Table of Contents

Zigamulo za m'bwalo la Supreme Court zikuimira zina za nthaŵi zosintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya zamalamulo ku America, kugwirizanitsa mtunduwo ndi kumvetsetsa ufulu walamulo, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Zigamulo zofunika zimenezi zimapitirira kwambiri khoti, zikumasonkhezera malamulo, mabungwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya anthu mamiliyoni. Kumvetsa zosankha zimenezi sikuli njira yongophunzitsa zamaphunziro. N’kofunika kuti munthu akhale nzika yodziŵa bwino, azichita nawo mbali yake, ndi kuzindikira mmene jadiary imapitirizira ndi kuwongolera mapulinsipulo amene United States anakhazikitsa.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limatumikira monga chomalizira chothetsera mafunso a lamulo, likumagwira ntchito mphamvu ya kupenda lamulo kugamula kaya malamulo ndi zochita za boma zikugwirizana ndi Konsichushoni. Pamene khoti lipereka chigamulo chosinthasintha, limakhazikitsa malamulo amene makhoti aang'ono ayenera kutsatira, kuyambitsa mafotokozedwe atsopano amene angapitirire kwa mibadwo. Zigamulo zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatuluka m'nkhani zazikulu zokhudza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kulingana kwa boma, ndi kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro, kupangitsa mayeso ofunika kwambiri m’chisinthiko cha demokrase cha ku America.

Chimene Chimasonyeza Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Si mlandu uliwonse wa khoti Lapamwamba umakhala ndi malo odziŵika. Chiweruzo chotchuka chili ndi zizindikiro zingapo zimene zimasiyanitsa lamulo ndi ziweruzo zanthaŵi zonse. Zigamulo zimenezi zimapereka mafunso ofunika a lamulo amene ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuthetsa mikangano yalamulo yokha kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano. Chiyambukiro cha zigamulo zoterozo chimasintha ndi mbali zambiri za lamulo ndi chitaganya, kusonkhezera malamulo otsatira, kukonza malamulo a anthu, ndipo nthaŵi zina kukhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Milandu yolemba pa malo ozungulira kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo kumasulira malamulo ofunika kwambiri a Konsolo, kuphatikizapo Bill of Rights, Aumeal Protection Claus, Acred Process , ndi Commerce Claus . Zigamulo zimenezi zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zogwirizana zimene zimatsogolera mmene makhoti amamasulira nkhani zofananazo mtsogolo, kuyambitsa maziko amene amasonkhezera kukambitsirana kwalamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri kapena ngakhale zaka mazana. Phindu la malamulo apadera limatanthauza kuti maloya, oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika nthaŵi zonse amatchula nkhani zimenezi pamene akutsutsana ndi nkhani zachiweruzo ndi za ndale zadziko.

Mbali ina yotchuka ya zosankha zapadera ndiyo chikhoterero chawo cha kuyambitsa chisamaliro chachikulu cha anthu ndi mkangano. Milandu imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imakhudza nkhani zimene zimagawanitsa malingaliro a anthu, monga ngati ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wobereka, ufulu wachipembedzo, kapena malire a boma. Chigamulo cha Khoti la nkhani za mkangano zimenezi chikhoza kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa mfundo za chikhalidwe zofala, nthaŵi zina kuchititsa kupita patsogolo kwa anthu ndi nthaŵi zina kuchititsa kutsutsana kwakukulu ndi kupempha kuti malamulo asinthe kapena a mchitidwe walamulo.

Mphamvu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Maziko a kukhoza kwa Khoti Lalikulu kupereka zigamulo zachiweruzo chosintha zinthu ali pa mfundo ya lamulo la chiweruzo, limene linakhazikitsidwa mwa mlandu wosintha zinthu. Mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Khoti kupenda machitidwe a Congress ndi kulengeza kuti sagwirizana ndi malamulo ngati amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Chigamulochi, ngakhale kuti sichinaperekedwe mwachindunji ndi malemba a Malamulo, chinakhazikitsa judiary monga nthambi ya boma yachiyeneyene ya boma ndi mphamvu ya kuyang'anira malamulo ndi ntchito zapamwamba.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kunasintha Bwalo Lapamwamba kuchoka ku bungwe lofooka kukhala lotetezera mwamphamvu malamulo alamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu umakhozetsa khoti kuchotsa malamulo operekedwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi boma pamene malamulowo akuswa malamulo alamulo, kubutsa mkangano pakati pa malamulo ambiri ndi ufulu walamulo. Osuliza nthaŵi zina amatcha zimenezi kukhala zotsutsana ndi ufulu wapamwamba, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti iwo amatetezera ufulu waung’ono ndi ufulu waukulu ku nkhanza ya anthu ambiri.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumafuna kuweruza kuti afotokoze chinenero chalamulo chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chotakata ndi chosamvetsetseka. Mawu onga "Chitetezo," "chitetezero chofanana ndi chilango chachilendo," ndi "ufulu wa kulankhula" amafuna kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ku mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti imene Aframers sakanaiyembekezera. Nthanthi zachiweruzo zosiyanasiyana . Kuphatikizapo kuyambirira kwa mawu, kulembedwa kwa mawu, kuchirikiza malamulo, ndi kupikisana kwa malamulo, kutsogolera ku ku mafotokozedwe a malamulo, ku mafotokozedwe amphamvu ponse paŵiri m'khoti ndi m'chitaganya chalamulo chakuyalunjika ponena za njira yoyenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la malamulo.

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Ziyenera Kuzindikira Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense Ndiponso Maufulu

Zigamulo za Supreme Court zimapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuzindikira ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wawo walamulo. Anthu ambiri a ku America sakudziŵa chitetezo chapadera chimene amapatsidwa ndi malamulowo ndiponso mmene chitetezocho chafotokozera mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, kumvetsa Miranda ndi Arizona (1966) kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira ufulu wawo wa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya amene alipo pofunsidwa ndi apolisi. Mofananamo, kuzoloŵerana ndi milandu yokhudza kutetezera kopanda nzeru ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinji kupangitsa anthu kuzindikira pamene ufulu wawo wachinsinsi ungaswedwe.

Nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ufulu wa kukhala paokha, ndi chitetezo choletsa tsankho zakhazikitsa malire amene amachititsa anthu ndi akuluakulu aboma kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa mfundo zimenezi, zimakhala zokonzeka kuzindikira kuti zingawononge ufulu wawo ndi kuti zikufuna kupatsidwa mankhwala oyenerera alamulo ngati n’koyenera.

Kupanga Mbali ya Democratic ndi Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Chigwirizano cha Chigwirizano ndi Ntchito

Nzika yodziŵa bwino njaikulu ku ntchito ya ulamuliro wa demokrase. Kumvetsetsa zigamulo za Supreme Court kumatheketsa nzika kukhala ndi phande moyenerera m'nkhani yapoyera yonena za malamulo ndi malamulo. Pamene osankha amvetsetsa mmene khoti lamasulira malamulo, iwo angapange zosankha zowonjezereka ponena za osankhidwa kukhala nduna zosankhidwa, makamaka ponena za kuikidwa kwa lamulo, kumene kwakhala ndi ziyambukiro zosatha kaamba ka malamulo a lamulo.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala maziko a ndawala za ndale zadziko ndi mikangano ya malamulo. Nkhani zonga ngati ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, kuletsa mfuti, kachitidwe kovomereza, ndi zoyenera zovota zonse zapangidwa ndi malamulo osintha zinthu amene amapitirizabe kusonkhezera makambitsirano a malamulo. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa maziko alamulo a mikangano imeneyi zingaloŵetsemo nkhani zimenezi, kuwonjezera pa mfundo zachiphamaso zolimbana ndi malamulo alamulo oikidwa pamtengo.

Kuzindikira Kusintha kwa Miyezo ya Malamulo

Lamuloli silisinthasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, luso la zopangapanga, ndiponso kusintha kwa mmene zinthu zimayendera. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la Lolemba, zimasonyeza mmene malamulo asinthira m’kupita kwa nthawi. Zigamulo zina zasintha kwambiri pa mfundo za m’malamulo ndiponso pa mfundo za chikhalidwe. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti lamulo la malamulo ndilo bungwe la malamulo limene likupitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo.

Mwachitsanzo, njira ya Khoti yochitira kulingana kwa mafuko yasintha kwambiri kuchokera ku kuvomereza ukapolo kochititsa manyazi ku Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) ku kukanidwa kwa "wosiyana koma wolingana" mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ku mkangano wopitirizabe wonena za kuvomereza ndi kuvota. Mofananamo, kumvetsetsa kwa Khoti za kufanana kwa amuna ndi amuna, LGBTQ, ndi ufulu wachinsinsi zakhala zikusintha kwambiri m’zaka makumi ambiri. Kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kuyamikira kupita patsogolo komwe kwachitika ndi kuyesayesa kosalekezabe kaamba ka chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo.

Zosankha Zamaziko Zimene Nzika Zonse Ziyenera Kudziŵa

Marbury vesi: Madison (103): Kukhazikitsa Gawo Loweruza

Marbury v. Madison akuima monga chigamulo chachikulu koposa m'mbiri ya America, osati kaamba ka chiyambukiro chake cha mwamsanga koma kaamba ka kukhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda lamulo. Mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko pambuyo pa chisankho cha 1800, pamene Prezidenti John Adams wochokapo anayesa kuika oweruza ambiri a Federalist m’masiku ake omalizira mu ofesi. Pamene Mlembi wa State James Madison anakana kupereka ena a mabungwe ameneŵa, William Marbury anachonderera Khoti Lapamwamba kaamba ka kukakamiza kuperekedwa kwa mandamumu.

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anapanga lingaliro lanzeru limene linapeŵa nthaŵi imodzi kulimbana mwachindunji ndi nthambi ya mkuluyo pamene anali kutsimikizira mphamvu yachiweruzo yosayerekezereka. Marshall anamaliza kuti pamene Marbury anali ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito yake, Bwalo Lamilandu silikanapereka mankhwala opemphedwawo chifukwa lamulo lovomereza makampani otere opitirira ulamuliro wa malamulo a Congress. Polengeza gawo la Chikalata cha Jadicary cha 1789 chosakhala nduna, Marshall anakhazikitsa kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi ulamuliro wopenda ndi kulephera malamulo otsutsana ndi Malamulo.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinaumba kwambiri dongosolo la boma la America mwa kukhazikitsa chigawo chachiweruzo cholingana ndi chigawo chokhala ndi mphamvu yoyang'anira ntchito za malamulo ndi zaudindo. Popanda kupenda zachiweruzo, Khoti Lalikulu likanakhalabe ndi ulamuliro wopereka malamulo ambiri apadera amene alongosola lamulo lachimereka ku America. Marbury v. Madison anapanga maziko amene malamulo onse a m'malamulo a m’mbuyomo amagwira ntchito, kupangitsa ilo maziko amene ulamuliro wa Khoti Lapamwamba lamakono la khotilo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling Secovation

Brown v. Board ya Maphunziro imaimira chimodzi cha zigamulo zapadera koposa m'Mabwalo Apamwamba a nyuzipepala ku America, kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha "wosiyana koma wolingana" chimene chinavomereza kugaŵidwa kwa mafuko kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Mlanduwo unawonjezera zitokoso zingapo ku kuletsa sukulu za boma ku Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, ndi District of Columbia. Ofesala anatsutsa kuti malo a maphunziro oletsedwa anali osalingana ndi otsutsana ndi kuswa chitetezo cha Klassio Claske wa Kumbuyo kwa 149.

Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren analemba lingaliro limodzi lomwe linakana chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa mu Plessy n. Ferguson (1896), lomwe linachirikiza kusankhana mafuko pansi pa chiphunzitso "chosiyana koma chofanana". Bwalo lamilandu linagamula kuti kulekanitsa ana m'masukulu a anthu onse pamaziko a fuko lokha linayambitsa malingaliro a kutsika kumene kunanyalanyaza mwaŵi wa maphunziro ndi kuswa zitsimikizo za lamulo za chitetezo chofanana. Warren analemba motchuka kuti "Malo a maphunziro ali osalingana kwenikweni," kuchotsa mwachindunji maziko alamulo a Jim Crow Livreation.

Chiyambukiro cha Brown chinakula kuposa maphunziro, kupereka chichirikizo chalamulo ndi makhalidwe kwa Chigawo cha Chifuniro cha Chikomyunizimu . Chigamulo chinasonkhezera zoyesayesa za kuthetsa kugaŵana m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuyambira ku zoyendera kufikira ku nyumba za anthu. Komabe, kukwaniritsa ntchito kunavuta, ndi malamulo ambiri oloŵerera "kutsutsa" kuletsa kuphatikana. Nkhondo ya Brown inasonyeza kuti zosankha za Khoti Lapamwamba, ngakhale zikhale zazikulu motani, zimafunikira kuyesayesa kolimba ndi ndale kutembenuza malamulo alamulo kukhala enieni kwa anthu.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966): Kuteteza Ufulu wa Kugwira

Miranda ndi Arizona anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti apolisi auze anthu kuti adziimbidwa mlandu wawo asanawafunse mlandu. Mlanduwu unaphatikizapo Ernesto Miranda, amene anaulula kuti abedwa ndi kugwiriridwa chigololo apolisi atafunsidwa popanda kuuzidwa kuti ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala chete kapena kukhala ndi loya. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti kutetezeredwa kwa Commergation yachisanu ndi ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Sikisi kufunidwa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira kuti adziphetse asanawafunse mafunso.

Chigamulo cha Khotilo chinalamula zimene zadziŵika monga "Menda machenjezo" kapena "Miranda zoyenera" . Chilangizo chozoloŵereka chakuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wakukhala chete, kuti chilichonse chimene anganene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku bwalo lamilandu, kuti ali ndi ufulu kwa loya, ndi kuti loya adzaikidwa ngati satha kugula imodzi. Machenjezo ameneŵa akhala okhazikika kwambiri m'malamulo a ku America kwakuti amadziŵika kwa nzika zambiri, makamaka mwa kusonyezedwa kwawo kwa nthaŵi zambiri m'maseŵero a pa wailesi yakanema ndi mafilimu.

Miranda akuimira kuyesayesa kwa Khoti kulinganiza kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwamphamvu ndi malamulo otetezera ku njira zofunsira mafunso. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti chigamulocho chikaletsa kufufuza kwa apolisi ndi kulola anthu a liwongo kuthaŵa chiweruzo. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti chinapereka chitetezo chofunika ku kuvomereza konyenga ndi kutetezera anthu osoŵa chitetezo ku chitsenderezo cha apolisi. Chigamulocho chapulumuka mavuto ambiri ndipo chimakhalabe maziko a njira zaupandu, ngakhale kuti milandu yotsatira yapangitsa kulephera ndi kulephera ku malamulo a Miranda.

Roe . Wade (1973) ndi Dobbs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): The Confection Develoption

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zoŵerengeka zayambitsa mkangano wochirikizidwa kwambiri monga Roe v. Wade, amene anavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba. Khotilo linavomereza kuti Chigamulo cha Active Procession Claus ya 14neth Amendment chitetezera kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kutaya mimba monga mbali ya ufulu waukulu wa kukhala yekha. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa mfundo yochepetsa ufulu wa mkazi wodzitetezera ku boma poteteza moyo ndi thanzi la amayi, ndi lamulo la boma likhale lovomerezeka pamene mimba ikupita patsogolo.

Roe anakhala nkhani yolongosola za ndale zadziko za ku America, kugwirizanitsa zonse ziŵiri ziŵiya za kuchotsa ndi kuyendetsa moyo ndi kusonkhezera kuikidwa kwachiweruzo kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Chigamulo chinasinthidwa ndi Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), chimene chinaloŵa mmalo mwa maziko oyenga ndi "mtolo wosafunika" muyezo pamene chinali kutsimikiziranso kuti akazi ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa kuchotsa mimba mwana asanachotsedwe mphamvu. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, Roe ndi Casey anapanga maziko alamulo kaamba ka ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba mu United States.

Mu 2022, Bwalo Lapamwamba linapereka chigamulo chake mu Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, kugwetsa onse aŵiri Roe ndi Casey ndi kunena kuti Konsichushoni siimapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Ambiri a khotilo anagamula kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunazingidwe kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko ndi mwambo ndi kuti nkhaniyo iyenera kuthetsedwa ndi dongosolo la demokrase mmalo mwa lamulo la chiweruzo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinabwezera lamulo lochotsa mimba ku maiko amodzi, chikumatulukapo malamulo opangidwa kuchokera ku ziletso zochokera ku chifupifupi theka la kuletsa kuchotsa mimba. Chigamulo cha Dobbs chimasonyeza mmene zisonyezere kumbuyo kwa dziko, ngakhale zija zimene zakhalako kwa zaka makumi ambiri, zingagwede pamene kulembedwa ndi kumasulira kwa filosofi kwa Khoti.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Prezidential Accounting

United States ob. Nixon adachokera ku mbiri yoipa ya Watergate ndi kufotokoza malire a mphamvu ya pulezidenti mkati mwa mavuto a lamulo. Woweruza wapadera Leon Jaworski adajambula tepi ya makaseti a kukambitsirana kwa Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi oweruza ake, akumakhulupirira kuti anali ndi umboni wokhudzana ndi maupandu a akuluakulu a boma. Nixon anakana kutulutsa matepiwo, akumati ali ndi mwayi waukulu wakuti Pulezidenti angaletse kulankhulana ndi masulo ena kuti atetezere chinsinsi cha kuweruza kwa akuluakulu.

Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza pamodzi kudzinenera kotheratu kwa Nixon kwa mwaŵi waudindo waukulu, ndikuti pamene kuli kwakuti Pulezidenti ali ndi chikondwerero choyenera m'kulankhulana kwachinsinsi, chikondwerero chimenechi chiyenera kuperekedwa pamene umboni ufunikira kaamba ka kuzenga mlandu. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren Burger analemba kuti chiphunzitso cha kulekana kwa maulamuliro kapena kufunika kwa kubisa mawu apamwamba sichingachirikize mwaŵi wokwanira, wosayenerera wa prezidenti wa kuchinjiriza ku dongosolo la chiweruzo pansi pa mikhalidwe yonse.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira lamulo lofunika lakuti palibe munthu, ngakhale Pulezidenti, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Nixon anamvera lamulo la Khoti, kutulutsa matepi, ndi kusiyapo mwamsanga pambuyo pake pamene zojambulazo zinavumbula kuloŵetsedwa kwake m'chikuto cha Watergate. United States v. Nixon anakhazikitsa zitsanzo zofunika kwambiri ponena za mwaŵi waudindo waudindo, mlandu wa pulezidenti, ndi ntchito ya jadicary m'kufufuza mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka boma. Mlanduloyo udakali woyenerera m'makambirano amakono onena za ulamuliro wa pulezidenti ndi ukulu umene mapresidenti angatsutse kuyang'anira komitia kapena kuweruza.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa ukwati

Obergefell v. Hodges anaimira chimake cha zaka makumi ambiri za kutembenuza LGBTQ+ zoyenera, polingalira kuti ufulu waukulu wa kukwatira watsimikiziridwa kwa okwatirana a kugonana mmodzi ndi Claus ndi Atvice Exploretion Experity Claus ya Jeneth Amerekance. Mlandu unaphatikizapo mavuto kuchokera ku Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, ndi Tennessee, kumene okwatirana amodzi a ku Tennessee anatsutsa kuti chiletso cha boma pa ukwati wauchiŵalo chinamaphwanya ufulu wawo walamulo.

Woweruza Anthony Kennedy, polembera anthu ambiri, anagogomezera kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira nkofunika chifukwa chakuti kumachirikiza mgwirizano wa aŵiri osiyana ndi wina uliwonse. Khotilo linanena kuti kukana okwatirana a amuna kapena akazi amodzimodziwo kukana kuchititsa kuvulaza kolemekezeka ndi kuwaika pamkhalidwe wachiŵiri. Chigamulocho chinafuna kuti maboma onse alole maukwati pakati pa okwatirana a amuna ndi akazi okhaokha ndi kuvomereza maukwati amodzi ochitidwa mwalamulo m’mayiko ena.

Obergefell anasintha kwambiri pa kuvomereza LGBTQ ndi chikhalidwe. Zaka makumi angapo m'mbuyomo, maunansi a kugonana ndi kugonana anachitidwa mophwanya lamulo m'mayiko ambiri, ndipo lingaliro la ukwati waukazi umodzi linali losalingalirika pa nkhani zandale. Chigamulo chokhazikitsidwa pa milandu yoyamba, kuphatikizapo Lawrence v. Texas (2003), chomwe chinaswa malamulo oletsa unansi wa kugonana wa pa chisembwere, ndi United States v. Winds (203), chomwe chinachotsa lamulo la boma lolongosola kuti ukwati ndi wa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi yekha. Obergee akusonyeza mmene kumasulira kwa lamulo kungasinthire ufulu wa magulu amene kale anali oletsedwa kapena ochotsedwa pa zitetezero zalamulo.

Kusankha Zochita Mwaufulu pa Zolankhula ndi Zolankhula

Scheck v. United States (1919) ndi "Mfundo Zoyera ndi Zapanthaŵi Yake"

Schenck v. United States anakhazikitsa imodzi ya njira zoyambirira zodziŵira pamene boma lingaletse kulankhula. Charles Schenck, mkulu wa Socialist Party, anaimbidwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la Espionage Act pogaŵira mapepala olimbikitsa kukana kuloŵa m'nkhondo pa nkhondo ya padziko lonse. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza chitsimikizo chake, ndi Jasitisi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Kufotokoza za kuyesa "Ex losavuta ndi lokhalapo", kumene kukana kuti mawuwo angaletsekedwe pamene ayambitsa upandu wotsutsa nkhondo wa kumapeto a nkhondo.

Holmes analemba motchuka kuti "chitetezero chokhwima kwambiri cha ufulu wa kulankhula sichingateteze munthu pofuula monama moto ndi kuchititsa mantha, "kusonyeza kuti chitetezo cha First Amendment sichili chotheratu. Kuyesa koonekeratu ndi kwamakono kunachititsa kuti ufulu wa kulankhula ukhale wogwirizana ndi ufulu wa boma pa nkhani zachisungiko ndi zauchisungiko. Komabe, mayesowo anavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mosasintha ndipo kenako anayengedwa ndipo potsirizira pake analoŵedwa ndi miyezo yowonjezereka yotetezera kulankhula.

Sullivan (1964): Protection Press Freedom

New York Times Co. Sullivan anasintha lamulo la kuipitsa ndi kupereka chitetezo chachikulu kaamba ka ufulu wa nyuzipepala. Nkhaniyo inabuka pamene L.B Sullivan, mkulu wa boma ku Montgomery, Alabama, anaimba mlandu New York Times kaamba ka kufalitsa kusatsa kumene kunali ndi zolakwika za apolisi ponena za kutsutsa ufulu wa anthu. Oweruza a Alabama anapereka Sullivan $500,000 pa zitayiko, kuwopseza kuthekera kwa ndalama kwa magulu a nyuzi amene anafalitsa nkhani zotsutsana ndi nkhani za anthu.

Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chiweruzo, likumati akuluakulu a boma sangabweze chiwopsezo cha mabodza okhudza khalidwe lawo lokhudzana ndi lamulo pokhapokha atatsimikizira kuti mawuwo anapangidwa ndi "njiru yachiphamaso" , ndiko kuti, ndi chidziŵitso chakuti linali lonama kapena losasamala kuti kaya linali lonama kapena ayi. Mkhalidwe wowonjezerekawu unazindikira kuti mkangano wamphamvu wa nkhani za anthu ungakhale kuukira boma, kuvulaza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuukira kowopsa kwa boma ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi mawu olakwikawo n’ngosapeŵeka m’makambitsirano aulere.

Muyezo weniweni wa njiru umene unakhazikitsidwa mu Sullivan waperekedwa kwa anthu ambiri ndipo udakali maziko a malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera. Chigamulocho chimateteza atolankhani, olemba mapepala, ndi nzika wamba amene amayankha nkhani zokhudza anthu, kulola kuti pakhale mkangano wamphamvu popanda kuchititsa kuipitsidwa ndi zolakwa zazing'ono. Komabe, muyezo wasulizidwanso chifukwa cha kuchititsa kuti anthu avutike kwambiri kutsimikizira mbiri yawo pamene avulazidwa ndi mawu onama.

Johnson (1989): Kuwotcha Mbendera Monga Mawu Otetezera

Iye analongosola ngati kutentha mbendera ya ku America monga chitsutso cha ndale zadziko kuli mawu otetezeredwa pansi pa First Amendment. Gregory Lee Johnson anatentha mbendera ya ku America mkati mwa chitsutso pa 1984 Republican National Convention ku Dallas, ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la Texas loletsa kuipitsa zinthu zolemekezedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba, m’chigamulo chotsutsana ndi 5 - 4, linakhulupirira kuti kutentha mbendera ndiko mawu ophiphiritsira otetezedwa ndi First Amendment.

Jasitisi William Brennan anagogomezera kuti boma silingaletse kufotokoza lingaliro la chinthu chifukwa chakuti chitaganya chimaona lingalirolo kukhala lonyansa kapena losakondweretsa. Khotilo linazindikira kuti mbendera ili ndi tanthauzo lapadera kwa anthu ambiri a ku Amereka koma linamaliza kuti phindu lophiphiritsira limeneli nlogwirizana ndi ufulu wa kulankhula ndipo silingalungamitse kuletsa kulankhula. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezera anthu kutsutsa kwakukulu ndi kuyesayesa kopanda chipambano kwa kuchotsa lamulo loletsa kuipitsa mbendera.

Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti Khotili likufuna kuchirikiza mfundo za malamulo ngakhale kuti likutsutsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu. Mfundo imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti ufulu walamulo sudalira anthu ambiri. Chigamulochi chimayambitsa mkangano koma chimathandiza kuti mfundo za kukhazikitsa malamulo a Mulungu zitetezedwe.

Zosankha Zachizindikiro pa Chiweruzo Cholungama ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Gideon (1963): Kuyenera Kulandira Uphungu

Gideon adavomereza kuti chitsimikizo cha Sixte Amendment chimagwira ntchito pa milandu ya boma ndi kuti boma liyenera kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kuwagula. Clarence Earl Gideon adaimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa ndi kuloŵa ku Florida ndi kupempha kuti khotilo liike loimira iye chifukwa chakuti sakanatha kulipira. Khoti linakana pempho lake, ndipo Gideoni anadziimira, anaimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuweruzidwa kukhala m’ndende zaka zisanu.

Khotilo linavomerezana, linasintha chigamulo chake choyambirira mu Botts ndi Brady ndi kunena kuti kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu n’kofunika kwambiri kuti mlandu uweruzidwe mwachilungamo.

Gideoni anasintha njira ya chiweruzo chaupandu mwa kupanga dongosolo la kutetezera anthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu alandira chilolezo chalamulo. Chigamulocho chinazindikira kuti popanda chithandizo chalamulo cholondola, ngakhale oimbidwa mlandu wopanda liwongo amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zowopsa m'malamulo ovuta. Komabe, kuvomerezedwa kosalekeza kwa maofesi a boma otetezera anthu m’zigawo zambiri kumatanthauza kuti lonjezo la Gideoni likhalabe lotsimikizirika mosayenerera, ndi oimbidwa mlandu ena olandira chilolezo cha lamulolo.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Ulamuliro wa Excloion

Mapu v. Ohio anagwiritsira ntchito chitetezo cha Gene Amendment chachinayi ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri ku boma lotsekereza milandu ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lopatula, limene limaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa kupyolera m'kufufuza kosakhala kwa boma. Apolisi analoŵa m'nyumba ya Dollree Mappe mokakamiza popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka, akumati akufunafuna kuphulitsa mabomba okayikiridwa ndi zipangizo zobetchera zosakhala za lamulo. Mmalomwake, iwo anapeza zonyansa ndi kumangidwa ndi Mapup kuti akhale ndi nkhani yonyansa.

Khoti Lapamwambalo linanena kuti umboni wopezeka wophwanya lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera sungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’makhoti a boma. Khotili linaganiza kuti popanda lamulo lopatula lamulo, chitetezo cha Lamulo Lachinayi chingakhale chopanda tanthauzo, popeza kuti apolisi sangakhale ndi chifukwa chomvera malamulo oletsa kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chigamulochi chinkaperekedwanso pa lamulo limene linakhudza milandu ya boma yokha, kulimbikitsa kwambiri chitetezo chachinsinsi m’dziko lonse.

Mapup adakali wotsutsana, ndi osuliza akutsutsa kuti kusiya umboni wodalirika kumalola oimbidwa mlanduwo kuthaŵa chikhulupiriro chozikidwa pa luso la zolembedwa. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti lamulo la kupatula liri lofunikira kuletsa kusadziletsa kwa apolisi ndi kusunga zoyenera za lamulo. Zosankha zotsatira zapanga kusiyana ndi lamulo la kupatula, kuphatikizapo "chikhulupiriro chabwino" kuwonjezerapo pamene apolisi moyenerera adalira pa zilolezo zolakwika, kusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa malamulo ogwira ntchito ndi zitetezero zalamulo zogwira mtima.

Furman Georgia (1972) ndi Greg v. Georgia (1976): Death Penalty

Furman Georgia anaimitsidwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa ku United States mwa kunena kuti chilango cha imfa, monga momwe chinaperekedwera, chinali chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo kuswa Sert Empline. Chigamulo cha khotilo chotsutsana chinatulutsa malingaliro asanu ndi anayi osiyana, popanda kulamula anthu ambiri. Komabe, oweruza asanu anagamula kuti chilango cha imfa chinali chosayenera kuperekedwa monga momwe chinkachitira.

Furman anachotsapo malamulo a imfa m'maiko makumi anayi ndi kuchepetsa zigamulo za akaidi oposa mazana asanu ndi limodzi ophedwa. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezera boma kukonzanso malamulo awo a chilango cha imfa kuti athetse nkhaŵa zawo za kusoŵa ulemu ndi tsankho. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, ku Greggbbb Georgia, khoti linasunga malamulo atsopano operekera chilango cha imfa omwe anatsogolera ku mayeso ndi milandu yopatulidwa ndi magawo opalamula, kumaliza kuti chilango cha imfa chenichenicho sichimaswa Lamulo la malamulo olinganizidwa bwino lomwe linapangidwa.

Chilango cha imfa chidakali chimodzi cha nkhani za mkangano m’chiweruzo cha apandu ku America, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe ponena za makhalidwe ake, yogwira ntchito monga choletsa, ngozi yakupha anthu opanda liwongo, ndi kusiyanitsa fuko. Zigamulo zotsatizana za Khoti Lalikulu zachepetsa magulu a milandu ndi opalamula oyenerera chilango cha imfa, kuletsa kuphedwa kwa anthu opunduka maganizo, achichepere, ndi awo amene apatsidwa mlandu wa maupandu amene sanadzetse imfa. Chiŵerengero cha kuphedwa ndi kuphedwa chatsika kwakukulu m’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, ngakhale kuti chilango cha imfa chimakhala chalamulo m’maiko ambiri.

Zosankha Zapadera pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Wachiŵeniŵeni

Long v. Virginia (1967): Ukwati wa Interracial

Wokonda Virginia anaswa malamulo oletsa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, akumati ziletso zoterozo zinaswa zonse ziŵiri Kutetezera Claus ndi Act Classias of the 14th Amendment. Richard Loving, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi Wakuda, anakwatiwa ku Washington, D.C., mu 1958, ndiyeno kubwerera ku Virginia kwawo, ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana umene unachitidwa mwaupandu. Iwo anagwidwa, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi kupatsidwa chilango cha chaka chimodzi m’ndende, ndipo chilango chinaikidwa pamkhalidwe umene anachoka ku Virginia ndi kubwerera kwawo pamodzi kwa zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu.

Khoti Lapamwamba linathetsa lamulo la Virginia lotsutsa kukwatira, ndi Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren kulemba kuti ufulu wa kukwatira uli ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene sungakhazikitsidwe ndi kuikidwa kwa mafuko. Khotilo linakana chigamulo cha Virginia chakuti lamulolo limagwira ntchito mofanana kwa mafuko onse, kuzindikira kuti lamulolo linalinganizidwa kusunga ulamuliro wa azungu ndipo silinakhale ndi chifuno china chalamulo kusiyapo kusankhana mafuko kolemekezeka.

Chikondi chimatanthauza chinthu chofunika kwambiri pochotsa zopinga za lamulo zaufuko ndi kuzindikira kuti ukwati uli ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri. Chigamulo chatchulidwa m'nkhani zotsatira zokhudza ufulu wa ukwati, kuphatikizapo Obergefell v. Hodges, zimene zinafutukula ufulu wa ukwati kwa okwatirana a kugonana mmodzi. Panthaŵi ya chigamulo chachikondi, maboma khumi ndi asanu ndi mmodzi analetsabe ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, kusonyeza mmene malamulo a upandu woterowo anasungidwira. Nkhaniyo imagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso cha mmene mtunduwo wapitira patsogolo m’kulemekeza ndi kuyenererana mosasamala kanthu za fuko.

Reed v. Reed (1971) ndi United States kutsutsana ndi Virginia (1996): Kulingana kwa Malonda

Reed v. Reed anasindikiza nthaŵi yoyamba khoti Lapamwamba linagamula lamulo pa maziko a tsankho la kugonana pansi pa Justice Claus . Mlanduwo unaloŵetsapo lamulo la Idaho limene linasankha amuna pa akazi posankha oyang'anira malo. Sally ndi Cecil Reed, okwatirana opatukana, onse aŵiriwo anayesa kuyang'anira malo a mwana wawo wakufayo. Khoti linachita chivomerezo chakuti amuna amaswa ezakuti Acial Protection Claine, kukhazikitsa kuti malamulo a amuna ogwirizana ndi ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Pamene Reed anagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kofeŵetsa ku magawo ogwirizana ndi kugonana, milandu yotsatira inakula miyezo yolimba kwambiri. United States v. Virginia adalankhula ndi lamulo la mwamuna wa Virginia Military Institute , ndi Khoti likumati kugawa kwa boma kwa amuna ndi akazi kuyenera kutumikira zolinga zofunika za boma ndipo kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezo. Chigamulocho chinafunikira VMI kuvomereza kapena kunyalanyaza chichilikizo cha boma, kuthetseratu mwambo wautali wa maphunziro a boma a maphunziro a munthu mmodzi.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti malamulo oletsa kusankhana akazi anasanduka anthu, ngakhale kuti Khoti silinagwiritse ntchito kwambiri njira yofufuzira kuti likhale lachimuna kapena chachikazi monga mmene limachitira ndi kusankhana mitundu. Kusoŵeka kwa Lamulo Lolinganiza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kumatanthauza kuti kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi kumadalira pa kumasulira kokhudza malamulo a boma kwa zaka 14 m’malo mwa kulemba mawu omveka bwino. Komabe, malamulo amenewa achepetsa malamulo ambiri amene anasintha amuna ndi akazi chifukwa cha ntchito ndi mphamvu zawo.

Regents wa University of California v. Bakke (1978): Afritive Action

Agogo a pa University of California v. Bakke adafotokoza za lamulo la kuvomereza m'malamulo oloŵa m'dziko lapamwamba. Allan Bakke, wofunsira wa azungu, anamanidwa kulowa ku Yunivesite ya California, Davis Medical School, imene inasunga mipando ya khumi ndi umodzi ya anthu ofunsira kwa anthu ochepa. Bakke ananena kuti dongosolo la ndandanda ya malamulo linaswa Encicle Protection Classiale ndi The Thit VI of the Civil Rights Act polimbana naye chifukwa cha fuko.

Chigamulo chosweka cha Khotilo sichinatulutse malingaliro ambiri, koma lingaliro la Woweruza Lewis Powell linagamula kuti pamene kuli kwakuti kuchuluka kwa mafuko kuli kosemphana ndi ufulu, fuko lingalingaliridwe kukhala mbali imodzi pakati pa ambiri ovomereza kuti apeze mapindu a maphunziro a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Lingaliro la Powell linatsimikizira kuti kusiyana m’maphunziro apamwamba kumapanga chikondwerero chokakamiza cha boma chimene chingalungamitse kulingalira fuko m’malo mwa anthu, malinga ngati kulingalira koteroko kuli kongogwirizana ndi kusatsatira njira ya maphunziro.

Bakke anakhazikitsa maziko ovomereza zimene zinakonzedwa m'nkhani zotsatira, kuphatikizapo Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), amene anachirikiza yunivesite ya Michigan Law School kupenda fuko, ndi Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), imene inathetsa lamulo loletsa mfundo zozikidwa pa fuko. Lamulo ndi nzeru za kuvomereza zikalibe kutsutsana, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yakuti kaya malamulo oterowo amalimbikitsa kusiyana ndi kuchotsa tsankho lakale kapena amapangitsa tsankho kutsutsa magaŵano a mafuko.

Zosankha Zapadera pa Maboma ndi Mphamvu

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal Supremacy ndi Mphamvu Zosagwiritsidwa Ntchito

McCulloch v. Maryland anakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a boma ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo lomwe likupitirizabe kulinganiza kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Mlandu unabuka pamene Maryland anayesa kukhoma msonkho ku Banki Yachiŵiri ya United States, ndi James McCulloch, wa ndalama za banki, anakana kukhoma msonkho. Maryland anatsutsa kuti boma la bomalo linalibe ulamuliro walamulo kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko lonse ndi kuti maboma akhoze kukhoma msonkho wogwira ntchito m'malire awo.

Chigamulo cha Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall chinayankha mafunso aŵiri ovuta: kaya Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi mphamvu ya kuphatikiza banki, ndi ngati boma lingakhoze kukhoma msonkho ku banki imeneyo. Marshall anakhulupirira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a malamulo sapatsa mwachindunji Boma mphamvu yopanga banki, Chithandizo ndi Chilungamo cha Claus chilola Nyumba za Ufumu kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosatchulidwa mwachindunji kuti zipereke mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Chiphunzitso chimenechi cha mphamvu zamphamvu zomveka zimakulitsa ulamuliro wa boma kuposa mphamvu za malamulo a boma.

Marshall anakhazikitsanso lamulo la ulamuliro wa boma, akumati maboma sangasokoneze malamulo a msonkho kapena njira zina zopinga ntchito za ulamuliro wa boma. Chilengezo chake chotchuka chakuti "mphamvu ya msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu yakuwononga" chodziŵika kuti kulola maboma kupereka msonkho kukanawatheketsa kufooketsa ulamuliro wa boma. McCulloch adakali chimodzi cha zosankha zofunika kwambiri m’lamulo la malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo omasulira amene atheketsa boma kusintha mikhalidwe ndi mavuto a dziko amene opanga maFrame sakanayembekezera.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): The Commerce Claus

Gibbons v. Ogden anamasulira mphamvu ya Congress mokulira ya kuletsa malonda a m'madera akutali, kukhazikitsa maziko a ulamuliro waukulu wa boma. Nkhaniyo inaloŵetsamo oyendetsa sitima za m’madzi othamanga mu New York, ndi Aaron Ogden atanyamula laisensi yokha kuchokera ku New York State ndi Thomas Gibbons yogwira ntchito pansi pa laisensi ya boma. Pamene Ogden anafuna kuletsa Gibbon kugwiritsa ntchito, Gibbons ananena kuti lamulo la boma linachotsa ufulu wa boma.

Woweruza wamkulu Marshall ananena kuti mphamvu ya Congress yolamulira malonda pakati pa maboma ndi yaikulu ndipo imafalikira ku mayanjano onse amalonda amene amakhudza boma limodzi. Kumasulira kokulira kumeneku kwa Commerce Claus kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa lamulo la boma pa nkhani za ufulu wa anthu ndi kutetezera malo okhala ku lamulo laupandu. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma amenyana, lamulo la boma likulamulira pansi pa Supremacy Claus.

Chiwonjezeko cha Commerce Claus chatsutsidwa m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka, ndi Bwalo lamilandu nthaŵi zina likukula ndi kuvomereza ulamuliro wa boma. Mkati mwa nyengo ya New Deal, khotilo linagonjetsa malamulo a boma monga mphamvu ya zamalonda yoposa koma pambuyo pake linatenga njira yololera imene inalola boma kuloŵerera kwambiri m’zachuma. Zosankha zaposachedwapa zakhazikitsa malire pa zamalonda, zikumasunga kuti Congress sangalamulire ntchito yosakhala ya zachuma imene siikhudza kwenikweni malonda a mayiko, koma zamalonda za Claus adakali magwero aakulu a boma la geniclavian.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): The Affordible Care Act

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius anathetsa mavuto a lamulo la Affordble Care Act, makamaka lamulo la munthu aliyense lofuna kuti anthu ambiri a ku America asunge inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kapena chilango. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti Msonkhano unaposa ulamuliro wake pa malonda mwa kukakamiza anthu kugula chinthu mmalo mwa kuyang'anira ntchito zamalonda. Mlanduwuwo unapereka mafunso ofunika kwambiri ponena za malire a boma ndi unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma.

Chilungamo chachikulu John Roberts chinagamula kuti pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la munthu linaposa mphamvu ya Congress ya zamalonda, likhoza kuchirikizidwa monga mphamvu yovomerezeka ya kulipira ya Congress. Roberts analingalira kuti chilango cha lamulocho chimagwira ntchito monga msonkho ndi kuti Congress ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya kukhoma msonkho ndi kuwonongera ubwino wa onse. Kumasulira kumeneku kunasungitsa makonzedwe a Affordable Care Act apakati pamene akusunga malire pa Commerciace Classias.

Chigamulo chinakhudzanso kufutukuka kwa Act ya Medicaid, poona kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingakakamize kukulitsa programuyo mwa kuopseza kuti adzamana ndalama zonse za Medicaid kuchokera ku maboma osakhala ogwirizana. Mbali imeneyi ya chigamulo imalimbikitsa mfundo za boma mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Congress ya kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoikika kulamulira boma. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndipo imasonyeza mmene Khoti likupitirizira kulimbana ndi kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma m'boma lamakono.

Mmene Nkhani za M’tsogolo Zimakhudzira Zosankha Zapatsogolo

Luso la Umisiri ndi Ufulu Wokhala Wekha

Zigamulo za m'bwalo Lapamwamba zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera mmene makhoti amachitira ndi luso lapamwamba limene silingalingaliridwe. Milandu yokhudza makompyuta achinsinsi, kuyang’anira boma, ndi zolemba za boma imafunikira makhoti kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malamulo opangidwa m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, Riley v. California (2014) adaona kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuzira zinthu za pa foni ya m'manja imene inagwidwa, pozindikira kuti mafoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini chochuluka chimene chimafunikira chitetezo chachinsinsi.

Mofananamo, Carpbated . United States (208) inafotokoza ngati boma likufuna chilolezo chopezera mafashoni a foni a m'mbiri kuchokera kwa onyamula mafoni. Khotilo linanena kuti Commergation Yachinayi imateteza zolembedwa zimenezi, pozindikira kuti kulondola mozama kwa anthu kudzera m'malo a maselo nkhani zachinsinsi zimene sizinaganizirepo. Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene zochitika zazikulu zokhudza machinsinsi ndi kufunafuna ndi kutengeka ziyenera kusinthidwira ku maluso a boma omwe anachititsa kuti apeze njira zofufuzira.

Nkhani zamtsogolo zidzasamalira luntha losakhala lachibadwa, luso la zopangapanga lakuyang’ana nkhope, kulembedwa kwa mawu olembedwa, kuyang’anira za makompyuta, ndi njira zina zamakono zimene zikudzutsa mafunso atsopano a malamulo a boma. Malamulo okhazikitsidwa m’zosankha zapadera akupereka njira zochitira masinthidwewo ndi mikhalidwe imene imasiyana kwambiri ndi mmene inayambitsidwira. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa maziko a maziko a chinsinsi ali zokhoza bwino kuchitapo ndemanga pa nkhani za mmene malamulo a m'makompyuta ayenera kugwirira ntchito m'nyengo ya wailesi.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kukhulupirika

Zigamulo za pa malo ochitirapo chisankho zaumba ufulu wosankha ndi njira zosankhira, ngakhale kuti milandu yaposachedwapa yabutsa mkangano wokhudza chitetezo cha kukhala ndi phande m'ndale. Baker v. Carr (1962) adakhazikitsa kuti makhoti a boma angamve mavuto a kugaŵidwa kwa malamulo, kutsogolera ku "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" lamulo limene limafuna kuti zigawo za malamulo zikhale ndi anthu ofanana. Reynolds v. Sims (644) anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukonzanso demokrase ya ku America mwa kutsimikizira kuti chisankhoti cha nzika iliyonse chikhale ndi kulemera kofanana.

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 inakhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsa lamulo la Demendment la 15th Amendment pa kusankhana mafuko posankha, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira poyamba kuti lithetse njira zolozera mlandu. Komabe, Shelby County v. Haker (2013) adagonjetsa lamulo la Chikalata cha Act, limene linasankha kuti ndi malamulo ati a boma achotsedwe asanasinthe njira zovota. Khotilo linanena kuti njirayi inali yozikidwa pa mfundo zachikale ndi kuswa malamulo a boma, kuchotsa lamulo lalamulo loyambiriralo.

Shelby County yatsatiridwa ndi malamulo ambiri a boma amene otsutsa amapanga kuvota kukhala kovuta kwambiri, makamaka kwa osankha ochepa, pamene ochirikiza ali ofunikira kuletsa chinyengo ndi kutsimikizira umphumphu wa chisankho. Chigamulocho chikusonyeza mmene zigamulo zapadera zingafutukule kapena kupanga pangano mogwirizana ndi kulembedwa kwa Khoti ndi kumasulira. Kumvetsetsa milandu imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira mmene zigamulo zachiweruzo zimayambukirira ufulu wawo waukulu wa kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase ndipo kumatheketsa pangano la chidziŵitso cha kutsutsana ndi kulowa m’choloŵa, gerrymering, ndi projective.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Claus

Kuletsa kwa chipembedzo cha First Amendment kwa lamulo la chipembedzo . Kugwirizanitsa kukhazikitsa boma la chipembedzo ndi kutetezera chipembedzo mwaufulu . kwachititsa zigamulo zambiri zimene zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera mikangano yapanthaŵiyo. Engel v. Vitale (1962) analetsa pemphero la boma loperekedwa m'masukulu a boma, kuchititsa mapemphero a boma osonkhanitsidwa kuswa Chiyambi cha Claus ngakhale pamene kutengamo mbali kuli kodzifunira. Kurtzman (1971) adakhazikitsa chiyeso cha mbali zitatu cha kutsimikizira ngati kachitidwe ka boma kakuswa Istation Claus, kufunikira kuti malamulo akhale ndi chifuno cha dziko, osati kutsogolera kapena kuletsa chipembedzo, ndi kupeŵa kutsendereza boma ndi chipembedzo.

Nkhani zaposachedwapa zachokapo kuchoka pa kulekana kwakukulu kuloŵera malo aakulu achipembedzo m'moyo wapoyera. Galloway (2014 anachirikiza pemphero la malamulo limene kwakukulukulu linasonyeza atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikristu, ndi American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2015) inalola chikumbutso chachikulu cha nkhondo ya mtanda kutsala pa dziko la onse. Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza kusintha kwa kupenda zizindikiro ndi machitachita achipembedzo ozikidwa pa mwambo ndi mawu ake olembedwa m’mbiri mmalo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ziyeso zouma.

Nkhani zaufulu zasinthanso, ndi Alork Division v. Smith (1990) polingalira kuti malamulo auchete a kulephera kwa anthu saswa malamulo a Free Execreence Claus ngakhale atalemetsa ntchito yachipembedzo. Komabe, milandu yotsatira yapanga kusiyana, makamaka pamene malamulo ayesa kuletsa chipembedzo kapena pamene okana chipembedzo afuna kuti asalowetsedwe m'zofunika zambiri. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zokhudza kuletsa kuletsa kulera, malamulo oletsa kugawana, ndi ziletso zoletsa ufulu wachipembedzo ndi zikondwerero zina za boma. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa kumathandiza anthu kuyendetsa bwino ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi boma losiyana kwambiri.

Kupangidwa kwa Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu

Mmene Milandu Imafikira Khoti Lalikulu

Kuzindikira mmene milandu imafikira Khoti Lalikulu kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira mtundu wosankha wa khoti la khotilo ndi chifukwa chake nkhani zina zimalandira chisamaliro cha chiweruzo pamene zina sizikuchitidwa. Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wa chiweruzo pa milandu yambiri, kutanthauza kuti oweruza amasankha milandu imene aimva. Ofufuza milandu a Supreme Court afuna zifuno za mapepala a Certiorari, kupempha khoti kupendanso zigamu za khoti laling'ono. Khotilo limalandira masauzande ambiri a mapempho oterowo chaka chilichonse koma limayankha m'milandu yosachepera zana limodzi, kugamula nkhani zofunika za boma, kukambirana makhoti aang’ono, kapena nkhani zapadera.

Chilamulo cha "chilamu chachinayi" chimalamulira kugamula mlandu, kufuna kuti oweruza anayi avoti kupatsa certiorari mlandu usanamvedwe. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti khoti lisonyeze chigamulo chachisawawa cha milandu imene imafunikira kuisamalira. Kulingalira kwanzeru kumakhudza milandu yonse yomwe imabweretsedwa ku khoti ndi imene oweruza amasankha kumvetsera, ndi oweruza ndi oweruza akuona zinthu monga kuyambika kwa chiphunzitso chalamulo, kupangidwa kwa khoti, ndi kuthekera kwa kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zabwino.

Pamene khoti lipereka chiŵiya cha certiorari, mamembalawo amatumiza mawu achidule olembedwa ofotokoza mfundo zawo zalamulo, ndipo zipani zokondwerera zingalembe (" bwenzi la khoti") zikupereka malingaliro owonjezereka. Khotilo limamvanso zigomeko za pakamwa, pamene maloya a mbali iliyonse akupereka malo awo ndi mafunso kwa oweruza. Zigomeko zimenezi, zimene tsopano zimakhalapo monga zojambula mawu ndi zisindikizo, zimapereka chidziŵitso cha nkhaŵa za oweruza ndi nkhani zimene amalingalira kukhala zofunika kwambiri.

Kulemba Maganizo a Munthu Wina

Pambuyo pa mikangano ya pakamwa, oweruza amakumana m'msonkhano kuti akambirane mlanduwo ndi kuvota. Chiweruzo chachikulu, ngati mwa ambiri, chimapatsa lingaliro kwa mmodzi wa oweruza ambiri, kapena woweruza wamkulu m'gulu la anthu ambiri amapatsa malingaliro ngati Woweruza Wamkulu sagwirizana. Woweruza woikidwayo amakonza malingaliro ofotokoza maganizo a Khoti, amene amadutsa pakati pa oweruza kaamba ka ndemanga ndi kukonzanso. Njira imeneyi ingatenge miyezi yambiri ndipo ingaphatikizepo kuweruza kokulira monga oweruza afuna kumanga mapangano ndi kukonza mfundo zalamulo.

Oweruza amene amavomereza ndi zotsatirapo koma osalingalira, angalembe malingaliro ogwirizana ofotokoza malingaliro awo osiyana. Oweruza amene amatsutsa zotsatirapozo amalemba malingaliro otsutsa chifukwa chimene ambiri amanenera zolakwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsawo alibe chiyambukiro chalamulo chamwamsanga, iwo angasonkhezere nkhani zamtsogolo ndipo nthaŵi zina kusintha kwa ziphunzitso pamene masinthidwe a khotilo asintha. Zotsutsa, monga Woweruza John Marshall Harlan kutsutsana ndi Plesy v. Ferguson akutsutsa kuti "Bungwe Lathu ndilo ndiloyera, lakhala likulemekezedwa ndi zosankha zapambuyo pake ndipo lasonyeza kusintha kwa kalembedwe kalembedwe ka malamulo.

Malingaliro omaliza avumbula osati chabe zimene khoti likuchita komanso mfundo zimene zidzatsogolera makhoti aang'ono ndi milandu yamtsogolo. Malingaliro aakulu amakhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwirizana, pamene kuli kwakuti kuvomereza ndi kutsutsana kwa malingaliro kumapereka malingaliro ena amene angasonkhezere kuyambika kwa lamulo. Kuŵerenga malingaliro a khoti Lapamwamba, omwe amapezeka poyera kudzera m'mabuku osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo webusaiti ya Khoti, kumatheketsa nzika kumvetsa malingaliro a oweruza ndi malamulo a malamulo otsatizana.

Ntchito ya Kusavomereza ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Chinsinsi cha kuyang'ana [1] Chilatini kaamba ka "kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zogamulidwa" [1] Mofala amafuna makhoti kutsatira zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa, kupereka bata ndi kutsimikizirika m'lamulo. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba lalamulira zotsatizana zake m'nkhani zambiri, nthaŵi zina kuvomereza kuti zosankha zoyambirira zinagamulidwa molakwa kapena kuti mikhalidwe yosintha imafunikira malamulo osiyanasiyana. Chigamulo cha malamulo chimaphatikizapo kulinganiza bwino ziyembekezo zoikidwiratu zotsutsana ndi kufunika kwa kuwongolera ndi kusinthira ku lunthauzo la malamulo alamulo.

Zina za zigamulo za khotilo zotchuka kwambiri zimene zinalamulira malamulo akale omwe tsopano amaonedwa kukhala olakwika kwambiri. Brown v. Board of Education presed Plessy v. Ferguson adavomereza "kusiyana koma kulingana. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) kuletsa zigamulo zoyambirira zimene zinawononga malamulo a malipiro ochepa, kutheketsa kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kumene kunalola malamulo aakulu a za zachuma. Lawrence v. Texas kugonjetsa Bowers v. Hardick (86), imene inachirikiza malamulo osokoneza ubwenzi wapakati pa zaubwenzi, inasintha kumvetsetsa ufulu ndi ufulu.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira yalamulo kungagwirizanitsenso ufulu umene unadziŵika kale. Dobbs . . Jackson Women’s Health Organization ud Roed . Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, kuchotsa kuyenera kwa lamulo la kuchotsa mimba yomwe inakhalako kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu. Kufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa malamulo kumayendera limodzi pa mafilosofi achiweruzo a oweruza, ndi kugogomezera kukhulupirika ku tanthauzo la malamulo alamulo ndi ena asanayambe kumasulira matanthauzo a malamulo a malamulo. Kumasulira kotsutsana ndi malamulo kumatsimikizira kuti mikangano yokhudza zosankha za dziko ipitirizebe zaka makumi asanu pambuyo poti agamukire, ndi kuthekera kwakuti makhoti a m’tsogolo angabwerenso ndi kutsutsa ngakhale zochitika za m’mbuyo.

Kusuliza ndi Kulephera kwa Mphamvu ya Chiŵeruzo

Pamene kuli kwakuti zigamulo za Supreme Court zapititsa patsogolo malamulo alamulo ofunika, khotilo layang'aniranso motsutsana kwambiri. Vuto la oweruza osasankha malamulo oletsa kuikidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi democracy . Limapereka mafunso ofunika ponena za kukhala kwa lamulo la khoti m'dongosolo la demokrase. Otsutsa amanena kuti nthaŵi zina khoti limachotsa malamulo ake kwa osankhidwa, ogwira ntchito monga woimira wapamwamba kwambiri mmalo mwa wotsutsa wosaloŵerera pa tanthauzo la lamulo.

Ziyeneretso za khotilo zimakakamizanso kukhoza kwake kuchititsa kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Oweruza alibe mphamvu ya chikwama ndi lupanga, kudalira pa nthambi ya akuluakulu kusungitsa zosankha zawo ndi kuvomereza anthu kuti asunge kuyenera kwake. Nthaŵi zina zosankha za pamwambo zimayang'anizana ndi zitsutso za oseŵera ena a boma kapena anthu, monga momwe zimaonekera potsutsa Brown ndi. Board of Education kapena amakono a makani a ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi LGBTQ+ zoyenera. Kupambana kwa Khotilo kumadalira pa kuyenerera kwake kodziŵika, kumene kungatsutsidwe ndi zosankha zimene zimawoneka zosonkhezera zandale kapena zotsutsana ndi malamulo alamulo okhazikitsidwa.

Ndiponso, Khoti lingathetse nkhani zenizeni ndi mikangano, kutanthauza kuti silingathetse mokangalika mafunso ofunika a lamulo kapena kupereka njira zolongosoka za mavuto a anthu ovuta. Zigamulo zachiweruzo zimakhazikitsa malamulo alamulo koma sizingathetse zinthu zimene zimayambitsa mikangano ya mayanjano, zachuma, ndi zandale zimene zimayambitsa nkhondo zalamulo. Kaŵirikaŵiri zosankha zosintha zinthu za m’dziko ndizo mbali imodzi chabe ya nkhondo yaikulu yomenyera kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zikumafuna kuti apitirize kukhazikitsa ndale, kachitidwe ka malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kuti akwaniritse lonjezo lawo.

Mmene Nzika Zingagwirizanirane ndi Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Malingaliro a Makhoti Ofikira ndi Kumvetsetsa

Malamulo a khoti lalikulu ndi opezeka kudzera m'zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo webusaiti yalamulo ya Khoti, mathekipilo a zamalamulo, ndi zinthu zina zamaphunziro. Kuŵerenga malingaliro enieni, mmalo mwa kungodalira pa mfundo zoulutsidwa, kumapereka chidziŵitso chozama cha mfundo za khoti ndi malamulo amene ali paupandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro a zamalamulo angakhale ovuta ndi ovuta kumvetsetsa, zigamulo zambiri za malamulo zimene nzika za chidziŵitso zingamvetsetse ndi kuŵerenga mosamalitsa.

Mabungwe ambiri amapereka kufufuza ndi ndemanga pa zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu kuchokera ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana. SCOTUSlog imapereka mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a zochita za Khoti, kuphatikizapo kufotokoza mwachidule m’zinenero zomveka, kusanthula zigamulo za pakamwa, ndi kukambirana milandu yotsatizana. Akatswiri a zamalamulo, akuganiza za malamulo, mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, ndi manyuzipepala amapereka matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a zigamulo, kuthandiza nzika kumvetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa zigamulo zotsutsana.

Chuma cha maphunziro, kuphatikizapo zipatala za sukulu za malamulo, malaibulale a anthu onse, ndi mabungwe a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka maprogramu othandiza anthu kumvetsa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba ndi zotulukapo zake. Kugwirizana ndi chuma chimenechi kumatheketsa nzika kupyola pa kumvetsetsa kosatsimikizirika ndi kulimbana ndi nkhani zovuta za lamulo ndi malamulo zimene zimafotokoza. Chipangano chachikulu chimenechi chimalimbikitsa kukhala ndi phande lodziŵa bwino m'zochita demokrase ndi kumvetsetsa kocholoŵana kwa malamulo mmene amasinthira chitaganya cha Amereka.

Kukambitsirana ndi Malamulo

Nzika zingagawane m'kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa lamulo lalamulo kupyolera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuvota, kukumana ndi oimira osankhidwa, mabungwe amene amatsutsa nkhani za lamulo, ndi kugawana nkhani zapoyera ponena za mafunso alamulo ndi alamulo. Mapangano a khoti Lapamwamba akhala otsutsana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti nzika zimazindikira kuti mafilosofi omasulira a mabishopu amasonkhezera kwambiri lamulo lalamulo. Kutumiza kwa mapresidenti ndi oweruza amene adzasankha ndi kutsimikizira oweruza amene mafilosofi awo achiweruzo mogwirizana ndi malamulo a munthu amaimira mtundu wofunika wa democracy polongosola malangizo a Khoti.

Kuyankha kolunjika kwa lamulo ku zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu kumaperekanso mwaŵi wa kutomerana kwa nzika. Pamene Khotilo limasulira malamulo, Msonkhano ungasinthe malamulowo kulongosola cholinga cha lamulo kapena kunyalanyaza mafotokozedwe achiweruzo. Pamene khotilo limasulira Malamulo, nzika zingachirikize zisinthiro za lamulo kuti zisinthe zosankha, ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi njovuta mwadala ndipo siingapambane. Kaŵirikaŵiri, nzika zingachirikize malamulo amene amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo oletsa kuyankha nkhani zodzutsidwa ndi zigamulo za khoti.

Nkhani yapoyera yonena za zosankha zapadera zimasintha mmene anthu amamvera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozo. Nzika zimene zimakambirana moganizira mfundo za malamulo zimathandizira kukambirana mozama za tanthauzo la malamulo a malamulo ndi mmene zingakhalire pa mavuto amene alipo masiku ano. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti malamulo a boma, akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndi nzika za dziko, ndi kuti malamulo apamwamba sachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsana pankhani zokhudza ufulu ndi mphamvu za boma.

Tsogolo la Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lalikulu lidzapitiriza kupereka zigamulo zosintha zinthu zimene zimapanga malamulo a America ndi chitaganya, ndikukambirana nkhani zimene mibadwo yapitayo sikanatha kuziyembekezera. Kusintha kwa nyengo, nzeru yopanga, kukonza majini, kudalirana kwa makompyuta, ndi kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa kulingana ndi ufulu, kubweretsa mafunso a lamulo la malamulo ofunikira khoti kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a maziko a zinthu pa mikhalidwe yosadziŵikapo. Zonena za oweruza pa mavuto ameneŵa zidzadalira pa mafilosofi awo achiweruzo, milandu imene imafikira Khoti, ndi zochitika zazikulu za ndale ndi chikhalidwe zimene iwo amagwira ntchito.

Kulemba kwa khotilo kumakhudza kwambiri malangizo ake alamulo, ndi kuikidwa kwa zigamulo zatsopano zimene zingatsogolere ku kusintha kwa ziphunzitso. Masinthidwe aposachedwapa a ziŵalo za khotilo achititsa kale kupotoza masinthidwe odziŵika ndi zizindikiro za kusintha kothekera m'mbali zina za lamulo. Mapangano amtsogolo adzapitirizabe kugwirizanitsa kumasulira kwa lamulo, kupanga kusankha kwachiweruzo chimodzi cha mbali zazikulu za masankho a prezidenti ndi a bungwe la oweruza.

Nzika zimene zimamvetsa bwino zigamulo za m'khoti Lalikulu zakhala zokonzeka kuloŵerera m’zochitika za malamulo zamtsogolo ndi kuchita nawo ntchito za demokrase zimene zimaumba lamulo lalamulo. Kusinthika kwa lamulo la malamulo kumasonyeza kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo si chikalata chachikhalire koma maziko a ulamuliro umene uyenera kufotokozedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mikhalidwe yosintha. Zosankha za m'malamulo zimaimira zoyesayesa za Khoti lomasulira ntchito imeneyi, kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsogolera mtundu pamene kulibe kuyang'anira, kuwongolera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga kumasulira kwa matanthauzo a malamulo.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kulemba ndi Kulemba

Zigamulo za m'khoti Lapamwamba la m'dziko ndizo chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha unzika wodziŵa bwino ku United States. Zigamulo zimenezi zasintha mbali zazikulu za moyo wa America, kuyambira pa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chiweruzo chaupandu kufika pa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma. Kumvetsetsa zosankha zimenezi kumatheketsa nzika kuzindikira ufulu wawo walamulo, kutengamo mbali mogwira ntchito ya demokrase, ndi kuchita molingalira bwino ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za lamulo, chilungamo, ndi ulamuliro.

Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu la kumasulira Malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zotsatizana imachipanga icho chigwirizano chapadera chosonkhezera mu demokrase ya Amereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti zosankha za Khoti siziri zotetezeka ku kusulizidwa ndipo zingalamuliridwe ndi Makhoti otsatira kapena zisinthiro za lamulo, iwo amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira kwambiri anthu, midzi, ndi dziko lonse. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa zosankha zapadera zimakonzekera bwino kulondola madongosolo alamulo, kuchirikiza zoyenera zawo, ndi kuthandizira ntchito yopitiriza yolongosola tanthauzo la malamulo.

Pamene mavuto atsopano ayamba ndipo anthu atayamba kumvetsetsana, Khoti Lalikulu lidzapitiriza kupereka zigamulo zimene zimamasulira mfundo za malamulo a boma pa zochitika za masiku ano. Nkhanizi zikungosonyeza mbali yochepa ya malamulo a dziko la America amene asintha malamulo a m’lamulo, koma zikusonyeza mmene khotilo limakhudzira. Mwa kuphunzira mfundo zimenezi ndi kutsatira mfundo za malamulo a malamulo, nzika zingakwaniritse udindo wawo m’dziko la demokrase ndipo zingachititse kuti anthu azikambirana mopitiriza za tanthauzo la chilungamo, kulingana ndi ufulu, ndiponso motsatira malamulo.

Unansi pakati pa Khoti Lalikulu ndi anthu a ku America ulinso ndi "pan'ananu ndi" khotilo limamasulira malamulo alamulo amene amasonyeza makhalidwe ofunika a dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu akudziŵa ndi kuvomereza matanthauzo amenewo amayambukira kuyenera ndi kukhutiritsa kwa Khoti. Motero, kuwerenga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachiyankhulo sikuli kungofuna maphunziro a zamaphunziro okha koma n’kofunika kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kumvetsetsa ufulu wawo, kuchita nawo mbali ya demokrase yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma, ndi kuthandizira ku chisinthiko cha malamulo a malamulo a malamulo. Mwa kuphunzira mfundo zapamwamba a Khoti Lapamwamba, nzika zimagwiritsira ntchito ntchito mphamvu zawo ndiponso zaumoyo wa demokrase ku America, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a moyo m’malo mwa zochitika za m'mbiri.