Chiyambi: Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Ofufuza za Upandu wa M’malo Otizungulira

Upandu wa malo okhala wosakhala wa lamulo kuyambira kutaya zinyalala zowopsa ku kutulutsa zoipitsa zololedwa ku mpweya ndi madzi . Kuwopseza kwambiri za umoyo wa anthu, zachilengedwe, ndi kusungika kwa anthu. Makampani monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), madipatimenti a boma, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akumalo akugwira ntchito mwakhama kupenda ndi kuweruza milandu imeneyi. Komabe, kusonkhanitsa umboni kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵetsa kufunafuna zinthu zachinsinsi, kulanda zinthu, ndi kuika zipangizo zoyendera zachilengedwe. Kutetezera kwa Folmergate kutsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosalinga ndi kudwala kumafuna kuti machitidwe ambiri oterowo avomerezedwe ndi chifunsinsiro chotsimikizirika. Kumvetsa zofunika kuti kutsimikizire umboni wakuti zinthu zachilengedwe n’zofunika, kuti kukhale kololedwa, kuyang’anidwa kololedwa ndi kololedwa ndi kololedwa ndi koyenera ndi kuteteza ndi koyenera kuteteza ndi koyenera.

Kufufuza malo ozungulira kumasiyana ndi njira zazikulu zingapo. Umboni kaŵirikaŵiri ngwaukatswiri, wophatikizapo kupenda macheke, manyukiliya, ndi mapepala a tcheni. Malo amene akuyang'aniridwa angakhale malo a maindasitale, malo akutali otayako zinthu, kapena njira zimene zimadutsa malire a dziko. Kuwonjezera apo, malire pakati pa kufufuza kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi maupandu angasokoneze, kuyambitsa kuvuta kwa lamulo ngati chilolezo chili chofunika. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupendedwa kotsimikizirika kwa ziyeneretso za kuyenera za kuchitika kwa malo okhalako ndi kuipitsa, kupenda kwapadera kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, ndi kuukira kwa lamulo kwa zaka za makono.

Maziko a Malamulo a Ochirikiza Malo Okhala Ofufuza Zachilengedwe

Kusintha Zinthu kwachinayi ndi Kufufuza Zachilengedwe

Chikalata cha Oath kapena Commission ku United States chinalengeza kuti “kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeredwa mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo pachifukwa chake, koma makamaka kuchirikiza ndi Oath kapena kutsimikizira, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofufuzidwa, ndipo anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kulandidwa. Chitetezero chachikulu chimenechi chimagwira ntchito pa kufufuza za malo okhala ndi malo monga momwe amachitira kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza kapena kufunsira kwachiwawa. Malamulo osungitsa kulowa m’nyumba achinsinsi kuti atengemo maere, kuyang'anira makompyuta, kapena kutenga zolembedwazo kuyenera kukhala ndi chikalata choperekedwa ndi nduna ya boma.

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika m'malo okhala chimafunikira chikhulupiriro choyenera . Chozikidwa pa maumboni ndi mikhalidwe . Kuti umboni wa upandu wa malo okhala ukhalepo pamalopo kuti afufuzidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kutaya zinthu kosaloledwa ndi lamulo sikungakhale chochititsa chokha, koma kuchirikiza ndi zithunzithunzi za m’mlengalenga, mawu aumboni, kapena zolembedwa za kugula mankhwala kukhoza kumanga maziko ofunika. Chikalata chochirikiza chilolezocho chiyenera kupereka mfundo zimenezi m’mawu olumbira, kutheketsa woweruzayo kupanga chosankha chaumwini.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Malo osungirako zachilengedwe ayenera kufotokoza makamaka malo amene afunidwa kufufuzidwa ndi zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa. Chifuniro chimenechi chimaletsa mkulu wa boma, kufufuza kofufuza. Pamalo amene ali ndi nyumba zambiri, chikalata chiyenera kulongosola kuti ndi nyumba ziti, matanki osungira zinthu, kapena malo otayako zinthu zimene ziyenera kufufuzidwa. Mofananamo, chikalatacho chiyenera kutchula mitundu ya umboni wofuna kufunafuna. Zofananazo monga masamu, zolemba, kapena mankhwala ena. Zilolezo zochulukirapo zotsekereza umboni pansi pa lamulo lochotsapo. [[FLT: 0] United States v. Jacobsen[FL:1], Khoti Lapamwamba linagogomezera kuti zofunika zenizeni zimene zimafufuzidwa kugawa kwa upandu. Ofufuza zinthu ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi olemba milandu ofufuza milandu oyenerera oyenerera otsimikizira kuti apezetsekerera ntchito.

Miyezo ya Apolisi Osafuna Kumenya Upandu

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa mayeso auyang'anira ndi maupandu. Pansi pa malamulo ambiri a malo okhala. Monga ngati Clean Air Act ndi Secreat ya Zamchere [1] Oyang'anira ololedwa angaloŵe m'malo ochitira mayeso omvera popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chilolezo kapena ngati kuyang'anira kuli mbali ya njira ya lamulo yoyenerera ya lamulo kapena ya uyang'anira. Komabe, pamene cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha kuchoka pa mwambo wa kusonkhanitsa umboni wa chigamuwenga, wochititsa woyenerera kuyenera kuchititsa zilozo za upandu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito. Supreme Court ino yonena za mu United States v. Lallall National Bank . [FLLD] ndi milandu yosatsata pambuyo pake, ingakhale yochitidwa pansi pa kuyang'anira kwa ofufuza koonekera bwino.

Zofunika Kuti Tipeze Mlendo

Kuti apeze chilolezo choyenera cha kufufuza malo okhala, osungitsa lamulo ayenera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zalamulo zingapo.

  • Chochititsa , umboni wooneka bwino , (m'b.1.] Mabuku osonyeza kugula makemikolo osagwiritsidwa ntchito m’ntchito zamasiku onse), mfundo kuchokera kwa odziŵitsa (mwakutsimikizira), kapena kusanthula (m.g., zotsatirapo za kuulutsa mpweya zoonetsa kutulutsa kosakhala kwa lamulo). Chochititsa n’chothandiza, chosakhala chakufufuza, sichifuna kutsimikizira.
  • Ofesi ayenera kupereka tsatanetsatane, mawu olembedwa olembedwa kwa woweruza kapena woweruza. Oweruza ayenera kuphatikizapo: (a) ziyeneretso ndi maphunziro a bwana; (b) maziko enieni a chochititsa chothekera, operekedwa m'nkhani yomveka; (c) mafotokozedwe a malo ndi zinthu zofunikira kufufuzidwa kapena kutengedwa; (d) malongosoledwe a mmene umboniwo umagwirizanira ndi upandu wonenedwa (m., kuswa kwa Chotetezera ndi Chochita Choyenera, RCRA); ndi (e) mbali iliyonse ya malo olingaliridwa kukhala oimbidwa kapena katundu. Kuchotsa kwa asayansi kapena akatswiri a chilengedwe kungaphatikizepo umboni wa zasayansi.
  • Chivomerezo cha JWicial :[FLT :1] Mmajini wosagawanika akupenda mapepala. Woweruza ayenera kupeza chochititsa ndi kutsimikizira chilolezocho kukwaniritsa chiyeneretso chapadera. Ngati woweruza apereka chilolezo, chimatchula bwino ukulu (m'jere, kampani ya zosungira katundu, ndi maofesi; kutenga zikalata, masamu, ndi mafaelo amagetsi). Chilocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yabwino, kaŵirikaŵiri mkati mwa masiku 10 kufikira 14, ngakhale kuti mabwalo ena amasintha.
  • Accutition ndi Rever:[[FLT :1] Ataphedwa, apolisi ayenera kutsatira mawu a chilolezo. Iwo sangafutukule kufunafunako kupyola madera olongosoledwawo kapena kutenga zinthu zosandandalikidwa pokhapo ngati zili zowonekera bwino ndi zowonekera bwino. Pambuyo pa kufunafunako, apolisi ayenera kusonkhanitsa zobwerera ndi khoti, kundandandaltsa zinthu. Zimenezi zimapanga ndandanda imene ingatsutsidwe pambuyo pake.

Kulephera kukwaniritsa chimodzi cha zofunika zimenezi kungatsogolere ku kutsenderezedwa kwa umboni, kuchotsedwa kwa milandu, kapena kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo.

Kusamalira Kwapadera M’mikhalidwe ya Malo Okhala

Kufufuza za malo okhala kwakhala ndi mavuto apadera amene amakhudza mmene malamulo amapezekera ndi kuphedwa.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Kulola kuli kosiyana ndi chilolezo. Ngati mwini malo, manijala wa malo, kapena wantchito wololedwa mwaufulu avomereza kufufuza, maofesala angapitirize popanda chilolezo. Komabe, ayenera kukhala odziŵa, anzeru, ndi odzifunira, osati kugwiritsa ntchito mwaufulu. M'nkhani za malo ozungulira, chivomerezo kaŵirikaŵiri chimapezedwa kaamba ka kufufuza kwa oyang’anira. Koma ngati cholinga chenicheni cha mkulu ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni wa upandu, ngati lamulo liyenera kuvomereza kuti kuvomereza kochitidwa popanda kutchula chinsinsi cha upandu kungakhale kosayenera. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Schloth v. Buctalte . [Fctalct:1] liyenera kukhazikitsa mndandanda wa kulembedwa kwa mapepala.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mikhalidwe yowopsa . yonga ngati kuyandikira ku ngozi ya thanzi la anthu kapena malo okhala, kuwononga umboni, kapena kuthaŵa kwa wonyumwiridwa . Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi awona kutayidwa kwa zonyansa kowopsa kofalikira ku mtsinje, kuloŵa mwamsanga kusungitsa malowo ndi kutenga zitsanzo kungaloledwe popanda chilolezo kutetezera kuipitsidwa kowonjezereka kapena kutetezera moyo. Kuipitsidwako kuyenera kukhala kowona ndipo kosapangidwa ndi lamulo. Makhoti adzafufuza ngati wapolisiyo anali ndi nthaŵi yopezera chilolezo. Chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga nchofunika.

Minda Yotseguka ndi Zakudya Zochuluka

Demetrition yachinayi siteteza minda yotseguka ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni wokhudza malo okhala. Momwemo, kuyang'ana malo kuchokera ku mlengalenga wookha. Pansi pa kutsekeka kwa dziko lapansi. United States , kusungitsa lamulo kungaloŵe m'mabwalo otsegulidwa kuti aone ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni wopanda chilolezo, kuphatikizapo masamu a malo okhalako. Momwemo, kuyang'anira malo ozungulira kuchokera ku mpweya wa onse sikufunafuna, monga momwe kumasungidwira mu California v. Apolisi angajambule kapena kutaya malo osaoneka kuchokera ku ndege popanda chilo. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito luso lamakono monga kujambula kutentha kuti apeze chikalata chotentha mkati mwa nyumba, kungapange chikalata chofunikira kufunafuna [kutchedwa FLT:[FF]

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati apolisi apezeka mwalamulo pamalo, zinthu zooneka bwino zimene zimaikidwa mlandu mwamsanga zingagwidwe popanda chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kufunafuna kovomerezeka kwa shopu, ofesala angawone ng’oma zotsegulidwa ndi zizindikiro za kusungidwa kwa zinthu zowopsa zokhala ndi zinyalala zosakhala zalamulo. Chiphunzitso chowonekera bwino chimaloleza kugwidwa kwa umboni wotero ngati mkulu wa apolisiyo ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti n’zachiwembu kapena umboni wa upandu. Chiphunzitso chimenechi sichimavomereza kufufuza kwachisalunjika kwachi; chibadwa chofufuza chachinsinsi chamwala chiyenera kuwonekera mwamsanga.

Kuyesedwa ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Akuluakulu

Mabungwe oyendetsa malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira makampani oyendetsedwa bwino popanda zilolezo. Pansi pa “indasitale yoyendetsedwa bwino” chiphunzitso, mabizinesi onga ngati zinyalala zangozi achepetsa ziyembekezo zachinsinsi chifukwa cha makonzedwe a boma ndi boma. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Donovan v. Dewey ndi [FLT] [Mar.] [maright] v. Barlow’s, Inc.[FLT] limasulitsa kuti kuyang'anira kopanda lamulo kumalamulo ndi kogwirizana ndi malamulo kapena malamulo oyenerera. Komabe, kufufuza kumeneku kuyenera kukhala chifukwa chofufuza milandu. Ngati mukhoza kutulukira umboni wa upandu, iwo angapereke lipoti lofufuza milandu, koma angafune kuweruza milandu, kapena kuweruza milandu.

Kupeza Malo Opezera Malo Okhala

Kufufuza malo ozungulira kumafuna kuikidwa kwa zipangizo zoyendera . monga ma foni opitiriza kutulutsa madzi, maofisi, kapena makamera oyang'anira zinthu . Zoterozo zimapanga kufunafuna ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna chitsimikizo ngati malowo ali mkati mwa sheya kapena otetezedwa ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha chinsinsi. Chikalatacho chiyenera kulongosola zipangizozo, kuikidwa kwake, ndi utali wa kuyang'anira. Affidavits ayenera kulongosola mmene kuyang'anirako kudzapezera umboni wa kuswa lamulo kopitirizabe ndi chifukwa chake njira zobisira siziri zokwanira.

Mwachitsanzo, malo olingaliridwa kuti amachotsa zoipitsa zosaloledwa usiku angafunikire kuika ziyambukiro m'ipi ya zotulutsa. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuchepetsa zopereka za chidziŵitso ku chidziŵitso chosakwaniritsidwa (m' lekuatiso, kuchuluka kwa zotsalazo) kapena, ngati chikalatacho chigwidwa (m., , kupanga mankhwala), ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika zina pansi pa GPS Act kapena malamulo olondera. [FL:0] United States v. Jones , Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kulumikiza galimoto yofufuza ikupanga kufunafuna, kuwonjezera chilolezo cha kuyang'anira kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Oyang'anira malo ayenera kukhalabe pa United States v.

Maluwa amadzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang’anira malo okhala. Pamene kuli kwakuti mafunde owala kwambiri sangakhale ofufuza, ndege zouluka mozungulira pansi kapena ndi mphamvu zimene zimaloŵa m'madera achinsinsi (m’chitsanzo, ma frones otentha kuti adziŵe kutentha kwa kutayidwa kosakhala kwa lamulo) zingafunikire chilolezo. Lamulo lidakali kukula; ofufuza ayenera kufunsira uphungu walamulo asanatumize ma trone popanda chilolezo.

Mavuto m’Zochitika Zosadziŵika za Malo Okhala

Kuchepetsa mafomu osonyeza kuti anthu achita ziwawa zachilengedwe kumafuna kugonjetsa zopinga zingapo:

  • Kachipangizo kachipangizo kaching'anizimu: Affidavits ayenera kutembenuza malingaliro a sayansi , monga malire a kuipitsa, zigaŵenga, ndi zinsinsi za makeminera , ndi chinenero chimene woweruza angamvetse. Magazi a getsi a getsi la malo okhala, a hydrolognist, kapena mainjiniya angafunikire kuyambitsa chochititsa. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kuti achotsepo zinthu zopanda lamulo zotchedwa polyclobyle bicylencyls (PCBs) kumafuna umboni wakuti PCB analipo ndipo ntchito zokayikiridwazo zinagwirizana ndi mafotokozedwe alamulo a upandu.
  • Malo osiyanasiyana ndi Jurisdict: Upandu wa malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri umachititsa malire a katundu, kuphatikizapo kutumiza zinyalala kwa boma, kapena kuyambukira mpweya ndi madzi m'mizere ya boma. Opereka ndalama angafunikire zilolezo zosiyana m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Kugwirizanitsa ndi ozenga mlandu ndi mabungwe a boma onga EPA Crimination Division Division (EPA CID) nkofunika. Kufufuza kopitirizabe kungafunikire mao mabwalo a maofesi a kampani, maofesi a makampani, ndi malo osungira zinthu.
  • Chikalata cha kusungidwa kwa makolo: Umboni wa malo okhala [1] Magazi a mtengo, masamu a madzi, mpweya, ma jastriche , ayenera kulembedwa mosamalitsa kuchokera ku zosonkhanitsa . Chilolezo chiyenera kutchula njira zoperekera ndi kusungitsa. Ngati chilolezocho sichikulola njira zina (mb., kuyesa kwa munda kumene kumasintha chitsanzocho), umboni ungatsutsidwe. Miyezo ya kusungidwa kwa malo okhala ndi zigamu chifukwa chakuti zigamu zachiwna ndi sayansi zingatsutsidwe.
  • Umboni wa kanema: Maupandu ambiri a malo okhala amaphatikizapo zolembedwa zamagetsi [1] Makalata onena za kutayidwa kwa zinthu, mapulagi, malipoti opekedwa. Ofufuza makompyuta ayenera kugwirizana ndi ziyeneretso za United States v. Olbir ndi zitsanzo zina zogwirizana. Maofesala angafunikire kugwiritsira ntchito zida zamagetsi pamene akutsimikizira kuti sapitirira malire a chilolezo (m.g., kufufuza kaamba ka mafaelo okha ogwirizana ndi malo). Olemba zinthu zina zowonjezera pansi pa Zikalata za Kulankhulana ndi KGwirimezi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ovomereza Unduna wa Bizinesi: Akhoza kufunafuna zinsinsi za malonda kapena njira zopangira zinthu. Makhoti angapereke malamulo otetezera kapena kufuna kuti atsekereze chidziŵitso kuti atetezere ntchito zovomerezeka pamene akulola kufufuza. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuvomereza nkhani zachinsinsi ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo.

Malamulo ndi Zochita Zaposachedwapa

Zigamulo zingapo zaposachedwapa za khoti zimagogomezera kuzungulira malo oyenera. United States v. Carplate (208), Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti boma limapeza mafaelo a mbiri yakale a maselo a malo osungira zinthu zachilengedwe kukupanga kufufuza kofunikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo limeneli silikukhudzana ndi maupandu a malo okhala, limayambukira kufufuza kumene kumafufuza zinthu zotayidwa kapena njira zokayikitsa. United States v. Green , khoti la chigawo limalingaliridwa ngati chilo cha dziko loyesa kuswa malo achisanu pamene malo opangidwa ndi chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo cha . Khotilo linachilikizidwa chifukwa cha kuyang'anizana ndi chikalata cha mayezembe.

Chikhoterero china ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito njira za “kock ndi kulankhula” . Ofisala afikira malo, kugwirizana ndi mwiniwake, ndi kupempha chilolezo cha kutenga masamu kapena kuyendera. Makhoti anena kuti ngati kukambitsirana koyambako kuli kovomerezeka ndipo bwanayo sapitirira pamlingo wa chivomerezo, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Komabe, ngati ndemanga za mkulu wa asilikaliyo zisonyeza ulamuliro wa kuloŵa popanda chivomerezo, kufufuzako kungakhale kosayenera. Ofufuza a malo okhalako ayenera kusamala kusapotoza ulamuliro wawo.

EPA’s Environment Crime Investigation Guides imapereka njira zatsatanetsatane zogwiritsira ntchito zoyenerera, kugogomezera kugwirizana ndi Departmental Crime chigawo cha ezachilungamo. DOJ’S . DOLT . . . . . .GUP.G.G. .G.G.C. .C.G.C. .C.C. .I. .I.I.ingwe cha A , makampani a za m'mabwinja .[[FLT.] [3]

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Ofufuza

Kuti atsimikizire kuti njira zochitira kafukufuku ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi lamulo ndi zogwira ntchito za malo okhala, ofufuza ayenera:

  1. Yambani kumanga kanyumba kotchedwa affidavit mwamsanga, mukusonkhanitsa maumboni onse opezekapo ndi malipoti “‘ katswiri, kufufuza m’laboratori, ndemanga za umboni, zolembedwa za mbiri yakale.
  2. Kambiranani ndi Mlangizi wa Attorney (AUSA) wa ku United States amene anapezekapo m’makhoti panthaŵi yolemba anthu kuti aone ngati milandu ikukuvutani.
  3. Fotokozani malo amene kuli malo oyenera: Adiresi ya m’khwalala, GPS yogwirizanitsa, yofotokoza zinthu, yojambula zithunzi ngati yalumikizidwa ndi kachipangizo kotchedwa affidavit.
  4. Perekani bwinobwino zinthu zimene zinganyamulidwe: mtundu ndi manambala a zinthu monga zotengera, zotengera, makompyuta osungira zinthu pa Intaneti, zikalata.
  5. Phatikizanipo makonzedwe a kupha: kaya zotsatsa zichitidwe pa zinthu zopangidwa kapena zipangizo zochotsedwa; kaya timu ya zinthu zangozi ikufunika; mmene mungachitire ndi chidziŵitso champhamvu.
  6. Ngati zinthu zitasintha, muziganizira kaye kuti mwina mungadzachite chiyani ngati mwakumana ndi vuto linalake.
  7. Ataphedwa, mwamsanga amalize kubwerera ndi kuŵerengera zinthu, ndi kutsimikizira umboni wotsatira malamulo okhwima a chitsanzo.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika zofufuzira maupandu a malo okhala ndi kuipitsa zazikidwa kwambiri pa zitetezero za Sunet Amendment zoletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amagaŵana malamulo ofala ndi mafufuzidwe ena aupandu, nkhani za malo okhala zimapereka luso lapadera, ulamuliro, ndi kulinganiza kwa zinthu. Kuchokera ku kupeza zitsimikizo zochirikizidwa ndi zochititsa zoyendera kuyang'anira ndi kutulukira njira zauchindunji, malamulo ayenera kugwira ntchito molongosoka ndi mwalamulo. Kupeza zitsimikizo zosatsimikizira kuti umboni wofunika kwambiri ufika ku khoti komanso kuchirikiza umphumphu wa dongosolo la chilungamo ndi ulemu wa zinthu. Pamene ziwopsezo zikuwonjezereka kwambiri, njira zalamulo zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa zimenezi. Mwakudziŵikiridwa kwa malamulo oweruza ndi odziŵa zaunjikana ndi oweruza ndi ofufuza milandu, ofufuza malamulo angasungire malamulo odalirika bwino pamene akusunga malamulo alamulo alamulo osungitsa ufulu a boma.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Kyllo v. United States [1] (2001), chimene chimapereka malangizo osonyeza kutentha ndi kutsimikizira, ndi EPA ya yofuna kufufuza ndi kulanda malo okhala m’nkhani za malo okhala. Kudutsa kwa luso la zopangapanga, zachinsinsi, ndi kusungitsa malo okhala kudzapitirizabe kutokosa ofufuza ndi makhoti mofanana.