Kuyenera kwa kulinganiza koyenera kuli maziko a dongosolo la zamalamulo la ku America, kutsimikizira kuchitiridwa koyenera kupyola dongosolo lachiweruzo lokhazikika. Enshrinite mu Masinthidwe a Kusintha kwa Kuyamba ndi kwa Zaka 14 a United States, kuyenera kumeneku kutsimikizira kuti anthu samanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda njira zoyenerera zalamulo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa njira zoyenerera nkofunika chifukwa chakuti imapanga malo otetezera alamulo m'machitidwe opereka chilango, zosankha za ntchito, ndi kugwirizana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mabungwe a boma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kufupikitsa kokwanira kwa njira zake zazikulu, maluso ake a masamu oyenera ndi othandizira maphunziro, ochirikizidwa ndi zinsinsinsi ya Supt , yochirikizidwa ndi zigawo zazikulu za Courts.

Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Njira yoyenerera ndiyo lingaliro lalamulo limene limafuna boma kulemekeza ufulu wonse walamulo wobwerekedwa kwa munthu. Ilo limagwira ntchito monga chitetezo ku kukana moyo kodziimira pawokha, ufulu, kapena katundu kwa boma. Lingalirolo lakhala ndi mizu yakale koma linavomerezedwa mwalamulo m'Magna Carta (1215) ndipo pambuyo pake linavomerezedwa mu Lamulo la U.S. Lerolino, njira yoyenerera imagawidwa m'magulu aŵiri aakulu: kusiyanitsa ndi kutsata. Kagulu kalikonse kakufotokoza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chilungamo ndi kutetezera zoyenera.

Mawu akuti “mchitidwe walamulo woyambirira" akupezeka ponse paŵiri mu Fit 5 Amendment (kuimira boma) ndi Chikalata cha 14th Amendment (chokomera maboma). Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawu ameneŵa kuti likufuna kuti ntchito iliyonse ya boma yokhudza ufulu wa munthu ichitidwe mosakondera, moonekera bwino, ndi molemekeza munthu payekha. Popanda kutero, mabungwe a boma atha kuchita zinthu mosaganizira, kulanda nzika zawo ufulu wawo popanda kudziŵidwa kapena kuweruza.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Njira zoyenerera za lamulo ndi njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malamulo kapena m'maboma. Zimatsimikizira kuti anthu amalandira chidziŵitso choyenera ndi mwaŵi wakumva boma lisanachitepo kanthu chimene chingasokoneze ufulu wawo. Mchitidwe woyenerera umenewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m’maweruziro aupandu, m'maweruzi, ndi m’machitidwe olanga m’masukulu kapena kuntchito.

Mbali zazikulu za mchitidwe wofunikira wa kukonza zimaphatikizapo:

  • Tsitsi la zochitika: Anthu ayenera kudziŵitsidwa milandu kapena zochita zimene zikuchitidwa kwa iwo panthaŵi yake.
  • Kuyenera kumvedwa: Kuweruza koyenera kuyenera kuperekedwa, kulola munthu kufotokoza mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo.
  • Wopanga chosankha wosasankha: Munthu kapena thupi lisankha zotulukapo ziyenera kukhala zauchete ndi zosasankha.
  • Kulunjika ku kuimira kwa lamulo: Nthaŵi zambiri, anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuimiridwa ndi loya.
  • Kumanja kupereka umboni ndi mboni zopinga: Munthu angapereke umboni wochirikiza mlandu wawo ndi kutsutsa umboni wotsutsana.
  • [[FT:0] Chosankha champhamvu ndi kulingalira: [[FT:1] Chosankha chomalizira chiyenera kulembedwa ndi kulongosola kulimba kwake.

Ukulu wa njira yoperekera lamulo yofunikira kudalira pa nkhani yake. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira amene akuyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa sangafunikire mlingo wofanana ndi mphunzitsi woyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Mathews v. Eldridge [1997 [1] adakhazikitsa kuyesa koyenera kupenda: makhoti amayesa chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa zinthu zofunikira m’madongosolo, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa malamulo owonjezereka.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ufulu wina waukulu umatetezeredwa ku kuloŵerera kwa boma mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene boma lingagwiritsire ntchito.

Malamulo kapena zochita za boma zimafunika kukhala zololera, osati zongodzisankhira, ndi kuti zitumikire chifuno cha boma. Ngati lamulo liswa kuyenera kwapadera, boma liyenera kusonyeza chidwi chachikulu ndi kuti lamulolo nlokonzeka kuti lipeze chidwi chimenecho. Izi zimadziŵika monga “kufufuza koikidwiratu." Ufulu umene ulibe maziko ake, muyezo waung'ono wa“ maziko oyenerera” umagwira ntchito.

Zitsanzo za ufulu wotetezeredwa panjira yoyenerera zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kuyenera kubisika: Kuphatikiza zosankha za kuletsa kutenga mimba, kuchotsa mimba, ndi maunansi apamtima.
  • Kukwatira: Chosankha cha amene angakwatiwe ndi ufulu waukulu.
  • Kuyenera kulera ana: Makolo ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupanga zosankha ponena za maleredwe ndi maphunziro a ana awo.
  • Kuyenera kukana mankhwala: Anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupanga zosankha zawo za chisamaliro cha thanzi (ndi zopereŵera).
  • Kuyenera kuyenda m'dziko: Ulendo wa Interstate uli kuyenera kwapadera.

Otsutsa amanena kuti makhoti apeza ufulu wosandandalikidwa m'Malamulo. Ochirikiza anena kuti nkofunika kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kusintha kwa malamulo a boma.

Kufunika kwa Ntchito Yofunika Pophunzitsa

Makonzedwe a maphunziro ndi ma microscoss a chitaganya kumene ufulu woyenerera umachita mbali yaikulu. Sukulu ndi mabungwe a boma (sukulu za boma) kapena mabungwe a anthu oyendetsedwa bwino, ndipo zochita zawo zingakhudze kwambiri moyo wa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi. Njira zoyenerera zimatsimikizira kuti njira zoperekera chilango n’zolungama, kuti zosankha za ntchito zilungamitsidwa, ndi kuti anthu onse ali ndi mwaŵi wa kudzitetezera okha ku zinenezo. Popanda njira yoyenera, masukulu angathane ndi ophunzira, aphunzitsi amoto, kapena kupereka chilango china chowopsa chozikidwa pa umboni wosalongosoka kapena kupanga zosankha zolakwika.

Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti ophunzira “sanachotse ufulu wawo walamulo pa khomo la sukulu . ( .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District , 1969). Komabe, mlingo wa njira zofunikira m'maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri sumayenera kwambiri kuposa m'makhoti aupandu, kulinganiza kufunika kwa sukulu kusunga dongosolo ndi chisungiko ndi kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense kukhala wolungama.

Kutsatira Mwambo wa Kulanga Ophunzira

Pamene ophunzira ayang'anizana ndi machitidwe olangiza monga kukakamiza, kuthamangitsa, kapena zilango zina zofunika, masukulu ayenera kumamatira ku miyezo yoyenerera. Nkhani yosonyeza Gos v. Lopez (1975) imatsimikizira kuti ophunzira a sukulu za boma ali ndi ufulu woyenerera ku maphunziro a anthu onse ndipo chotero sangachotsedwe ufuluwo popanda dongosolo loyenerera. Khotilo limasunga kuti kutsendedwa kwa masiku khumi, ophunzira ayenera kulandira:

  • [[FLT: 0]ral kapena chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha milandu: Wophunzira ayenera kudziŵa chimene akuimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kulongosola kwa umboni: Ngati wophunzira akana zinenezo, sukulu iyenera kupereka chidule cha umboni wotsutsa izo.
  • Mwayi wosonyeza mbali yawo: Kumvetsera kwamwaŵi kumeneku kuyenera kuchitika zisanayambe kupangidwa, kusiyapo pamene zinthu zadzidzidzi zichitika mwadzidzidzi pamene wophunzirayo aika ngozi.
  • Kutsimikizira chosankha ndi zifukwa: Wophunzira ayenera kudziŵitsidwa za chotulukapo ndi maziko a chosankha.

Pa kuchotsapo kwanthaŵi yaitali, njira zowonjezereka zalamulo zingafunikire, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa uphungu, kuyenera kwa kuitana mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kumvetsera koonekeratu. Maboma ambiri asukulu apanga malamulo atsatanetsatane operekera chilango amene amafotokoza njira zimenezi, kutsimikizira kusasintha ndi kuoneka bwino.

Sukulu ziyeneranso kukhala zosamala kupeŵa machitidwe auchiŵembu. Ofesi ya ufulu wa anthu (OCR) imafufuza madandaulo akuti ophunzira amalangidwa mwankhanza kwambiri chifukwa cha fuko, kugonana, kapena kupunduka. Njira zoperekera zitsogozo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe umenewu, kufunikira masukulu kusonyeza kuti zosankha zauchigamulo nzalamulo, zosakhala zalamulo.

Kuyenera Kuchitika kwa Aphunzitsi

Aphunzitsi ndi antchito ena a kusukulu alinso ndi ufulu wochita zinthu, makamaka pamene ayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa, kapena ntchito zina zoipa. Aphunzitsi olembedwa ali ndi chitetezo champhamvu, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuyankha pamaso pa boma. Ngakhale aphunzitsi osalembedwa ndi makampani angakhale ndi ufulu woyenerera ngati asonyeza kuyembekezera ntchito yopitirizabe (chikondwerero chotsimikizirika”.

Mlandu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba pa nkhani imeneyi ndi Picking v. Board of Education (1968) , umene unanena kuti aphunzitsi ali ndi ufulu wokonzanso mfundo yoyamba kulankhula pankhani za anthu popanda kubwezera. Komabe, khotilo linazindikiranso kuti sukulu ili ndi chifuno cha kusungitsa chipambano ndi kugwirizana. Kulinganiza zikondwerero zimenezi, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso oyenera. Ngati mphunzitsi wapatsidwa chilango cha kulankhula, iwo ali ndi ufulu woyenerera kutsimikizira kuti chilangocho sichili kubwezera.

Mfungulo yofunikira ya chitetezo cha aphunzitsi imaphatikizapo:

  • Tchati cha zinenezo ndi kachitidwe kolingaliridwa: Mphunzitsi ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha zifukwa za kuchotsera kapena chilango.
  • Kumvetsera pamaso pa wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho: Mphunzitsi ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni, kuitana mboni, ndi akuluakulu a sukulu opingasa.
  • Kulunjika ku kuimira kwa lamulo: mapangano ambiri ndi malamulo a boma amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa loya.
  • Apereka umboni: Mphunzitsi ayenera kuloledwa kupenda umboni umene sukulu ifuna kugwiritsira ntchito.
  • Kuyenera kuchita apilo: Ngati chigamulo choyamba chiri choipa, mphunzitsi angapitire kwa wolamulira wapamwamba kapena kukhoti.
  • Kuchinjiriza zosankha zodzifunira kapena zosatsimikizirika: chosankha chiyenera kuzikidwa pa umboni wotsimikizirika ndipo osati kukhala wosalingalira kapena wopalamula.

Kuwonjezera pa kutha, ntchito yofunika imagwiranso ntchito zina zofunika monga kululuza, kuveka m’nsipansi popanda malipiro, kapena kuchotsa zikalata zophunzitsa. Mabungwe a sukulu ayenera kutsatira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko amene akusonyeza njira zimenezi. Kulephera kupereka njira zokwanira zothandizira kungapangitse mphunzitsi kubwezeretsedwa ndi malipiro ndi chiwongola dzanja.

Chizindikiro cha Khoti Lalikulu Chotsutsa Njira Yoyenerera ya Maphunziro

Milandu ina yofunika kwambiri ya khoti lalikulu yafotokoza mmene maphunziro amayendera.

Gos v. Lopez (1975) — Wophunzira Suspensies

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, Gos v. Lopez [1] ndi mlandu wa maziko wa njira ya ophunzira yoyenerera. Ophunzira asanu ndi anayi ku Columbus, Ohio, analenjedwa kwa masiku khumi kaamba ka khalidwe losokoneza popanda kuweruzidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti sukuluyo inaswa ufulu wawo wa Kukonzanso zinthu za M'nyengo ya 14. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti maphunziro ndi chiwongola dzanja chotetezedwa ndi njira yoyenera, ndi kuti ngakhale matupiti afupi amafunikira chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa “kumvetsera kwanthaŵi yapamwamba pulogalamu imene sukulu zikugwiritsabe ntchito lerolino.

[[MLT: 0] Inraham v. Wright [77] — Chilango cha Corporal

Mu Inram v. Wright . Wright , khoti linafotokoza ngati chilango cha boma m’masukulu a boma chikuswa lamulo la Eighth Amendment loletsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Khotilo linagamula kuti Serth Amendment siimagwira ntchito pa chilango cha kusukulu, koma linaona kuti lamulo lachisawawa ndi lamulo la boma liyenera kuteteza. Khotilo linalangizanso kuti ngati ophunzira apereka chilango chopambanitsa, iwo azikhala ndi lamulo loyenera. Pamene kulibe mlanduwu sunakhazikitse ufulu wokwanira wa chilango chonse, unagogomezera kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yathupi kuyenera kukhala koyenera kukhala koyenera ndi kosadzilungamitsa.

Board ya Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County . Earls [FL: 1] (2002] — Kuyesa mankhwala

Mlanduwu unakhudzana ndi kuyesa koikidwiratu kwa ophunzira amene anali kuchita nawo ntchito zapasukulu. Khotilo linachirikiza lamulolo, likupeza kuti chidwi cha sukulu yoletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo chinaposa zimene ophunzirawo ankayembekezera. Mlanduwo sunaphatikizepo mwachindunji njira yoperekera mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma unakhudzanso njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu popanda kuuzidwa. Khotilo linagwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyenera ndipo linagamula kuti programu yoyesayo inali yabwino ndiponso yosadziikiratu, motero inakwaniritsa zimene likufuna.

Picgering v. Boma la Maphunziro (1968) — Ufulu wa Aphunzitsi Wolankhula

Tinakambirana nkhani imeneyi poyamba. Kuyesa nkofunika kwambiri chifukwa chinatsimikizira kuti aphunzitsi sataya ufulu wawo woyamba wokonzanso zinthu akaloŵa m’kalasi. Komabe, khotilo linazindikiranso kuti bungwe la sukulu lili ndi chidwi chosamalira dongosolo ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kuyesa koyenera kwa Pickicking kumakhalabe muyezo woŵerengera nkhani za aphunzitsi. Ndiponso, njira yoyenerera yofunikira pantchito imathandiza kuti aphunzitsi asamalangidwe chifukwa cha kuchita zoyenera zawo zalamulo.

[[FLT: 0] Board of Education v. Loudermill [1] (1985) — Olemba Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti mlanduwu unaphatikizapo wolondera, osati mphunzitsi, malamulo ake amagwira ntchito kwa antchito onse a boma, kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi. Khotilo linanena kuti antchito a boma amene ali ndi chidwi pantchito yawo (monga aphunzitsi olembedwa) ali ndi ufulu womva nkhani asanamve. Kumva sikuyenera kufotokozedwa bwino /kukumana kwamwayi ndi wopanga zigamuloyo kungakwanire. Koma kuyenera kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha milanduyo ndi mpata woyankha. Pambuyo pake, kuchotsedwa kwa mapepala a pa kanthaŵi kalelo kungafunikire. Liverzill [1]

Zovuta Zothandiza pa Sukulu

Kuzindikira njira yoyenera si njira yamaphunziro yokha . Ili ndi zotsatira zenizeni za mmene sukulu zimayendera. Oyang’anira sukulu ayenera kugwirizanitsa malamulo oyenera ndi malamulo awo ndi zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatsogolere ku mlandu, zilango za ndalama, ndi mbiri yowonongeka.

Kukulitsa Chilango Chabwino

Sukulu ziyenera kukhala ndi malamulo omvekera bwino, olembedwa opereka chilango amene amasonyeza masitepe a kusamalira mkhalidwe woipa.

  • Tchulani makhalidwe oletsedwa ndi zotsatirapo zake.
  • Perekani amene adzafufuze ndi kumvetsera.
  • Muyenera kuwerenga nthawi imene mukuona kuti mukumvetsera.
  • Lolani ophunzira apereke kalongosoledwe kawo ka zochitika ndi kubweretsa mboni.
  • Perekani makonzedwe a kupempha.
  • Zosankha zotsimikizika zimakhala zozikidwa pa umboni, osati pa manenanena kapena kukondera.

Komabe, njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu ikhozanso kulola munthu payekha kupenda zinthu zimene wophunzirayo waphunzira kale, zolinga zake, ndi zina zofunika, malinga ngati alingalira zimenezo mosaphonya ndi moonekeratu.

Kuphunzitsa Ogwira Ntchito Akamakwera Malo

Aphunzitsi, aphunzitsi, ndi antchito ochirikiza ayenera kulandira maphunziro okhazikika pa zofunika za ntchito zofunikira. Afunikira kumvetsetsa zoyenera zawo monga antchito limodzinso ndi zoyenera za ophunzira.

  • Thokisi yofunikira: Mmene mungadziŵitsire bwino ophunzira ndi makolo za zinenezo.
  • Njira zomveka: Kusamalira khutu loyenera ndi losakondera.
  • Kulembedwa: Kufunika kwa kusunga zolembedwa za machitidwe onse olanga ndi zifukwa zake.
  • Kupeŵa kubwezera: Kupereka chilango chimene antchito samalanga ophunzira kapena antchito ena chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zoyenera zawo.

Kusamala ndi Zoyenera

Pambuyo pa kuwomberana kwa pasukulu ndi nkhaŵa zowonjezereka za thanzi lamaganizo la ophunzira, sukulu zimayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha kuchita mofulumira, mwamphamvu. Komabe, njira yoyenerera imafunikira kulinganiza. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kapena kuthamangitsidwa kungalungamitse pamene wophunzira apereka chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga, koma ngakhale m’nkhani zimenezo, wophunzirayo ali ndi ufulu wakumva mwamsanga pambuyo pake pamene wangoyamba. Sukulu sizingagwiritsire ntchito chisungiko monga chodzikhululukira chopinga chopimira kupyola njira yoyenerera. Makhoti apanga kutsimikizira kuti “kusiyanako ” nkwapapatiza ndipo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’chikhulupiriro chabwino.

Kumaliza

Kuyenera kuli kuyenera kwakukulu kumene kumatetezera anthu ku ntchito ya boma. M'maphunziro, kumatsimikizira kuti ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amachitiridwa mosakondera, kuti ntchito za kupereka chilango zimalungamitsidwa, ndi kuti aliyense ali ndi mpata womvedwa. Njira zoyenerera zimalamulira njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makutu ndi kufufuza, pamene njira zofunikira zotetezera ufulu monga chinsinsi ndi ufulu wa banja. Landmark Courts ( Gos v. Lopez[FLT]], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] [V.VFFFFF]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .