwa mayanjano, monga momwe apamwamba amagwirira ntchito kusungilira mapindu ake m’mibadwo yonse

Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale za oligarchy zimaphatikizapo malipabuliki a malonda a m’zaka zapakati za Italy, onga Venice ndi Florence, kumene mabanja amphamvu analamulira malonda ndi ulamuliro. M’nyengo yamakono, Russia walongosoledwa ndi openda ambiri kukhala gulu la olima mabiliyoni, kumene gulu laling’ono la mabiliyoni okhala ndi kugwirizana kwathithithithi ndi boma lokhala ndi chuma chochuluka ndi chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union.

Teokrase

Teokrase ndi njira yolamulira imene ulamuliro wa chipembedzo ndi ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko umagwirizanitsidwa. Dongosolo lalamulo nlozikidwa pa lamulo lachipembedzo, ndipo atsogoleri achipembedzo ali ndi malo apamwamba a ulamuliro.

Malamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo a Shia Islam juripruncy, ndipo onse ofunikira udindo wa ndale zadziko ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi bungwe lachipembedzo lotchedwa Guardian Council.

Vatican City ndi chitsanzo china, ngakhale kuti nchapadera mu mlingo ndi chifuno. Monga mfumu yosankhidwa yokha, Papa amatumikira ponse paŵiri monga mtsogoleri wa chipembedzo wa Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika ndi mkulu wa boma la Vatican City. Uyang'aniro wa Vatican City uli woikidwa kotheratu ndi ntchito yachipembedzo ya Tchalitchi.

Ziphunzitso za kusankhidwa ndi chibadwa chawo zimapanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo ndi lamulo la boma , kumene kungapereke lingaliro lamphamvu la chifuno cha makhalidwe ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Komabe, iwo amadzutsanso mafunso aakulu ponena za ufulu wa chipembedzo, kuchuluka kwa, ndi ufulu wa anthu apamwamba ndi otsutsa. Osakhulupirira kapena atsatiri a zipembedzo zina angayang'anizane ndi tsankho lalamulo kapena chizunzo m’madongosolo oterowo.

Njira Zina Zolamulira ndi Mawonekedwe a Hybrid

Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu asanu ndi limodzi ali pamwambapa akuphatikiza mitundu yofala ya ulamuliro, maiko ambiri samaloŵa bwino m'bokosi limodzi. Maboma a Hybrid amaphatikiza mbali za demokrase ndi ulamuliro wa a democracy, kusungidwa kwa mabungwe a democracy pamene akuwononga umphumphu wawo. Mitundu yonga Hungary, Venezuela, ndi Turkey yafotokozedwa kukhala maulamuliro osokoneza kapena ma democracy , kumene kumachitika koma munda wakuseŵera ukukokedwa mokulira kuchirikiza ma cumentenbs.

Mafanizo ena olamulira amaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT :0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Republic: Dongosolo kumene mkulu wa boma ali wosankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira mmalo mwa mfumu. Pafupifupi mademokrase onse amakono ali mariphabliki, ngakhale kuti maufumu ena a monarchy akugwiranso ntchito mkati mwa malamulo a boma loimira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Acracy : [[FLT :1] Liwu logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi asayansi andale zadziko kulongosola maulamuliro omwe sali a democracy yotheratu kapena aupompasi athunthu. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amadziŵika ndi mabungwe ofooka, kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, ndi ngozi yaikulu ya nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni.

Kumvetsa Chifukwa Chake Maulamuliro Ali Ofunika

Kuzindikira mmene mayiko osiyanasiyana akulamulidwira n’kofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika za m’dziko logwirizana.

Ana akamamvetsa kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma ndi a pulezidenti, kapena kuti ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufumu wa demokalase, amakhala okonzeka kuchita zinthu zimene zikuchitika panopa ndiponso kulimbikitsa mfundo zimene amatsatira.

Kwa aphunzitsi, chidziŵitso chimenechi nchofunika mofanana. Chimawatheketsa kukhala ndi madongosolo a ndale zadziko mowona mtima, kulimbikitsa mkangano, ndi kuthandiza ophunzira kuona kupyola pa kutengeka maganizo kapena kukuza nkhani. Monga zochokera ku Council on Foreign Relations [1] ndipo masukulu akupitirizabe kusinthika, kukhala ndi mawu olamulira ndi kufufuza kuli mbali ya chiphunzitso chogwira mtima.

Ndiponso, kumvetsetsa ulamuliro nkofunika kwambiri kuti tithe kuthetsa mavuto a dziko lonse. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka, malonda, ndi chitetezo zonsezo zimafuna kugwirizana m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana andale. Chitsanzo cha dziko chimakhudza kufunitsitsa kwake ndi kukhoza kwake kutengamo mbali m’mapangano a mitundu yonse, mmene amachitira ndi ufulu wa anthu, ndi kukhoza kwake kukonza zinthu ndi kuzisintha.

Mapeto ake: Kulamulira monga Njira Yamoyo

Kulamulira sikuli lingaliro lachilendo . Kusintha ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a kakhalidwe, kupita patsogolo kwa tekinoloji, ndi zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko. Maiko ena amasintha kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa authoritarianism kumka ku demokrase, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'maiko ambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yamawu. Ena amapita kumbali ina, pamene mabungwe a demokrase akunyonyotsoka pansi pa kulemera kwa ulamuliro kapena mavuto. Chotero kufufuza kwa ulamuliro ndiko kuphunzira za mphamvu imene ikuyendera.

Mwa kufufuza madongosolo aakulu a ulamuliro((democracy, ufumu wa authoritarianism, ufumu wa opondereza, ufumu wa monarchy, ndi teokrase . Timapeza chidziŵitso chomvekera bwino cha mkhalidwe wa ndale zimene zimaumba dziko lathu. Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi nzeru yakeyake, mphamvu zake, ndi mphamvu zake. Palibe dongosolo langwiro, ndipo dziko lirilonse liyenera kulimbana ndi mavuto a kuŵerengera mlandu, kuimira, ndi chilungamo.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi odzipereka ku maphunziro a moyo wonse, kumvetsetsa kulamulira sikuli njira koma chinthu chofunika . Kumatikonzekeretsa kufunsa mafunso abwino, kutsutsa malingaliro, ndi kukhala ndi phande lanzeru m'zosankha zimene zimakhudza anthu a m'madera athu, mitundu yathu, ndi mtsogolo mwathu. Ngati mukukonzekera kukangana m’kalasi, kulemba pepala lofufuzira, kapena kungoyesa kumvetsetsa nkhani, kumvetsetsa bwino kwa zifanizo za olamulira kumapereka maziko a chidziŵitso ndi kukhala nzika zaunzika.