Lingaliro la mphamvu ya boma ndilo maziko a madongosolo a boma, kumene ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a chigawo. Ku United States, kugawikana kumeneku kumaikidwa mu Demendment ya Khumi, imene imasungidwa ku maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapatsa ufulu waukulu ku malamulo a ntchito zaluso ogwirizana ogwirizana ndi apamwamba a anthu awo, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amaperekera mphamvu imeneyi ku maluso othandiza a ulamuliro wa American, maprojective, ndi kukambirana kopitirizabe pakati pa umodzi ndi mitundu pakati pa dziko limodzi.

Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Mphamvu ya boma imachokera ku lamulo la ulamuliro wamitundu iŵiri lokhazikitsidwa mu Lamulo la U.S. Demendment imalongosola molunjika kuti mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena zoletsedwa ku maiko, zasungidwa ku maiko onse, nzonse, kapena kwa anthu. Chilolezo chimenechi cha chigawochi chimapanga maziko alamulo a zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa "bungwe" , ndipo ulamuliro wa maboma kusapereka kwa thanzi, kusungika, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Chilo chokulirachi chimalola maboma kuchita zinthu m’madera osiyanasiyana monga malamulo aupandu, maphunziro, zoyendera, zoyendera, maluwa, ndi malo akuno, mayanja, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dziko lonse popanda chilone.

Komabe, mphamvu ya boma si yotheratu. Supremacy Claus imakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma liri lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limakhalapo . Nyumba za malamulo zinachita mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wake woikidwiratu. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kumapanga pafupifupi chitsanzo chirichonse cha kupanga lamulo ndipo kumapanga mbali yamphamvu ya mpikisano walamulo ndi wa ndale zadziko.

Chifukwa Chake Ulamuliro wa Boma Uli ndi Nkhani M’dongosolo Lakayendetsedwe Kake

Kukhoza kwa maboma kuika malamulo awo kumathandiza pa ntchito zazikulu zingapo m’demokrase:

  • Kusintha kwa m'dziko la Kum'maŵa: opanga malamulo a boma ali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo angalankhule ndi nkhaŵa za chigawocho [1] monga kuyenera kwa madzi ku West kapena kutsogolo kwa mphepo ya mkuntho yokonzekera ku Gulf Coast .
  • Ofesi Yantchito: Monga momwe Justice Louis Brandeis anadziŵikidwira motchuka, maboma angatumikire monga "maluso a demokrase," kuyesa ndi malamulo atsopano popanda kuika dziko lonse. Kuyesa chipambano . Kusintha kwa ubwino wa moyo kapena kusintha kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kungatengedwe ndi maiko ena kapena ku mlingo wa boma.
  • Ziwiya za pa Mphamvu ya Federal: Bobust imapereka mphamvu ya boma yolimbana ndi kuchenjera kwa boma, kutetezera mbali ya kupanga zosankha kwa kumaloko ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ku boma ladziko limodzi.
  • Kugwirizana ndi Kusintha: maiko amapikisana ndi okhala, mabizinesi, ndi talente mwa kupereka malo osiyanasiyana osungirako malamulo, nyumba za msonkho, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Mpikisano umenewu ungasonkhezere kuyendetsa bwino ndi kukonza zinthu.

Madera Aakulu Amene Maboma Anakhazikitsa Malamulo Awo

Ku United States konse, mayiko agwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo m’njira zosiyanasiyana kwambiri.

Kulembetsa Malamulo ndi Kubwezera

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zamphamvu kwambiri za mphamvu ya boma m’zaka za zana la 21 chakhala kuvomereza kwalamulo kwa cannabis kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ndi zosangulutsa. Kuyambira ndi lamulo la chamba la ku California mu 1996, maboma atsutsa pang'onopang'ono chiletso cha boma pansi pa Chilamulo cha Substances Act. Colorado ndi Washington akhala maboma oyamba kulola kuti mbanje ukhale woswana wa m'dziko mu 2012, kupanga malamulo opangira malamulo a chitukuko kaamba ka kutulutsidwa, kugaŵira, ndi kugulitsa. Pakali 2024, maboma pafupifupi khumi ndi aŵiri atsatira suputi, kutulutsa ndalama za msonkho pamene lamulo la boma likupitirizabe kuyang'anira chamba monga Phumaliro I. [[FLT:] Coleary Collegey yothandiza kukwaniritsa mphamvu zawo zogwira ntchito, ngakhale kuti chigamu chigamu cha mphamvu ya boma, chiletso cha mphamvu zogwira ntchito, chigamuso, chile cha mphamvu ya mphamvu ya boma, chigamu.

Kusintha kwa Madzi Oyaka Moto

Kulamulira kwa mfuti kulinso malo ena kumene mphamvu ya boma imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatsimikizira munthu aliyense kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu wakulamulira mfuti m’malire awo. Maboma onga California, New York, New Jersey, ndi Massachusetts akhazikitsa malamulo ena a mfuti zolimba kwambiri m’dzikolo, kuphatikizapo kupima kwa chilengedwe chonse, kutsekera zida zoletsa, zigamulo, ndi malamulo ofiira zimene zimalola kuchotsa mfuti kwa kanthaŵi kwa anthu amene akuona kukhala chiwopsezo. [FON] Pomwe, [FUF] ndi Alaska) pakati pa dziko la , malamulo opangika, amalola kutseka ndi osaloledwa kutsendereza, ndipo amaonetsa ziganizo. Komabe, mphamvu m'malo ameneŵa m'malo otsende a Suppo. [FGUPU.]

Miyezo ya Maphunziro ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Maphunziro akhala a chiyambi cha chigawo cha mabwinja ndi ntchito ya kumaloko. Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, ziyeneretso za maphunziro, ziyeneretso, ndi maulamuliro oyesa. Iwo amalamuliranso mbali ya maphunziro ya mkango ya ndalama, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa njira zovuta zimene zimafuna kulinganiza chuma kumadera olemera ndi osauka. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts adadziŵika kwa nthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka miyezo yake yapamwamba ya maphunziro ndi zochita za mphunzitsi, chifukwa cha kusintha kwamphamvu, chifukwa cha kusintha kochitidwa m'ma 1990 kumene kunaphatikizapo kupenda ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Mayiko ena, monga Texas, asonkhezera misika ya mabukhu apamwamba a dziko lonse kupyolera kupyola zigamulo zawo zolera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, maiko akhala nkhondo pa masukulu, kuphatikizapo masukulu opanga mapulogalamu, ndi zosunga maphunziro. Pakali pano, masinthidwe ofufuza mfundo za fuko la fuko la fuko la anthu, LTG, ndi malamulo awonjezera a mbiri yakale, monga kuyendetsa malamulo a Florida.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

California watulukira monga mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse m'malamulo a malo okhala, akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake za boma kukhazikitsa miyezo imene imaposa zofunika za boma. Pansi pa Develope Air Act California, California ali ndi chiwombolo chapadera kuchokera ku Environmental Protection Agency chimene chimalola kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa galimoto . Magalimoto amene atengedwa ndi maboma ena khumi ndi makumi aŵiri. Mu 20222, California analandira [[FL:0] EPA [chilolezo chake chopita patsogolo pa kulamulira kwake kwa United States II, chimene chimapangitsa kuti galimoto zatsopano zonse zonyamula anthu zogulitsidwa zikhale zero zoyendetsedwa ndi 2035. Kuwonjezerapo za California pulogalamu ya kutentha kwa dziko, miyezo yake yotchuka yapamwamba, ndi malamulo ake a pulasitiki pa malamulo aunyinyansi a dziko lonse, mphamvu yachuma, ngakhalenso kuyendetsa malonda kwa malonda kwa anthu padziko lonse.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Boma limphamvu pa zaumoyo ndilo limakhala lalikulu, limapereka malamulo a inshuwalansi, kuyang'anira zaumoyo wa anthu, ndi kukhazikitsa kwa akatswiri a zamankhwala. Chitsanzo chotchuka ndi cha Massachusetts'' kukonzanso malamulo a zaumoyo, amene anafuna kuti pafupifupi nzika zonse zikhale ndi ufulu wa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukonza kuwonjezera ndalama zimene anthu amalandira pamlingo waung'ono, ndipo kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma osintha inshuwalansi. Lamulo limeneli linatumikira monga mapulogalamu a bungwe la Afford Carect , lapatsidwiratu ku , lakhala ndi ufulu wa kuwonjezera Midi ya anthu achikulire ndi ndalama zopindulira ku mlingo wa kupata kwa zaka zaposachedwapa. [FFF:], ndipo lathandiza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu opatulidwa kwa makampani. [FFF], pamene mayiko ena a boma: [12]

Zolephera ndi Mavuto pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma, mphamvu zingapo zingachepetse kapena kugonjetsa kupanga malamulo kwa boma:

  • Federal Predection: Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa lamulo limene lili ndi munda wonse, malamulo a boma m'deralo amachotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangalamulire chisungiko cha ndege, kusungidwa kwa anthu, kapena kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu chifukwa chakuti lamulo la boma ndi lolamulira. Makonzedwe a boma akhozanso kuonekera bwino, monga ngati mapangano a boma asintha akukhala ofala kwakuti sasiya malo oti aloŵetseko boma.
  • Judicial Review: Malamulo a Boma angagwedwe chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo a U.S. Pambuyo pa Kusintha kwachiŵiri ndi zitsanzo za kutaya mimba, makhoti achepetsa malamulo a boma pa ufulu wa kulankhula, malonda, chitetezo chofanana, ndi maziko oyenera. Malamulo a boma amene amatsendereza malonda a dziko kapena kukondera zinthu zachuma za dziko ali osavuta kutengerapo.
  • Mwachitsanzo, mayiko amalimbana ndi chitsenderezo cha boma kudzera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, zimene zimafuna kuti maboma agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya boma kuti alandire ndalama. Chiwopsezo cha kutaya ndalama zapamsewu, mwachitsanzo, chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhezera mayiko kukweza msinkhu wa kumwa kufika pa 21. Kuwonjezerapo, makampani aakulu ndi magulu achifuniro angasonkhezere malamulo a boma kapena kuopseza kukhazikitsa ndalama, kutsendereza zosankha za boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulimbana ndi Kugwirizana: Mphamvu ya Boma ingayambitse mikangano pakati pa mayiko, monga ngati kuyenera kwa madzi kuchokera ku mitsinje inzake, msonkho wa ogwira ntchito, kapena zotsatirapo za malamulo olekerera (m’jere, kukopana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo). Nthaŵi zina mikangano imeneyi ikufuna kuloŵerera kwa boma kapena kugwirizanitsa mayiko.

Kutsatira Lamulo la Boma m'Nkhani ya Makhoti

Kufufuza nkhani inayake kumatithandiza kudziwa mmene mphamvu za boma zimagwirira ntchito.

Kuphunzira za Matenda 1: Massachusetts Chare Association

Mu 2006, pansi pa Bwanamkubwa Mitt Romney, Massachusett anakhazikitsa lamulo lachisawawa la zaumoyo (Chapter 58 ya Machitidwe a 2006) limene linali ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa pafupifupi kuzungulira. Mbali zazikulu zinaphatikizapo lamulo la munthu aliyense payekha, chilango cha bwanamkubwa, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid (Mashealth), ndi kuthandizira ku inshuwalansi ya inshuwalansi yaumwini ya msika ya boma yotchedwa Chithandizo cha Zaumoyo. Lamulolo linakhoza kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu osatetezeredwa kuchokera ku 10% kufika ku 3% podzafika 2008, ngakhale kuti boma linayang'anizana ndi kukwera kwa ndalama za thanzi. Kusintha kumeneku kunapereka mayeso a ku kuyesa kwenikweni kwa malonda a inshuwalansi kuti pambuyo pake akaloŵetsedwe mu ACA. Massachusetts anasonyeza kuti lamulo la munthu aliyense likhoza kuwonjezera chiwopsetso cha chiwonjezero chachikulu.

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Malamulo a Malo Okhala a California

California agwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma m'makampani a dziko. Obama akupereka California mphamvu yoyendetsa zinthu zachilengedwe kuyendetsa galimoto (CARB), adakhazikitsa mu 1967, malamulo otchuka pa kutulutsa mpweya wa galimoto, zoyendera mafuta, ndi kutulutsa mpweya umene wakhala miyezo ya dziko la California chifukwa cha ukulu wa malonda a California. Obama anapatsa California mphamvu yolamulira kuletsa kutulutsa mpweya wambiri kuchokera m'galimoto, koma bungwe la Trump linayesa kuuchotsa, kutsogolera ku nkhondo yalamulo. Potsirizira pake, boma la Biden linabwezeretsa kachipangizo kamodzi ndi kovomerezedwa ndi California 2035. California imatsogoleranso kumanga miyezo yamagetsi, zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi malamulo a kukonza kuti makampani aperekedwe a karborbon. Makampani a magetsi akonzanso njira zamagetsi, ndi kukonzanso magalimoto, ndi kukonzanso magalimoto, ndi kukonzanso magalimoto a magetsi, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a California.

Phunziro Lachitatu: Kusintha kwa Marijuana

Kuyesa kwa Colorado ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbanje wololedwa mwalamulo, kochitidwa mu 2014, kumapereka chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha mphamvu ya boma yolimbana ndi chiletso cha boma. Bomalo linakhazikitsa dongosolo lokhala ndi malamulo okhwima: olima aloya, opima malabola, opereka, ndi 15% msonkho woperekera msonkho, ndi 15% wa msonkho wapadera wa kugulitsa. Pofika 2023, Colorado adatulutsa ndalama zopitirira $2,500,000,000 m'makhoma msonkho kuchokera ku malonda a chamba, kuloŵetsa ndalama zofunikira ku sukulu ya onse, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Komabe, mavuto a m'boma amapangitsa mavuto a kubanki, kutsekereza malonda apamwamba, ndi kufufuza. Mu 2018, nduna za boma la Trumple inaletsa Colle, kuyambitsa kusatsimikizirika kufikira ku Atteod General Scraces Sysie, kutsutsana ndi oyendetsa malamulo a boma a boma.

Mtsogolo mwa Ulamuliro wa Boma mu Mtundu Wopangidwa Modabwitsa

Pamene United States ikusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa malo ndi malingaliro, mphamvu ya boma ikhoza kukula kwambiri. United States ikutenga malo osiyana pa kusintha kwa nyengo, kusungitsa anthu kusamuka, ufulu wovota, ufulu wa kutumiza zinthu, ndi malamulo a mapulatifomu a zaumisiri. Akatswiri ena amatcha zimenezi kuti "unistism yatsopano" kapena "kugwirizana ndi boma," kumene maboma amadzisiyanitsa kwambiri kuti akope anthu okhala m’dzikolo ndi mabizinesi amene ali ndi makhalidwe awo. Kukhoza kuyenda mwaufulu pakati pa maboma, kumatanthauza kuti anthu ndi mabizinesi awo, kusankha malo alamulo amene amagwirizana nawo. Chitsenderezo champhamvu chimenechi chimakhudza mphamvu zonse ziŵirizo ndi ufulu wawo wodalirana ndi ufulu wawo.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma la boma limasunga zida zamphamvu . Kuzindikira mmene maboma amakhazikitsira malamulo awoawo, ntchito ya akuluakulu, zigamulo zachiweruzo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma . Kulinganiza pakati pa boma ndi mphamvu za boma kudzapitirizabe kupangidwa ndi masankho, mapangano a Bwalo Lalikulu, ndi mabungwe a ndale pa mlingo uliwonse. Kumvetsa mmene maboma amakhazikitsira malamulo awo si kofunika kwa opanga malamulo okha ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo, koma kwa nzika iliyonse yochita ntchito ya demokrase.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu ya boma si mphamvu ya malamulo wamba; ndi mfundo yeniyeni yolimba, yopikisana, ndi yotsatira yomwe imaumba miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni. Kuyambira pa kuikidwa mwalamulo kwa mbanje ndi kuyendetsedwa kwa mfuti, kuyambira kutsogolera malo okhala kufikira kuyesa zaumoyo, boma limagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo kusonyeza makhalidwe a kumaloko, mavuto apadera, ndi kuyambitsa malamulo. Pamene ulamuliro wa boma ndi uyang'aniro wa zamalamulo ukuika malire, ufulu woperekedwa ndi Tenth Amendmend Amendment ukhalabe wokulira. Zitsanzo zofufuzidwa pano zikusonyeza kuti mphamvu ya boma ndi mbali yofunika ya ulamuliro wa America, kutheketsa mphamvu ya boma imene imasintha zinthu pamene ikusunga malo a democracy. Pamene dziko likumayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, ntchito ya malamulo m’malamulo awo idzakhala yaikulu kwambiri kuti ayambe ntchito yodzilamulira.