Demendment ya 14th ku United States Constitution, yovomerezedwa mu 1868, imaimira maziko a lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu a ku America. Makonzedwe ake aumba kwambiri unansi pakati pa boma la boma, maboma, ndi nzika. Palibe malo amene chiyambukiro chake chakhala chachikulu kwambiri kuposa m'maphunziro a anthu, kumene chitsimikizo cha kukonza chitetezero chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi. Kumvetsa malamulo 14 ndi kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa malo alamulo a maphunziro ndi ufulu wa anthu ku America.

Kukonzanso kunachitidwa pa nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Inakonzedwa kuti igwetse chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Dired Scott v. Sandford [1857], yomwe inanena kuti Aamereka sanali nzika za Africa. Makonzedwe aakulu a kukonza zinthu apezedwa m'chigawo chake choyamba, chimene chimakhazikitsa umfumu wa ufulu ndi kukhala ndi mipatuko itatu: Ufulu kapena Imyunice Claus, Sucture Procesme , ndi Sucture Claus. Programme imaletsa kulanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda dongosolo lalamulo. Chitetezero cha Claus chidziro chilichonse chimafuna kupereka chitetezo chofanana ndi lamulo la lamulo la anthu onse.

Chitetezo Chofanana ndi Choyenera Kuphunzira

Kutetezera Claus kofanana ndi kutetezera anthu kwakhala makonzedwe ovomerezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri a Kusintha kwa Zamaphunziro kwa 14. Kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa kusankhana mafuko, kugaŵana kwa masukulu, ndi kuvomereza lamulo laupolu. Funso lalikulu m'nkhani zimenezi nlakuti kaya kachitidwe ka boma kamene kamachitira anthu mosiyana kangalungamizidwe ndi chifuno chovomerezeka cha anthu. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira malinga ndi kusankhana, ndi kusankhana kwa mafuko kumene kumalandira mlingo wapamwamba wa kupenda milandu.

Kumaliza [[ML:0] Jere [[[ML:1]

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa Kulinganiza Kotetezera Claus m'maphunziro kunabwera Brown v. Board of Topeka [1] (1954). M'chigamulo chimenechi cha onse, Bwalo Lapamwamba linanena kuti kusankha ana a mafuko onse m'masukulu anaswa kutetezera Claus. Khotilo linakana chiphunzitso chosiyana koma chofanana chokhazikitsidwa mu Plesby v. Ferguson (18696), likupeza kuti masukulu opatuka ana anali osagwirizana chifukwa chakuti ana aang'ono. Chigamulo chinali chilakiko cha ufulu wa anthu ndi maziko a dziko la United States. Chigamulo cha ufulu wa anthu onse ndi choikidwa cha ku United States.

Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Brown sikunali kosavuta. M'masukulu ambiri a Kum’mwera olimbana kwambiri, kutseka masukulu a anthu onse m’malo mowagwirizanitsa. Inachititsa kuloŵerera kwa boma ndi kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka m'nkhani ngati [[FLT:] Cooper v. Aaron . [5] (198]) kutsimikizira lamulolo, ngakhale zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, sukulu zambiri za ku America zikusungabe masukulu a boma m’malo owonjezera. Zinatenga njira zalamulo za kuwonjezera ndi kuwonjezera mapangano owonjezereka a [Foct:]

Kupereka Ndalama za Sukulu ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Kutetezera kwa mlingo wa Acten Claus kwagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukambirana za kugaŵa ndalama zasukulu. M'mayiko ambiri, sukulu za boma zimalipiridwa kwambiri mwa kukhoma msonkho wa katundu wa m'dziko, umene umayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka. San Antonio Independent School District . Rodriguez [1] [777] Khoti Lapamwambalo linagamula kuti maphunziro si ufulu wapamwamba pansi pa U.S. Malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a zachuma ndiponso kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zochokera pa misonkhoma yakwawo sizinaswe kuteteza Claus. Chigamulochi chigamuchi chitse chitsere cha zitseko za boma ku mavuto a za sukulu za za za za za za za zachuma.

Pambuyo pa Rodriguez [1], ofufuza anatembenukira ku makhoti a boma ndi malamulo a boma kutsutsa kuchirikiza ndalama zosayenera. Makhoti ambiri aakulu anena kuti malamulo a boma afuna kugaŵira koyenera kwa ndalama za maphunziro, kutsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu m'maiko monga New Jersey, Kentucky, ndi Washington. Zigamulo za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimamasulira malamulo otetezera ofanana m'dziko lawolo kuposa U. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira malamulo a boma Lachisanu ndi chinayi. Nkhani yopitiriza pa maphunziro a sukulu ikali imodzi ya mbali zogwira ntchito kwambiri za maphunziro ndi malamulo ndi .

Ntchito Yotsimikiza mu Maphunziro Apamwamba

Mbali ina yaikulu ya Kusintha kwa Zakumwa za 14 ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fuko m'zipatala za ku koleji. Funso lalikulu ndi lakuti kaya malamulo a fuko losazindikira a kuchirikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana otsutsana ndi Kuteteza Claus. Regents za yunivesite ya California v. Bakke[[FLT] [1978], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti pamene mitu ya mafuko inali yosiyana, fuko lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga mbali imodzi ya zosankha zambiri m'kuloŵa m'malo a yunivesite ya California.

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo lamilandu linapitiriza kuwongolera ukulu wovomerezeka wa kuvomereza fuko. [FLT: 0] Gridge v. Bollinger , Bwalo linachirikiza Yunivesite ya Michigan Law School yovomereza, imene inalingalira kuti mtundu ndi mbali imodzi ya kupenda kwapadera. Komabe, Khoti linagwetsanso yunivesite ya Michigan's progatesystem, imene inapereka mfundo zozikidwa pa fuko m’njira yoigwiritsa ntchito. Chaposachedwapa, [FLT:] [FT2] [F.FT] [F] Magazi ambiri] [kuwonjezera ndi kuwonjezera kwa mpikisano wa m'dziko. Kuthandiza kwake kokakamiza kwa mtunduwo. [[FLT] [2]

Kuyenera kwa Ntchito ndi Ufulu wa Ophunzira

Kutsatira mfundo za malamulo zoyenerera sukulu kwachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo ambiri ofotokoza ufulu wa ophunzira amene amayang’anizana ndi kuchotsedwa, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi ziletso zina.

Kutsatira Malangizo a Kusukulu

Mu Gos v. Lopez [1] [[FLT:] (7185), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti ophunzira a sukulu ali ndi chuma chalamulo ndi kufunitsitsa maphunziro awo. Chifukwa chake, masukulu sangaimitse ophunzira kwa masiku khumi popanda kuwatetezera ndi njira zofunikira. Khotilo linafuna kuti ophunzira azidziŵitsidwa milandu yawo ndi mpata wa kupereka nkhani yawo isanakhale yopatuka. Nkhani imeneyi inakhazikitsa kuti ngakhale m’nkhani ya sukulu, boma liyenera kuchita zinthu bwino ndi kupereka chimvero chomveka asanamanitse munthu wachikondwerero chachikulu.

Malamulo a Amagwira ntchito ku zopinga za sukulu, ndipo makhoti ambiri awonjezera chitetezo chakuchotsa ndi mitundu ina ya chilango. Zofunika za njira zoyenerera zimasiyana malinga ndi ukulu wa chilolezo. Ngati mutachotsa, kukambitsirana kwamwamwaŵi ndi wophunzirayo kungakhale kokwanira. Kuchotsa kwanthaŵi yaitali, kumvetsera kowonjezereka ndi mwaŵi wa kuitanira mboni ndi umboni womwe ulipo kumafunikiradi. Zitetezero zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti ophunzira salangidwa mosalungama ndi kuti oyang’anira sukulu azichita ulamuliro wawo moyenerera.

Kuteteza Ophunzira Olumala

Bungwe la The Office Process Claus ndi la United Nations Expand Clause (Kuteteza Classia) ndi limodzi ndi limodzi, ndilo maziko a malamulo amene amateteza ophunzira ndi kulumala. Anthu Okhala ndi Lamulo la Ulema wa Maphunziro (IDEA) amatsimikizira kuti ana atha kuyenerera kukhala opunduka. IDEA imapereka njira yolimba yotetezera ana, kuphatikizapo ufulu womvera popanda tsankho pamene makolo ndi sukulu zikutsutsana ndi maphunziro a ana kapena ntchito.

Dongosolo loyenera limeneli limaloleza mbali zonse ziŵiri kupereka umboni, kuitana mboni, ndi kutsutsana mlandu wawo pamaso pa ofesala wakumva. Malamulo a IDEA akusonyeza makhalidwe osonyezedwa mu Dongosolo la 14 ndi Lakuti, kutsimikizira kuti zosankha za kuphunzitsa ana okhala ndi kulumala zinapangidwa bwino ndi kulingaliridwa koyenera kwa mwana aliyense payekha. Kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma ndi malamulo a malamulo a malamulo alamulo kwapanga njira yamphamvu yotetezera ufulu wa ophunzira ovutika.

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti, Accounting Process Claus ya 14th Amendment imapanga makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights kukhala ogwirizana ndi maboma. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ophunzira m’sukulu za anthu onse amatetezedwa ndi First Amendment, Confrence, ndi malamulo ena, osati kungoika malire pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Chiphunzitso chophatikizidwacho chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa mawu a ophunzira. District . Des Moines Independent School Community [1] , Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti ophunzira samataya ufulu wawo walamulo ku ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa khomo la sukulu. Khotilo linazindikira kuti First Amendment, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maboma kudzera pa 145 Amendment, imatetezera kulankhula kwa ophunzira pokhapokhapokha ngati mwakuthupi ndi kusokoneza ufulu wa sukulu kapena kulanda ufulu wa ena. Muyezowu wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwongolera m'nkhani zambiri zokhudza manyuzipepala, mawu andale, ndi kulankhula kwa maphiphiritso.

Chitetezero cha Genetic ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirikiti chagwiritsiridwanso ntchito m'masukulu kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa 144. M'kalata ya New Jersey v. T.L.O. (85), Khoti linavomereza kuti akuluakulu a sukulu amayang'aniridwa ndi Demendment Yachinayi koma kuti kufufuza m'masukulu kumafuna kukayikira koyenera, osati chifukwa choyenera cha kufunafuna lamulo lonse. Muyezo wapamwamba umenewu umasonyeza zosoŵa zapadera za malo ozungulira sukulu pamene akuperekerabe chitetezo chalamulo kwa ophunzira. Kuphatikiza kwa ufulu wapamwamba umenewu ku malo a sukulu ku sukulu kwasintha pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya zochitika za ophunzira.

Maziko a Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Wotakata

Kuphatikiza pa mfundo zamaphunziro, bungwe la 14th Amendment limapereka maziko a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wamakono. Malamulo ake amaperekedwa mwa malamulo a boma ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo kuti atetezere anthu pa tsankho pantchito, m’nyumba, ndi m'malo ogona. Zitsimikizo za kuteteza kofanana ndi koyenera ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a ku America.

Dzina la Ufulu wa Kusankhana Zimachokera kwa Anthu Ogonana

Congress inakhazikitsa mutu wakuti IX of the Education Amendments ya 1972 pansi pa mphamvu yake ya kugwiritsa ntchito mawu operekedwa, koma lamulolo nlogwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo a Demendment ya 14. Isihloko IX chimaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m'programu iliyonse ya maphunziro kapena ntchito kulandira chithandizo cha boma. Lamulo limeneli lakhala lotsogolera kukula kwa atsikana ndi akazi m'maseŵera ndipo lakhala njira yaikulu yothetsera kuvutitsidwa ndi kuukira akazi m’masukulu ndi m’mayunivesite.

Chitetezo cha Active Claus imati: “Kulimbana ndi kukonderana kumasukulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti muyezo wa kupendanso magulu a kugonana si wokhwima mofanana ndi muyezo wa kusankhana mafuko, Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti kusankhidwa kwa kugonana kuyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, makhoti agonjetsa malamulo amene amaletsa ophunzira ku maprogramu kapena mipata yozikidwa pa kulingana kwa mautumiki a amuna ndi kuwonjezera kulingana kwa maphunziro.

Kuteteza Anthu Osachuluka

Mu Plyler v. Doe (19982), Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito Supreme Protection Claus kuswa lamulo la Texas limene linamana ndalama za maphunziro a ana amene sanaloledwe mwalamulo ku United States. Khotilo linanena kuti ana sangaikidwe maphunziro a anthu onse chifukwa cha malo awo osamukira. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti kukana maphunziro kukakhala ndi ana ameneŵa ndi anthu onse, kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wokulira wa kuyang'anitsitsa lamulo la Texas.

Chosankha chidakali chitsanzo chovuta cha ufulu wa mabanja osamukira kudziko. Chimazindikira kuti maphunziro ndi ntchito yofunika ya boma ndi kuti kukana ana maphunziro ozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wawo wa kusamuka kungachititse kukhala ndi kagulu kosatha. Nkhaniyi ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa gulu lotetezeredwa ndi boma lopangika. Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute kukhazikitsa chithunzi chonse cha nkhani ya Plyler ndi kupitiriza kwake.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kumvetsetsa Kwamakono kwa Kugonana

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, tanthauzo la tsankho la kugonana pansi pa Filistial Protection Claus ndi Thit IX lakulitsidwa kwambiri. Bostock v. Clayton County (2020]), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti tsankho pa maziko a kugonana kapena kuimira kwa transgender ndi mtundu wa kukondera kugonana pansi pa Division VII of the Civil Rights Act. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bosstock, makhoti aang'ono ndi Department ya maphunziro adagwiritsira ntchito malingaliro ake ku maphunziro pansi pa Director IX.

Kumasulira kumeneku kwatsogolera ku zitetezero zazikulu kaamba ka LGBTQ+ ophunzira, kutsimikizira kuti iwo amatetezeredwa ku kuvutitsidwa ndi tsankho m’sukulu. Kumasulira kopitirizabe kwa Demendment ya 14th Amendment m’derali kuli umodzi wa mbali zamphamvu ndi zopikisana ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi makhoti opitirizabe kulongosola ukulu wa chitetezo kaamba ka mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha mwamuna m’nkhani ya maphunziro a anthu onse.

Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi Yatsopano ndi Chitsogozo cha M’tsogolo

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment chidakalipobe chimene tanthauzo lake likupitirizabe kusinthika poyankha mavuto atsopano. M’zaka za zana la 21, makhoti akugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake ku mafunso atsopano okhudza kusankha sukulu, kulankhula pa Intaneti, ndi kulanga. Mafunso aakulu a chilungamo, kulingana, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha zimene zinasonkhezera kusinthako n’ngofunika lerolino monga momwe zinalili mu 1868.

Kusankha Sukulu ndi Maprogramu a Zoucher

Maprogramu a sukulu osankhidwa, kuphatikizapo maprogramu otsimikizira amene amalola ndalama za boma kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pasukulu yaumwini, amadzutsa mafunso pansi pa Sucture Protection Claus ndi kukhazikitsa Claus. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti maprogramu ameneŵa amapatsa mabanja mphamvu, makamaka awo amene ali m'zigawo zolephera za sukulu. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti amachotsa ndalama m'sukulu za onse ndipo angalole kuti zipatule ndi masukulu a anthu. [Espinoza v. Montana Department of Nyuzirence [FLT:] [20], Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Free Execle, lophatikizidwa ndi kupyola pa 144th Reformation, kufunitsa masukulu achipembedzo m'maprogramupy seroundation . Zochitika zimenezi zimasonyeza kugwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa KGenepypremedformation .

Kulankhula pa Intaneti Ndiponso Kuyenera kwa Ophunzira

M'chaka cha Nicks Claus Classic, ndi pamene sukulu ingalangize wophunzira kuti alankhule pa Intaneti? Mu Mahanoy Adelation School District v. B.L. [[FL:1] [2021], Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti chigawo cha sukulu sichingalange wophunzira pa malo olankhulirana onyansa opangidwa ndi manyuzi, kuletsa koma osachotsa kotheratu ulamuliro wa sukulu pa Intaneti. Khoti linazindikira mavuto apadera oyambitsidwa ndi kulankhulana kwa makompyuta ndipo linagogomezera kufunika kwa kutetezera ophunzira kunja kwa sukulu.

Kufunsa mafunso okhudza nkhani zachinsinsi za ana a sukulu, za pa Intaneti, ndiponso zimene anthu atha kuchita pa Intaneti, kumafuna kuti makhoti azitsatira mfundo za malamulo a m’Baibulo mogwirizana ndi mfundo zatsopano.

Kumaliza

Demetrition ya 14 ndi maziko alamulo ofunika kwambiri a ufulu wa anthu ndi maphunziro ku United States. Chitsimikiziro chake cha chitetezo chofanana chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa kugaŵana, kutsutsa kugaŵana kwa ndalama, ndi kuchirikiza kusiyanasiyana. Chitsimikiziro chake cha njira yoyenerera chakhazikitsa chilungamo m'malangizo a sukulu ndi kutetezera ufulu wa ophunzira okhala ndi zilema. Mwa chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza, chawonjezera chitetezo cha Bill of Rights ku kalasi, kutsimikizira kuti ophunzira akusangalala ndi chitetezo chalamulo ngakhale m’mageti a sukulu.

Kumvetsa mfundo za m’Baibulo za Opaleshoni ya 14 n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi, oyang’anira, ophunzira, ndi nzika. Sizikungonena za ziphunzitso zalamulo zokha koma ndi lonjezo lokwanira la kukhala ndi unzika wolingana ndi kuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo pansi pa lamulo. Pamene sukulu za ku America zikuyang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano okhudza umisiri, kusiyana, ndi kutsata, mfundo za m'malamulo a 145 Demendment zidzapitiriza kutsogolera njira yopita ku njira yachilungamo ndi yophatikizapo maphunziro. Kumasulira kopitirizabe kwa ufulu ndi mwaŵi wa ophunzira a m’mabadwo akudza.