Maziko a Malamulo a Chilolezo Choyenera Kukamenyana ndi Nkhondo

Chitetezero chachinayi ku Lamulo la U.S. chimatsimikizira kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro za kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chitetezero chimenechi chimafikira ku kulanda zolembedwa ndi zolembedwa za mpukutu, kaya akhale m'kabati ya boma, kutsata kwa munthu, kapena dongosolo losungira zinthu zapambali. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi ufulu wochitidwa popanda chilolezo. Chiyeneretso cha chilo chimakhala choyang'anira lamulo pa mphamvu ya boma, kutsimikizira kuti lamulo ndi mabungwe a boma sizimaletsa zikondwerero popanda chifukwa.

Malingaliro a lamulo a “ Bwalo linakhazikitsa kuti Kusintha kwa Zachinsinsi kwa Fourth ” kufunikira kwambiri kuti munthu adziŵe ngati chilolezo nchofunika. Katz v. United States (1967]), Khoti linakhazikitsa kuti Kusintha kwa Zachinsinsi kumateteza anthu, osati malo, ndi kuti chilolezo nchofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi chakuti chitaganya chakonzeka kuzindikira moyenerera. Zolemba ndi zosungiramo zolembedwa, zimenezi zimasintha: pamene zinthu zina zachibadwa, zimakhala ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini kapena chachinsinsi chimene chimasonkhezera chitetezero cha Chachinayi. Komabe, makhoti azindikiranso kuti mbali yachitatu ya mafalensi, monga momwe zimawonedwa [FLT] [2] [FFF] [4] [4] [4] m'makope: [4]

N’kofunika kwambiri kumvetsa kuti chilolezocho sichikungofunikira kufufuza mwakuthupi. The Veld Communications Act (SCA), mbali ya Electronic Communications accy Act (ECPA), imakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka ofunikira kuti athe kutumiza mauthenga a pakompyuta ndi kutumiza mabuku oyendetsera ntchito. Zolemba zambiri tsopano zilipo m’zilembo, ndiponso kuphatikiza malamulo ovomerezeka ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ndi zotetezera zachinsinsi zimasintha mmene malamulo ndi ofufuza angakwanire mabukuwa osungidwe.

Pamene Pakufunika Zolemba Zapoyera ndi Kale

Funso loyambirira nlakuti kaya zolembedwa zofufuzidwazo ziridi “ public ” kapena kaya ngati ziri ndi chikondwerero chachinsinsi chotetezeredwa. Mabungwe a boma amasunga mpambo wa zolembera za dziko, kuchokera ku ntchito zapansi ndi zikalata za khoti ku mafaelo a antchito, zolembera zamankhwala, ndi ziŵiya zachinsinsi. Chiyeneretsocho chimagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse pamene:

  • Zolemberazo zili m'malo osakhala a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kabati yotsekera mu ofesi ya boma, seŵero lotetezedwa ndi dzina la pa kampani, kapena chipinda cha server yokhala ndi chilolezo chopimira kulowa ndi kufunafuna.
  • Zolemberazo zimasindikizidwa kapena kulamulidwa ndi lamulo lotetezera. Makhoti ndi mabungwe auyang'aniro kaŵirikaŵiri amasindikiza malamulo otetezera chinsinsi kapena kufufuza kopitirizabe. Kupeza zolembedwa zosindikizidwa popanda chilolezo kumaswa lamulo la khoti la ’ dongosolo ndipo lingakhale kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo.
  • Njira yofufuzira njaikulu. Kugwiritsira ntchito zida za kusanthula kuchotsa mafaelo ochotsedwa, kuchititsa kufunafuna kwathunthu kwa mabukhu a zinthu zonse, kapena kuchotsa mwakuthupi zipangizo zosungira zonsezo zimafuna chilolezo chifukwa chakuti zimafika pamlingo woposa pa kupendedwa kwa ndandanda.
  • Zolembazo zili ndi chidziŵitso chachinsinsi kapena chachinsinsi. Mabuku a zamankhwala, zobwezedwa, zolembedwa za ana olera, mafaelo a ana, ndi kufunsidwa kwa antchito kumakhala ndi ziyembekezo zowonjezereka zachinsinsi. Ngakhale ngati zitakhala m'bungwe la anthu, chikalata chimakhala chofunika kwambiri lamulo lisanazipende.
  • Mabukuwo amasungidwa ndi munthu wachitatu woyang'anira malo achinsinsi ndi malamulo otetezera. Malaibulale, zipatala, masukulu, ndi malo othandizira ntchito za pa Intaneti angasunge zolembedwa zimene siziri za boma koma nzofunika kufunsidwa ndi boma. Malamulo onga ngati Inshuwalansi ya za Thanki ndi Accounting Act (HIPAA), Family Educational and Anfic Act (FERPA), ndi SCA amakhazikitsa zifuno zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kuti apeze chilo chodziŵikitso.

Chikalata chilichonse chimene bungwe la boma limapereka chimakhala chopanda malire.

Zinthu Zolembedwa pa Intaneti, Zinthu Zosungira Zinthu Zakale, ndi Zimene Zimapezeka Kutali

Kuchuluka kwa zosungiramo za manambala kuli ndi malingaliro ovuta a malo ndi kukhala nawo. Olemba mitambo angapezeke m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kapena mayiko, ndipo zolemba zingafafanizidwe ku mayiko osiyanasiyana. United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2088) (Izithunzi za Aidquoft Ireland ” ngati, zimene zikutsogolera ku CLOUD Act ), zimene zikutsogolera ku CLD Act yogwirizana ndi kutsogolo kwa mameterritial formation . Katundu wachiŵiri wodzutsidwa wa ma-email osungidwa kunja. Pamapeto pake, CLO Act imasintha kuti atulutse chidziŵitso cha zinthu zawo, kusunga, kapena kulamulira kulikonse kumene kuli kochitidwa, chifukwa cha mapangano odziŵika bwino.

Boma ndi malamulo a boma, monga ngati Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ndi mkhalidwe wake wolingana, zimapereka njira yosiyana yopezera zikalata . Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ngochokera kwa anthu ndipo samanyalanyaza chilolezo chalamulo pamene lamulo lifuna mafakishoni a kufufuza kwa apandu. FOIA pempho lingakanidwe ngati mafaelowo anyalanyazidwa ku kutulukira (m'jerect , malamulo, zolembedwa zimene zingadodometse kufufuzako), ndipo gulu lopemphalo silinganyalanyaze zitetezero zachinsinsi mwa kuitana pempho la kupempha kwa pa “ search. ” The gestion pakati pa mafalensi ya boma ndi kufunafuna lamulo nkofunika: kufufuza kaamba ka zifunsinsi zaupandu zimene zingafunikire kupempha chilo chapo kuchitidwa pansi pa pepala laponse.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Ngakhale kuti chilolezocho n’chosathandiza, malamulo ambiri otsatizana ndi malamulo a boma amalola kufufuzidwa kapena kutsekeredwa kwa zolembedwa za anthu onse ndi zosungiramo zinthu zakale popanda chilolezo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Commony . Ngati munthu amene ali ndi kampaniyo kapena ali ndi ulamuliro wololedwa pa malekodiwo mwaufulu amapereka chilolezo, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. MPEND] : Chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chodzifunira, osati chokakamiza, ndipo munthuyo ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro weniweni kapena woonekeratu wakupatsa kulowa. Mabungwe a boma sangafune kungovomereza monga mkhalidwe wa ntchito kapena kulowa m’mautumiki.
  • Mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika. [[FLT :1] Pamene pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga cha chiwonongeko, kutha kwa wonyumwiridwa, kapena upandu kwa anthu, apolisi angaloŵe ndi kufunafuna popanda chilolezo. Kwa zolembedwa, zimenezi zingagwire ntchito ngati pali chidziŵitso chodalirika chimene mafakedwe atsala pang’ono kuchotsedwa, kung'ambidwa, kapena kuchotsedwa chikalata chisanapezedwe. Chikalatacho chiyenera kukhala chowona ndi chosapangidwa ndi apolisi.
  • Chiphunzitso choonekeratu. Ngati mkulu wa asilikali alipo mwalamulo m'dera linalake ndipo akuona zolembedwa kapena umboni m’chiwonetsero chomveka, zinthuzo zingagwire popanda chilolezo, ngati chibadwa chogamula chikhala chowonekera mwamsanga. Chosiyanachi chimagwira ntchito ku zolembedwa zenizeni zosiyidwa zotseguka pa desiki kapena zowoneka pawindo, koma sizimavomereza madirowa kapena mafaelo.
  • Chochitika chofunafuna kumanga. Pamene munthu agwidwa mwalamulo, maofesala angafufuze malo mkati mwa wiree’ maulamuliro a mwamsanga (m', chikwama kapena chikwama) popanda chilolezo. Kulekana kumeneku kuli ndi malire ndipo sikumafikira ku zosungiramo kapena ziyambi zakutali.
  • chivomerezo cha kuwonjezerapo cha kuwonjezera ndi kusanthula kwaumwini ” chiphunzitso. Ngati munthu wachinsinsi (wosakhala woimira boma) afufuza mafalensi ndipo kenaka modzifunira kutembenuza umboniwo ku kusungitsa lamulo, Kukonzanso kwachinayi sikumagwira ntchito. Mofananamo, ngati wantchito wokhala ndi ulamuliro avomereza kusanthula mafaelo a ntchito, chilolezo sichingafunike. Makhoti ayang'ane kutsimikizira kuti kufunafuna kwaumwini kunalidi kodziimira kapena kaya boma likukulimbikitsa.
  • Kugonja ndi kutayidwa. Mabuku amene amatayidwa mwadala kapena kusiyidwa m'malo a anthu (m’ lekuatiso, zinyalala zotsala ku mzera wa mphepete , angafufuzidwe popanda chilolezo. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kopereŵera; mabuku osungidwa m'malo otsekera kapena osungidwa ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi angatetezedwebe.

Makhoti angonena kuti ndi ongopatula. Boma lili ndi udindo wotsimikizira kuti nkhani ina yosiyana ndi imeneyi ikugwira ntchito.

Njira Yopezera Zolembera Zodalirika

Ntchito yofunsira inapangidwa kutsimikizira kuti kufufuzako nkoyenera ndi kuti ufulu wachinsinsi wa munthu aliyense ngwotetezeredwa. Masitepe ali otsatirawa:

  1. Kusungitsa lamulo kochitidwa ndi anthu. kuyenera kuyambika chifukwa chozikidwa pa mfundo ndi mikhalidwe imene ingapangitse munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti zolembedwazo ziri ndi umboni wa upandu. Chochititsa chothekera chingabuke kuchokera ku mawu a umboni, umboni wakuthupi, kuyang’anira, kapena kusanthula. Muyezo wa pansi osati umboni wosatsutsika wotsimikizirika koma wokulirapo.
  2. Kuloŵetsa Affidavit . Ofesi yofufuzayo amalumbira kwa wolemba amene amalongosola zenizeni zogwirizana ndi chochititsa. Affidavit iyenera kukhala yatsatanetsatane ndi yolunjika, kufotokoza upandu umene ukufufuzidwa, nexus pakati pa zolembedwa ndi upandu, ndi chifukwa chake zolembedwazo zingapezeke pamalopo kuti zifufuzidwe.
  3. Judicial Review. Woweruza wodziimira kapena woweruza amapenda mapepala ochirikiza. Woweruza amapenda ngati chochititsa chilipo ndi kaya chilolezo cholongosola malowo ndi zinthu zoti zipezedwe. Chilolezocho sichiyenera kukhala chilolezo cha onse cha – sichingalole ntchito yosodza. Chiyeneretso nchofunika kwambiri kwa zosungiramo zinthu zakale: Chikalatacho chiyenera kudziŵira mafaelo, mzera, kapena zosungiramo zinthu, kapena kulongosola njira imene imaletsa kufufuza chidziŵitso chogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso.
  4. Kudziwitsa ndi Kuwononga. Ngati woweruza apeza chochititsa chothekera, chilolezocho chimaperekedwa. Chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika (monga 10 mpaka 14 masiku, kudalira pa ulamuliro) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kokha mkati mwa maola a masana kusiyapo ngati utumiki wa usiku uloledwa. Pa kupha, maofesala ayenera kumamatira ku ukulu wa chilolezo. Iwo angatenge kokha zolembera zofotokozedwa. M'maumboni za manambala, iwo angafunikire kupanga chithunzi cha magalimoto onse ndipo kenaka chotetezera pambuyo pake kutuluka m'makhoti yosakhala yolembedwa movomerezedwa kapena mbuye wapadera kutetezera ndi zinthu zapadera.
  5. Dzukani ndi Kuŵerengera. Ataphedwa, ofesala ayenera kujambula kubwerera ndi khoti, kundandalika zinthu zimene zagwidwa. Ndalamazo nzofunika kuti anthu aone ndi kulola kuti pambuyo pake ayese kufufuzako.

Zolemba za mlingo wa boma, njira zingasiyane pang'ono, koma malamulo alamulo ali ofanana. Maboma ambiri atengera zofunika zosasintha kaamba ka kulembetsa zolembedwa zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo zogaŵira kuchokera ku SCA kapena malamulo achinsinsi a boma.

Zovuta za Kupeza ndi Kuonetsana

Chifuniro cha lamulo chimapangitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa ’ kuyenera kwa kudziŵa ndi aliyense payekha. Malamulo a mbiri za boma alinganizidwira kupititsa patsogolo kuwonekera kwa boma mwa kulola nzika kusanthula ndi kukopa zikalata zosungidwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa alinso ndi kusakhozetsa kutetezera zachinsinsi za munthu mwini, zachinsinsi, ndi zosungitsa lamulo. Chiyeneretsocho chimawonjezera mbali ina ya mikhalidwe imene osungitsa malamulo amafunafunamo zolembera kaamba ka zifuno za kufufuza.

Atolankhani, ofufuza, ndi nzika zachinsinsi, kuzindikira pamene chikalata chikufunika kungathandize kulangiza magwero ndi kuzindikira pamene pempho la boma la zolembedwa lingakhale losatsimikizirika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati bungwe la boma lifuna kupezeka ku zolembedwa za foni zachinsinsi popanda chilolezo, wosungayo angakhale ndi ufulu wa kukana pokhapokha ngati bungwelo lingasonyeze kuti nlosiyana.

Mabungwe a boma amene asunga zolembedwa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omveka bwino a mmene angayankhire mafuno a lamulo. Mabungwe ambiri asankha osunga amene amaphunzitsidwa kuzindikira pamene chilolezo chapadera kapena lamulo la khoti lingafunikire. Kuululidwa kosayenera kwa mafaelo otetezeredwa kungatsogolere ku kulakwa kwa boma, kuweruza kwachinsinsi, ndi kulangidwa. Makampani ayeneranso kulingalira chiphunzitso cha .] – lingaliro lakuti kuphatikizana kwa zowoneka ngati zosayenerera, pamene zachotsedwa, kungavumbulire nkhani zachinsinsi – ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yanzeru kutulutsa madata aakulu.

Kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa malamulo achinsinsi a boma, monga ngati California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA) ndi Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA), ndi malamulo ena ofanana ndi ameneŵa, kwayambitsa mathayo atsopano a mabungwe a boma amene amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chawo. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira chilolezo kapena dongosolo lachiweruzo lofananalo lamulo lisanakhoze kufikitsa magulu ena a chidziŵitso, ngakhale ngati chidziŵitso chimenecho chasungidwa ndi boma lenilenilo.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Akatswiri a Zinthu Zakale

Anthu a m’mabungwe a mbiri ya anthu ndiponso a m’mabuku a mbiri yakale – kuphatikizapo oyang’anira mabuku, alembi a mzinda, mabwana a makampani, ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale – ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuyang’anira mafomu opempha kuti apezedwe. Njira zotsatirazi zingathandize kuti mudziwe bwino mfundo yofunikira:

  • Mudziŵe lamulo logwira ntchito. Dziwitsani nokha ndi malamulo a boma olembedwa, malamulo a boma monga FOIA ndi ECPA, ndi zigamulo za khoti logwirizana ndi zimenezo. Sungani tchati chamakono chimene chikusiyanitsa mtundu wa zolembedwa ndi njira yalamulo yofunikira (malamulo, malamulo a khoti, kapena pempho losavuta).
  • Kupempha chilolezo cha chidziŵitso chakuya. Ku zolembedwa zimene zili ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini kapena chachinsinsi chimene sichikutsegulidwa kwa anthu, umirizani pa chilolezo kusiyapo ngati chichokera kwa munthu amene chidziŵitso chake chikukhudza nkhani kapena chimagwira ntchito. Ngati mukukayikira, funsani uphungu walamulo musanatulutse ndandanda.
  • Chikalata chilichonse chopempha. Chongani mapempho onse opezeka, kaya kuchokera kwa lamulo kapena zigaŵenga zina, kuphatikizapo maziko alamulo odaliridwa ndi yankho. Makalata ameneŵa angakhale ofunika kwambiri poteteza ku mavuto kuti mutulukire kapena kunena kuti mukuswa malamulo achinsinsi.
  • gwiritsirani ntchito tekinoloji kufufuza kochepa. Popereka chilolezo chotsimikizirika kaamba ka zolembedwa za manambala, gwirani ntchito ndi akatswiri a IT kuchotsa kokha zolembedwa zofotokozedwa m'chilolezo. Samalani kugwiritsira ntchito mawu ofufuzira, zotsatsa deti, ndi makompyuta ena kuti mupeŵe kutchula zinthu zosafunika kapena zamtengo wapatali.
  • Unyowa wa kusungidwa kwa kusunga ana. Mabuku amene atengedwa monga umboni, amasunga njira zotsatizana kwambiri. Bbikani mawailesi, sungani mitengo yatsatanetsatane ya amene anasamalira mafaelowo, ndi kuwasunga bwino lomwe. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kusalephera m'khoti ndipo zimathandiza kuwonjezera mfundo zilizonse za kusokoneza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Antchito. Amachita maphunziro okhazikika pa zofunika, malamulo achinsinsi, ndi mathayo a makhalidwe abwino. Atsimikizireni kuti antchito onse sazindikira kuti ali ndi mphamvu ya kufunafuna makampani pokhapo ngati ali ndi ulamuliro weniweni walamulo wochitira zimenezo.

Kulinganiza Kuona Bwino ndi Kukhala Wekha: Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa

Mbadwo wa makompyuta wachititsa makhoti kubwerezanso malamulo a mwambo a Opaleshoni yachinayi. Riley v. California . (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linaona kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuzira zimene zachitika m’mafoni a m'manja kuti agwire, kuzindikira kuti zipangizo zamakono zili ndi “ kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso cha munthu. ” mfundo imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makhoti ang'onoang'ono kusungira zinthu, zosungiramo zinthu za anthu, ndiponso ngakhale mathekishonale a boma omwe amafalitsa zinthu zaumwini. Chikhoterero n’cho kuli kuli ku chitetezo chachikulu, ngakhale pamene chidziŵitso chikusungidwa ndi mbali yachitatu ya utumiki kapena bungwe la boma.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kufuna kuti boma lizioneka bwino kwakula kwambiri. Ndalama zakuda, kusaona bwino kwa apolisi, ndi kusalingana kwa dongosolo la zinthu zapangitsa kuti anthu apeze mapepala olembedwa kuchokera ku zolembedwa za oweruza opereka chilango kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira. Chifuniro cha lamulo sichimaletsa kuyesayesa kwalamulo koteroko chifukwa chakuti mapemphowo amapangidwa pansi pa malamulo a FOIA kapena boma lotsegulira malamulo, osati mwa kutsata lamulo. Komabe, pamene mafashoni amodzimodziwo afunidwa kaamba ka zifuno za kusungitsa lamulo, chiyenetsocho chimatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma yofufuza simagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa.

Malamulo ayankha ndi malamulo amene amagwirizanitsa zofunika. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna chilolezo cha kutumiza chidziŵitso cha malo a zipangizo zamagetsi, kufufuza makalata a mafoni ochitidwa ndi zigawo zachitatu, kapena kupeza mafaelo a ophunzira. Malamulo a Imeyilemfict (opatulidwa monga mbali ya USALiberty koma osaikidwa mokwanira monga kuimira; komabe, maboma ambiri atsatira malamulo ofananawo) analamula chilolezo cha boma cha kukakamiza makampani a maimelo kuvumbula zolembedwa m'makalata zakale pa masiku 180. Chizoloŵezi nchomveka bwino: Zitetezero za pulogalamu za filimu zikuwonjezereka kudzaza kuti K5,000 Demetription yokha sii, makamaka chifukwa cha mabolo osakhala ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika zopezera ndi kusanthula zolembedwa za anthu ndi zolembedwa ndi zolembedwa ndi zolembedwa ndi maziko a malamulo a boma. Zimatetezera anthu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma kopanda lamulo pamene zikulola kusungitsa lamulo ndi mabungwe kuchititsa kufufuza koyenera. Anthu a m'mafalensi ayenera kukhalabe maso, kuzindikira pamene chilolezo chikufunika ndipo ngati sichofunika. Malamulo a boma ndi Kusintha kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu ndi luso la zopangapanga, ndipo kukhalabe odziŵa bwino ndilo kuli chitetezo chabwino koposa polimbana ndi zolakwa zokwera mtengo za lamulo. Potsirizira pake, mfundo iyenera kutsimikizira kuti kufunafuna choonadi sikubwera pamtengo wa ufulu wapamwamba.