Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma m’Chipani cha Amereka

United States Constitution ikhazikitsa dongosolo la boma kumene mphamvu imagawidwa mwadala pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Demendment ya 10th Amendment imagwira ntchito monga maziko a lamulo kaamba ka ulamuliro wa boma, kukhazikitsa ku maboma (kapena kwa anthu) maulamuliro onse amene sagawiridwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa ku mayiko. Kusankha kumeneku, kotchuka ndi Jasitisi Louis Brandeis monga kulenga "maluso a democracy," kumalola kuyesa ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana oyendera ku mitundu yawo yapadera ndi mageography. Kumvetsetsa malo a boma osafunika chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa mmene kulamulira kwa Amerekani amagwira ntchito, monga malamulo ndi malamulo amasiku ambiri a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Malamulo ofufuza maulamuliro a boma ofufuza bwino kuzungulira dziko lonse, kutsimikizira malamulo a boma, kumene malamulo a boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti atetezere.

Maphunziro: Kukhazikitsa, Kupereka Ndalama, ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chachindunji koposa cha ulamuliro wa boma ndicho kuyang'anira maphunziro a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limapereka ndalama zowonjezera ndi chitsogozo chachikulu kupyolera mwa malamulo onga ngati The Everseeveeds Act (ESA), mathayo aakulu a kuyendetsa sukulu za boma amagweratu pa boma ndi maboma a kumaloko. Malamulo a boma akulamulira pafupifupi padziko lonse lonse kuti pakhale makonzedwe a "ulotchi ndi wokhoza" kapena "uniform" a sukulu zaufulu.

Kuphunzira za Curicula ndi Miyezo ya Kuphunzira

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wogamula zimene ophunzira amaphunzitsidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro pa nkhani zamaphunziro monga masamu, Chingelezi, sayansi, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Commission of State imapereka chidziŵitso chochuluka cha mmene boma lililonse limafikira njira ndi njira zofufuzira. Maboma amavomerezanso mabuku ndi zipangizo zophunzitsira, mphamvu imene ingakhale yotchuka kwambiri pamene makambitsira a maphunziro a pulogalamu abuka. Mwachitsanzo, monga Texas ndi California, chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kugula zinthu, zingayambukire kwambiri ntchito yapangika za msika wadziko.

Kupereka Ndalama za Sukulu ndi Uyang’aniro

Maboma ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa zigawo za sukulu ndi kukhazikitsa maulamuliro awo. Momvetsa kwambiri, boma limapanga njira zimene zimasungitsa masukulu a boma. Kudalira misonkho ya katundu ya kumaloko kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka, kukakamiza makhoti aakulu a boma kuloŵerera pa malo oyenera. Maboma ayenera kulinganiza bajeti ya maphunziro, kukhazikitsa ndalama za malipiro a aphunzitsi, malo, ndi maprogramu apadera a maphunziro.

Mphunzitsi Apereka Chikalata ndi Kutumiza Malo

Mayiko amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zofunikira kwa aphunzitsi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuika zofunika za maprogramu okonzekera aphunzitsi, kupereka laisensi yophunzitsa yopitiriza, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo otsatizana otsatizana otsatizanatsatizana a zikalata zolembedwa m’manja.

Zoyendera: Kuletsa Kumanga Nyumba ndi Magulu Achiwawa

Maboma ndiwo omanga ndi osunga dongosolo la zoyendera za dzikolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti misewu ya m’chigawo chapakati chinali ntchito ya boma, thayo lopitirizabe la misewu yambiri, milatho, ndi madongosolo a zamalonda ndilo ma Dipatimenti a boma a Transportation (DOT). Mphamvu yoyang'anira magalimoto, oyendetsa laisensi, ndi maprojekiti a zoyendetsera katundu imapatsa mphamvu zambiri pa kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.

Kumanga Njira Yapamwamba ndi Kuisamalira

Boma la DOT limayang'anira magalimoto ambirimbiri ochititsa chidwi ndi misewu, kuphatikizapo madongosolo a boma ovuta amene amaloŵa m'maungwe a dzikolo. Maboma ali ndi udindo wopanga, kumanga, kukonza, ndi kuyang'anira chitetezo. Maziko a ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndi msonkho wa mafuta wa boma (msonkho wa gasi), umene ukukhazikitsa mitengo yosiyanasiyana. Kutsika kwa msonkho wa mafuta chifukwa cha galimoto za mafuta kwachititsa mayiko ambiri kuyesa njira zina zoyendetsera ndalama, monga ndalama zamagetsi kapena ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zamagetsi.

Kusintha kwa Magalimoto ndi Kutetezera

Mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mphamvu ya boma. Maboma amakhazikitsa liŵiro, amakhazikitsa malamulo a msewu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a chitetezo monga malamulo a pampando ndi chisoti cha njinga yamoto. Maboma amayang'aniranso maprogramu oyeneretsa oyendetsa galimoto, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya amene ali woyenerera kuyendetsa galimoto. Chiŵerengero chalamulo cha zoledzeretsa zamwazi (BAC), pamene kuli kwakuti chikusonkhezeredwa ndi zisonkhetso za boma, chimaikidwa pamlingo wa boma.

Kutembenuza kwa Onse ndi Kutumiza

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anira kapena kuchirikiza makampani oyendera anthu, kuphatikizapo mabasi, sitima zoyenda panjanji, ndi sitima zapansi panthaka. Amayendetsanso ndege za m’dziko ndi kusamalira mabwalo ambiri a ndege a m’chigawo. Kupereka ndalama pakati pa boma ndi boma nkofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu za kuyendetsa zinthu, koma chosankha cha kuikiza ndalama m’njira zoyendera ndi m’misewu yaikulu chimakhalabe cholamulira.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Lingaliro la "maulamuliro a boma" nlofunika kwambiri ku ulamuliro wa boma. Ulamuliro waukulu umenewu umalola maboma kukhazikitsa kaamba ka thanzi, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Imapereka maziko alamulo kaamba ka dongosolo lonse la chiweruzo chaupandu, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo, ndi makonzedwe a zangozi.

Kukakamiza ndi Malamulo a Chigaŵenga

Maboma amakhazikitsa apolisi kapena makampani a boma okhala ndi ulamuliro m'dziko lonselo. Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, makhoma a boma amafotokoza khalidwe laupandu. Machitidwe onga mbanda, kuba, kuukira, ndi chinyengo amafotokozedwa ndi malamulo a boma, osati lamulo la boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali upandu wa boma (monga ngati kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kuba m'mabanki), milandu yambiri ya upandu imachitikira m'makhoti pansi pa lamulo la boma. Maboma amakhazikitsanso malangizo otsutsa, amagamula zimene zimapanga mapangano aumwini, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka umboni ndi kachitidwe.

Alonda a Dzikolo ndi Chivomerezo Chadzidzidzi

Bwanamkubwa amatumikira monga akazembe a boma a boma lawo. Ulamuliro umenewu umachititsa akuluakulu a boma kutumiza asilikali a asilikali kuti akachite zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo masoka achilengedwe (a firicani, mafunde, mitsinje, misasa yamoto) ndi zipwirikiti za anthu. Oyang'anira akugwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo la boma (Tit 32) pochita ntchito za boma, zosiyana ndi udindo wawo wa boma (Inete 10). Malo awiriwa ndi mbali yapadera ya boma la America, kugaŵira maboma a asilikali okonzeka kaamba ka mavuto a m’banja popanda kufuna chilolezo cha boma.

Kuwongolera ndi Kuchiritsa

Maboma amayang'anira madongosolo a ndende amene amasunga unyinji wa mafelo ogwidwa ndi mlandu mu United States. Madipatimenti a boma owongolera amayang'anira kumangidwa, kuchotsedwa, ndi madongosolo opimira. Maboma ambiri agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo kukonzanso madongosolo a milandu, kudutsa "Ban bokosi", kuchepetsa zigamulo zofunikira, ndi kufutukula njira zina zoloŵa m'malamulo. Federal Eme Management Agency (FEMA) amagwirizanitsa boma kuti lichirikize chivomerezo cha ngozi, koma yankho loyamba ndi kuchira ndi mathayo a boma.

Thanzi ndi Ntchito za Anthu

Kugawa kwa udindo pakati pa akuluakulu aboma ndi boma m’dera limeneli n’kovuta, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kupatsana ndalama ndiponso kuyang’anira limodzi, koma mayiko ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu.

Médicaid ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Medicaid ndi programu ya boma yogwirizana imene imathandizira anthu olandira ndalama zochepa ndi mabanja. Maboma amayang'anira maprogramu awo a Medicaid m'zitsogozo za boma, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wochuluka pamlingo wa kuchuluka kwa anthu, mapindu ophikira, ndi ndalama zothandizira. Kuwonjezeka kwa Medicaid pansi pa lamulo la Affordcable Care Act (ACA) kunakhala chigamulo cha boma chotsatira kwambiri, ndi maboma ena akukula ndi kukana. Kusankha kumeneku kwakhala ndi ziyambukiro zothekera pamiyezo yosapititsidwa ndi ndalama za chipatala. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo ndi otsogolera zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kuyang'anira matenda, akatemera, ndi kuletsa matenda.

Kulandira Mtengo wa Madokotala Osamalira Zaumoyo

Mphamvu yolamulira ndi kulola madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi akatswiri ena a zaumoyo ili ndi mabungwe a zamankhwala a boma ndi mabungwe opereka chithandizo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira miyezo yachikhalidwe ya chisamaliro komanso zimapanga zopinga kuti aloŵetse ntchito m’dziko lina, mfundo yotsutsana imene yayamba kulongosola mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata za m’mayiko (monga ngati Interstate Medical Licensive Compation).

Mautumiki a Chitukuko ndi Akhalidwe la Anthu

Maboma amasamalira maprogramu a zachitetezo a boma onga ngati programu ya Kanthaŵi ya Needy Families (TANF) ndi Somaral Nutrition Aniteration Program (SNAP, zidindo za chakudya zakale). Maboma ali ndi kusinthika kwakukulu m'kupanga maprogramu a ATANF, kuphatikizapo kuika ziyeneretso za ntchito, kupindula ndi mlingo wa nthaŵi. Magulu otetezera ana a boma (CPS) ali ndi thayo la kupenda milandu ya kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kunyalanya, kuyang'anira njira zothandizira olera, ndi kulera ana.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro waukulu pa malo okhala, chuma chachilengedwe, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma Environal Protection Agency (EPA) amakhazikitsa miyezo yadziko pansi pa malamulo onga Ceat Air Act ndi Clean Water Act, maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo imeneyi. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma angatsatire malamulo a malo okhala omwe ali okhazikika kwambiri kuposa zifuno za boma.

Mpweya ndi Madzi Abwino

Mabungwe a boma amalo alola kutulutsa maindasitale, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mpweya yabwino, ndi kuyambitsa njira zogwirizanitsira boma kuti akwaniritse zolinga za boma za kulimba kwa mpweya. Chitsanzo chachikulu cha mphamvu ya boma ndi ulamuliro wapadera wa California pansi pa Cearal Air Act kufunafuna chopitsirapo ku EPA kukhazikitsa, miyezo ya galimoto yokhwima, yotulutsa madzi, ndi yothandiza kuchotsa madzi. Maboma ena angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya California kapena miyezo ya boma. Pamadzi, maboma amayang'anira mphamvu ya madzi (pansi pa National Pollifant Diving Irevision Sy System, kapena NPDES), kuyang'anira njira zosungira madzi, ndi kuchotsa madzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, zimene makamaka zimakhala zovuta m'maiko a Kumadzulo kumene kuli ufulu wa dziko louma kapena la boma lolamulira.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nthaka ndi Kuumba

Mphamvu yolamulira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka ndi ntchito yokha ya boma ndi boma lakumaloko. Maboma amakhazikitsa ntchito zotheketsa kutumiza ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa kuŵerengera ndi kumanga. Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza malamulo a chigawo, malamulo okonza, ndi ziyambukiro za malo okhala. Maboma amayang'aniranso madera aakulu a anthu (motsutsana ndi maiko a boma monga National Forests ndi Parks) ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya kukumba, kudula mitengo, ndi mafuta ndi mafuta a m'magawo a dziko.

Kusamalira Zinyalala ndi Kuzisamalira

Maboma amathandiza kuti zinyalala zikhale zolimba ndiponso zoopsa, amayang’anira ntchito yokonzanso zinthu zowonongeka, ndiponso amakonza malo oipitsidwa.

Kukonzanso Zachuma ndi Zamalonda

Mphamvu yolamulira malonda m’malire a boma ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya boma, yosiyana ndi mphamvu ya boma pa malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kapangidwe ka Mabizinesi ndi Malicenshi

Pafupifupi mabizinesi alionse ku United States amapangidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma. United States amakhazikitsa malamulo a kupanga makampani, makampani opalamula ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, makampani (LLC), mayanjano, ndi mabungwe ena a bizinesi. Maboma amafuna mabizinesi ndi akatswiri kuti apeze malaisensi ndi zilolezo zogwirira ntchito mwalamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zonse zochokera ku zikalata za antchito amagetsi ndi akatswiri a za chilengedwe kuti alole malesitilanti ndi makampani omanga. Ziyeneretso za a nsabwe za nthabwala za makampani zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko, zimene zachititsa kukangana za makampani a za magetsi a magetsi opanga makampani a magetsi.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Lamulo la Ntchito

Maboma ngokangalika poyang'anira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa, maboma ambiri agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo kukhazikitsa malipiro apamwamba kwambiri a boma. Maboma amakhazikitsanso malamulo olamulira owonjezera nthaŵi ya maodal, chakudya ndi nthaŵi yopuma, malipiro a antchito, ndi inshuwalansi ya ulova. Mbali yodziŵika ya boma ndiyo kukhazikitsa kwa "kuloŵa ntchito yachikwanekwane" malamulo, amene amaletsa mapangano a chitetezo cha boma, kapena mabanja ndi maprogramu a zamankhwala, amene boma silinakhazikitse. [[FLT: 0] U.S. Dipatimenti ya ntchito ya .

Msonkho

Mphamvu ya msonkho njofunika ku ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma amakhazikitsa misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya makampani, misonkho ya katundu, ndi misonkho ya katundu pa zinthu monga petulo ndi fodya. Lamulo la msonkho la boma ndi chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri chothandizira kupititsa patsogolo chuma, ndipo maboma akupikisana kukopa malonda ndi zisonkhezo za msonkho. Msonkho wa msonkho wa boma ndi wochuluka, ndi maboma ena (monga Texas ndi Florida) chifukwa chopereka msonkho wa ndalama zaumwini, pamene kuli kwakuti ena (monga California ndi New York) ali ndi misonkhongo yokwera ya ndalama.

Kusankha ndi Kulamulira Kwademokalase

Mfundo I, Chigawo 4 cha Malamulo a U.S. imapatsa mphamvu ya kugamula "Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Mani Kusankha kwa Aseketa ndi Oimira . Zimenezi zimapanga boma kukhala woyang'anira wamkulu wa masankho a America.

Kulembetsa ndi Kuyang’anira Chisankho

Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a kulembetsa ovota, kuphatikizapo masiku olembedwa, njira (m'ndandanda, tsiku limodzi), ndi zofunika za kudziŵikitsa. Maboma amasankha mitundu ya madongosolo ovota ogwiritsidwa ntchito (mapepala, makina amagetsi), amakhazikitsa nyengo zovota msanga, ndi kuyang'anira kuvota (kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa kuti kuchotsedwa kapena kuvota paposi). Malamulo otsimikizirika okhudza ntchito zimenezi amasiyana kwambiri, kusonyeza mafilosofi a boma osiyanasiyana okhudza kulowa m’dziko ndi kudalirika kwa voti.

Kukonzanso Malo

Malamulo a boma (kapena makhonsati aufulu opangidwa ndi lamulo la boma) ali ndi thayo la kujambula zigawo zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi ma Congress Congress pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa pachaka. Mphamvu imeneyi ya kukonza malo imakhudza kwambiri ndale, monga mmene mizera yachigawo imapangidwira ingathe kugamula kuti ndi liti limene limalamulira chipani cha boma kapena nthumwi za bungwe la bungwe la akulu a boma kwa zaka khumi. Malamulo a kubwezeretsa (monga "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" ndi Votion Act's janti yotetezera fuko la gerrymaning) amaikidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu la boma, koma kujambula koyamba kwa mapu ndi ntchito yaikulu.

Chilamulo cha Banja ndi Chachuma

Malamulo a maunansi a panyumba ndi ufulu wa katundu ndi mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma lokha. Ameneŵa ndi malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku amene amalamulira moyo wa munthu payekha.

Ukwati, Chisudzulo, ndi Kulera Ana

United States amapereka laisensi ya ukwati ndi kuika zofunika za ukwati. Lamulo la boma limalamulira nkhani za chisudzulo, kuphatikizapo kugaŵidwa kwa katundu wa ukwati (kugaŵidwa kwa katundu kogwirizana), chichirikizo chaufulu (altimony), ndi kusungidwa kwa ana ndi kuchilikizidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. linakhazikitsa ufulu wa lamulo wa ukwati wauchiŵanda mu . . Hodges , kuyang'anira ukwati ndi chigamulo cha milandu ya banja zidakalipobe m'makhoti a boma.

Malo, Malo, ndi Malo

Malamulo a boma amalamulira kuperekedwa kwa zikalata ndi kuyang'anira malo. Makhoti a boma opanga mabwinja amayang'anira kugaŵiridwa kwa chuma pambuyo pa imfa. Lamulo la boma limalongosolanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu (monga ngati kukhalira pamodzi ndi kukhala pamodzi) ndi kupereka njira yolembera kaamba ka malonda a malo enieni (makampani, malo okongola, malo osungiramo chuma).

Kumaliza

Zitsanzo za maulamuliro a boma la America nzochuluka ndi zogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa ku America. Kuyambira pa maziko a maphunziro ndi zoyendera kupita ku ku kuyang'anira chilungamo, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, masankho, ndi maunansi aumwini, maboma ndiwo mabungwe aakulu olamulira a nzika za America. Kuzindikira kuchuluka ndi kuya kwake kwa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kuti zikhale zosinthasinthasinthasintha zinthu, kutheketsa maboma kukhala monga zothandizira kuti ayambe kutsatira malamulo ndi kusonyeza makhalidwe abwino a anthu awo. Anthu akukhala pansi pa malamulo amene apangidwa, oyendetsedwa, ndi boma lawo. Kuzindikira kuchuluka ndi kuzama kwa maulamuliro ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti athe kugawa kulamulira ndi kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, monga mmene zigamu zamphamvu zimene zimachitikira tsiku ndi tsiku sizimapangidwa mu Washington, DC. Koma kumapanga boma la Washington, koma m’kapeto wa maola ochepa chabe.