Table of Contents
Bhizi rinopa miganhu yeUnited States ibasa routungamiriri hwehurumende uye chishandiso icho mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa uye inodzorwa nacho. Rakagadzwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, iri bazi ndirimwe ramamiriro matatu akaenzana ehurumende yeAmerica, parutivi peLegislative and Justice. Kunyange zvazvo Congress ichinyora mitemo nematare anodudzira, Bazu reBazi rinotungamirirwa navakuru rinodzorwa nedare rehurumende, kuiswa kwemitemo yavose, uye kumiririrwa kwenyika munhau dzokunze kwedzimwe nyika. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro yeBazu roKutungamirira, masimba, uye mitoro, kubva pabasa rebumbiro remitemo raPrezidhea kunzvimbo yemadhipatiza kumasangano makuru amasangano namasangano anoshandisa. Rinonzverawo kunzvera uye chiyero kwesimba rehurumende.
Foundation yeBumbiro reMitemo Negadziriro Yebazu Rinotungamirira
Bhizi rinopa chiremera charo muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinopa “simba rokuuraya” muMutungamiriri weUnited States. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakagadzira mukuru mumwe, mukupesana namadare ane mitezo mizhinji anozivikanwa mumamwe marudzi, kuvimbisa simba, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira mukushandiswa kwemitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira nguva yamakore mana uye anosarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College, gadziriro inodzikamisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira nomufananidzo wenyika. Amakumi maviri neSayed Rederderment inoganhurira Purezidhendi kumashoko maviri akasarudzwa, dziviriro mukurwisana nokuiswa kwesimba.
Bazu reGuru harina kuganhurirwa kuMutungamiriri weHurumende bedzi. Rinobatanidzawo Purezidhendi Mutungamiriri weSangano, Kibita, gadziriro yakapararira yamadhipatimendi makuru, masangano akazvimirira, uye masangano mazhinji nemapoka. Pamwe chete, aya masangano anoshandisa mamiriyoni evashandi vasiri varwi navarwi ndokushandisa bhajeti rehurumende rinopfuura madhora ane mabhiriyoni 6 gore negore. Ukuru hwebazu nohukuru hwehukuru hwehurumende hwazvino uno, kubva mukupa betsero dzeSocial Security kutungamirira misikamikoro yemari nokudzivirira nyika patyisidziro dzokumwe nyika.
Kutungamirira: Simba Nemabasa
Mutungamiriri mukuru anoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo mutungamiriri wenyika, mukuru wehurumende, uye Mutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Mabasa aya anomutsa mativi akawanda emitemo nemitemo:
- Law Emplactment and Administration: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anofanira “kungwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka,” basa rebumbiro remitemo rinopa chisarudzo chakafara mukushandisa kwamasangano ehurumende mutemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuronga kuita kuti mutemo uve pakutanga, kugadza mirau, uye kutungamirira zvisarudzo zvedare kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro.
- Comminer-in-Chief: Mutungamiriri weHurumende anodzora chose chose pamauto eU.S., kubatanidza Hondo, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force, uye Dare reCoast. Nepo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo, Purezidhendi anogona kuraira mauto kupinda muhondo, kubvumira kurova kwehondo, uye kutungamirira kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Masimba eHondo eR. Chisarumbiso cha 1973 chokuedza kuganhurira mano aPurezies kuti aite mauto pasina tendero yedare, asi gakavariro pamusoro poukuru hwaaya masimba anopfuurira.
- Mutevedzeri Policy neTreaty Kuita: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira muitiro wokumwe kupfurikidza nokuziva hurumende dzokumwe, zvibvumirano zvokurangana (zvinoda Dare), uye kupinda muzvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru zvisingadi tendero yeDare. Mutungamiriri weHurumende anogadzawo nhume, anotarisira United States pamisoro yamarudzi ose yakadai seUnited Nations General Assembly.
- Chibvumirano uye Simba reKuzvidzora: Nezano nemvumo yeDare, Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, vanyori veKibiti, vakuru vemitengi, uye nhume. Mutungamiriri weProfesi anogona kubvisa vazhinji vavavedzidzipi pakuda, kunyange zvazvo masangano akazvimirira navatongi vehurumende vachifarikanya dziviriro mukubviswa kwokusazvidira.
- Masimba eRegistrative: Kupfuura kusimbisa mitemo, Purezidhendi anoita basa rakananga mumutemo. Purezidhendi anogona kusaina mabhiri mumutemo kana kuti mauri. Aveto anogona kushatiswa bedzi nevoruzhinji vari mumativi maviri ose eDare. Mutungamiriri weHurumende yeChibvumirano chegore negore uye anogona kushandisa “chikuva chapamutemo” kutsigira dare ravose nokuda kwezvirongwa.
- Simba rePradon: Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokupazve nokukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende, kunze kwemhaka dzekusateererwa. Simba iri rakakwana mukati moukuru hwaro uye rakashandiswa kudzosera mitsetse, kupa ganhuriro, uye kunyange kubudisa mhosho.
Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi
Muvindi weSanihesi mukuru mukuru wechipiri muBazu roUkuru uye anotsiva Purezidhendi muchinoitika chorufu, kurega, kana kuti kubviswa pahofisi. Muvi wePrezidhendi anobatirawo saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvivhoti zvechibata apo zvinenge zviri madikanwa. Kunyange zvazvo mumitezo yakatanhamara zvikuru, Purezidhendi wePrezidhendi wazvino uno kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobatira sekishiviso huru, kutora pamiitiro chaiyo yepotimendefayo, uye kuita samatapuko pakati peHomende yeWhite neCongress. Gamenderamende yeChipiriti yeMite yeMiteo you Purezidhendi uye nokuda kwokutamisa kwechinguvana apo Purezidhendi asingakwanisi kubudisa mabasa.
Mahofisi Edare Neanotungamirira
Dare idare revakuru vedhipatimendi guru rehurumende vanopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro nedzoutarisiri. Nhasi, kune madhipatimendi 15 makuru, rimwe nerimwe richitungamirirwa noMunyori (kunze kweAtterney General, uyo anotungamirira Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro). Aya madhipatimendi ndiwo mapoka makuru okutarisira eBazu reBazu Rinodzora uye ane mutoro nokuda kwenharaunda hurusa yomuitiro wavose.
| Department | Secretary | Core Functions |
|---|---|---|
| State | Secretary of State | Foreign relations, diplomacy, international treaties |
| Treasury | Secretary of the Treasury | Economic policy, taxation, public debt, financial regulation |
| Defense | Secretary of Defense | Military operations, national security, armed forces management |
| Justice | Attorney General | Law enforcement, prosecution, legal representation of the U.S. |
| Interior | Secretary of the Interior | Federal lands, natural resources, indigenous affairs |
| Agriculture | Secretary of Agriculture | Farming, food safety, rural development |
| Commerce | Secretary of Commerce | Economic development, trade policy, census data |
| Labor | Secretary of Labor | Workplace regulations, wages, unemployment benefits |
| Health and Human Services | Secretary of Health and Human Services | Public health, Medicare, Medicaid, FDA regulation |
| Housing and Urban Development | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | Housing policy, community development, fair housing enforcement |
| Transportation | Secretary of Transportation | Infrastructure, aviation, highways, transit systems |
| Energy | Secretary of Energy | Nuclear security, energy production, scientific research |
| Education | Secretary of Education | Federal education policy, student financial aid, civil rights in education |
| Veterans Affairs | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | Veterans healthcare, benefits, memorial affairs |
| Homeland Security | Secretary of Homeland Security | Border security, counterterrorism, disaster response |
Kuzvimirira Kwezvirongwa Nemasangano
Kupfuura madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, Bazu reGuru rinobatanidza masangano akawanda anozvimirira anoshanda nemwero yakasiyana- siyana yokuzvitonga kubva kuudzori hwemapurezideri. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), uye Federal Reserve Board. Masangano eependeration anowanzoumbwa neCongress kuti adzore masangano akati kana kuti adzivisire mamwe mabasa kubva kumatongerwe enyika. Nepo misoro yawo ichigadzwa naPrezidhenti, vakawanda vanoshanda zvibvumirano zvakatsigiro zvakatsigiro uye vanogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwechikonzero, kuganhurnisa pesvedzero yakananga Horo yePwemba.
Mirairidzo Yavane Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nenhungamiro Dzapurezidhendi
Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro dzakarongwa dzinopiwa naPurezidhendi kuti dzitarisire mabasa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Nepo isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, inowanwa musimba raPurezidhendi rakagadzwa rakagadzwa uye munhume dzapamutemo dzechiremera. Mirairo ine chiremera ine simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende ndokugadza muitiro pasina kuda bvumirano, kuaita chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwechiito chimwe chete.
Hwaro hwapamutemo hwemirairo yavakuru vakuru hwakasimbiswa pakuvamba munhau yeU.S. Purezidhendi George Washington akabudisa murairo wokutanga mukuru muna 1789 pamusoro pomufambiro wedhipatimendi ravakuru vakuru. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, zviuru zvemirairo zvakapiwa, kufukidza nhau dzinobva kuchengeteko yenyika kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo. Zvisinei, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inodzorwa nemvumo uye inogona kudzorwa kana ikapesana neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau iripo. Dare rinogonawo kuramba murayiro wavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo unoidzosa, kunyange zvazvo mutemo iwoyo umene uchizozviisa pasi pechiremera chapurezidhendi.
Mirayiridzo Yechiratidzo Chepasi
- proclation (1863): Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akazivisa vanhu vari varanda muConferate masangano akasununguka, achichinja mugariro wapamutemo wamamirioni uye achigadzirira nzira yeMenderero yeMitemo yeThithth.
- Zvinoshanda Nhevedzano 906 (1942): Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabvumira kubatanidzwa kweJapanese muHondo yeNyika II, gare gare yakabvumwa sekusaruramisira kwakakomba.
- Extutive Order 9981 (1198): Purezidhendi Harry S.Truman desegist mauto akashongedzwa nehondo, chiitiko chinokosha musangano rekodzero dzevanhu.
- Extutive Order 11246 (1965): Purezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson akarambidza rusaruro navavaki vehurumende ndokutanga zvinodikanwa zvechiito.
- Chitanho chakajeka nokuda kwokusvika kwavana (DACA) (202): Purezidhendi Barack Obama akadzivirira vamwe vatami vasina kunyorwa avo vakasvika savana kubva mukudzingwa, vachinyandura hondo dzemitemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakarebesa.
- Zvinoshanda Nhevedzo 13769 (2017): Purezidhendi Donald Trump’s “kurambidza kwokufamba” kwakaganhurirwa kupinda kwakabva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim namatoi, kuchitungamirira kudenho dzedare idzo pakupedzisira dzakatsigira shanduro yakahwirudzurwa.
Ganhuriro Pamirairidzo Yavakuru vakuru
Mirairo yavakuru vakuru haisati iri cheki isina chinhu. Dare guru rakatonga kuti murayiro unopfuura chiremera chaPurezidhendi chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti unorwisana nemitemo inopfuudzwa neDare. Nhau ya 1952 Professiwn Comment meep & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer yakatonga kuti murayiro waPrezidhendi Truman wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea wakanga usingawirirani nemhaka yokuti Congress Congress akanga asina kubvumira chiito chakadaro. Mapuresterin anoshanda panhauro yeiyi nzira, uye mirairo yazvino uno anodzorwa anowanzodudza chiremera chakananga chedare.
Bazu Rinotungamirira Muutungamiriri Hwenyika: Kutarisira Nenhamo
Bazu raVatungamiriri rinopa nzvimbo huru yokugadza purogiramu yenyika. Kupfurikidza nokuoneka kwaPurezidhendi, bazu rinoumba hurukuro yavose, rinokarakadza zvokutanga zvemari, uye rinotungamirira sangano kuti risvike nharidzano dzemiitiro. Basa raPurezidhendi samaneja mukuru wezvemari, mukuru wehurumende, uye mukuru mukuru wenzvimbo Bazu Mukuru painenge nhau huru iri yose inotarisana nenyika.
Muitiro Wemhuri uye Kutungamirira Kushandisa Mari
Purezidhendi anopa chikumbiro chemari inobhadharwa gore negore kuCongress, achionesa zvokutanga zvokushandisa nokuda kwehurumende yose yehurumende. Nepo pakupedzisira Congress inodzora kudzorwa kwemitemo, bhajeti yaPurezidhendi inobatira sepurani inoumba kurukurirano. Office of Management and Dhanchument (OMB), sangano riri mukati meHofisi Inotungamirira yePresidenti, rinotsinhiranisa muitiro uyu nokutarisira basa resangano. Kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yavakuru vakuru vakuru, Purezidhendi anogonawo kutungamirira masangano kuti awane miitiro yakati, yakadai semiraudzo yemhoteredzo, mitemo yokutarisira utano, kana kuti kutungamirira kushandira kushambadza kubuda munyika.
Kushandisa Mitemo Yokumwe Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika
Muzvinhu zvokunze, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chikuru chebumbiro remitemo. Department reHurumende rinodzora ukama hwemibatanidzwa yehurumende, Department of Department inoraira mauto ehondo, uye masangano akangwara akadai seCIA neNSA anounganidza mashoko nokuita mabasa okuvhara. Tsamba dzinokurukurwa naPrezidhendi dzinoda mvumo yeDare, asi zvibvumirano zvevakuru vakuru nehurumende (hwusingavi zvinozivikanwa zvikuru kubvira paHondo Yenyika II. Desidenti inewo chiremera chokuziva hurumende dzokumwe uye kuwirirana nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Munguva dzenjodzi, Purezidhendi anogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza, achirayira varwi, kuendesa mauto, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvehurumende kupfurikidza nezviito zvoukuru.
Kutungamirira Kwenjodzi Nokushandiswa Kwesimba Renjodzi
Bhazi reGumi reBazu rinodzorwa nenzira inoshamisa kuti riite chimwe chinhu, kubvira panjodzi dzomusikirwo kusvikira kudenho dzamagandanga. Stafford Act inopa Purezidhendi chiremera chokuzivisa ngwavaira huru neyamuro yakananga yehurumende kuti iparadzirwe. Purezidhendi anewo mukana wokuwana masimba ekurumidziro, anosimbiswa mumirau inopfuura 100, inogona kuitwa panguva yenjodzi yenyika. Masimba aya anosanganisira simba rokudziyisa zvinhu, kushevedza mauto enzvimbo, kudzora miganhu, uye kudzorazve mari inoshandiswa nehurumende. National Emerdiation Act inoda kuti Purezidhente ashai ashairwe kuti masimba api ashandiswe uye kugadziridzwa mamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira.
Kuongorora, Dzikamo, uye Miganhu Pasimba Rine Vatungamiriri
Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatanga gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora hurumende. Bazu reGuru rinodzorwa nechekero dzakawanda namapazu emitemo neatongi:
- Kutungamirira kwapabudiriri: Congress inogona kunzvera mibato yebazu yavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, vaputi, uye hofisi yeKuzvidavirira yeHurumende. Inogonawo kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kudzora mapurogiramu, uye kupa mutemo unodzvinyirira chiremera chomukuru mukuru.
- Kurota: Imba yavamiririri inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vavagari vemo nokuda kwe “mhosva huru nemhosho.” Kana imba ivhota kuti ipedze, Dare rinotonga; vhoti mbiri nhatu dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokubvisa. Mapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump vakapikiswa neImba, kunyange zvazvo pasina akapiwa mhaka neDare.
- [[FLT: 0] judicial Review:[[FTL:1] matare eFederal anogona kuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisingawirirani kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Nhau dzekudzokorora pamutemo dzakadai se United States v. Nixon[[FLT]] [19974] akasimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haasi pamusoro pomutemo uye anofanira kuwirirana nemitemo. Simba rehwirudzo yedare sechirambidzo chinokosha pamukuru webasa.
- Satita Exchange: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinji vebazu, kubatanidza vanyori veKibit, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo basa rakananga mukuumba utungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru.
- Chisarudzo cheHondo:[[FLT: 1] Chinopfuura paPurezidhendi Nixon’s ven’s mu 1973, uyu mutemo unoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuisa masimba kuhondo uye kuganhurira kubatira ikoko kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo yedare.
Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvakatarisana Nebazi Rine Vatungamiriri
Pasinei zvapo nesimba raro rakati, Bazu Rine Chigaro Rinodzora rinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinotapura mano aro okutungamirira nenzira inobudirira:
- Kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu: rwisano huru dzinogona kutungamirira kurumano, kunonotsa kusimbiswa, kuvhara zvinhu zvokutanga zvomutemo, uye kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano avakuru vakuru.
- Comment=Ifungidziro ne Media Scurintoy: Kuyera kwetendero kwaPrezidhendi kunopesvedzera zvirongwa zvemitemo namano okutsigira. Nhevedzo dzenhau dzenzanga nemaawa 24 dzinowedzera chiito chiri chose, kuchikuita kwakaoma zvikuru kudzora nhau yacho.
- Hurumende yehurumende ihuru uye inowanzodzivisa chinjo inokurumidza. Vabatiri vehurumende vebasa renyika vangaderedza kana kuti kuramba nhungamiro dzapurezidhendi dzinorwisana nemirairo yesangano kana kuti rondedzero dzapamutemo.
- Dare reLegal Constracts: matare anogona kumisa kana kuti kunonotsa nhano dzavakuru vakuru. Kumuka kwemirairo yenyika yose kunoreva kuti mutongi mumwe wehurumende anogona kudzivisa muitiro kuti urege kushanda munzvimbo ipi neipi munyika.
- Tsumo dzeRuchengeteko rweNyika: Kurwisa, ugandanga, uye kukwikwidzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose uye kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza. Bazu reGuta Rinodzora rinofanira kudzikamisa kuvanza uye kumhanya nokuzvidavirira noruremekedzo nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo.
mhedziso
Bazu reBazu reGumi rinopa chigaro rinoumbwa naVashandi vanosanozivikanwa zvikurusa uye rinoshingaira rehurumende yeU.S. rinoshandisa simba guru mukuchengetwa kwomutemo, muitiro wokumwe, chengeteko yorudzi, uye udzori hwemhuri. Kubva pamabasa emitemo yaPercester kumabasa ezuva nezuva evashandi vehurumende, iri bazi rinoumba mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica. Panguva imwe cheteyo, rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekero nedzikamo yemari yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye kudzoresa, kunzwisiswa kwegadziriro yehurumende, masimba, uye ganhuriro dzeBazi reBazi reBazi rinotungamirirwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende yeAmerica zvinokosha nokuda kwekuva nehurumende yavo inozvidavirira. Sezvzvo nyika inotarisana nezvinetso zvemari zvinokurira kukusaenzana kweutano munyika yose, bazu rebazu rehurumende uye kudzoro richaramba kudzorwa kwehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.
[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[
- [[FOL:0]USA.gov: Chikamu chikuru chebazu reHhetembo
- [ Imba Yechena: Bazu Rinodzora
- [[[NHURI] Tsvene yeNyika: Mirairo Inodzora
- [[[FOL:0]Group.gov: Mirairo ine chiremera neMuitiro woMutemo