Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, kuumba chivako chehurumende yeAmerica negadziriro yayo yemitemo. Inoronga chirongwa, mabasa, uye ganhuriro dzehurumende, ichiita gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo zvinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu nekodzero. Zvinopfuura chinyorwa chenhau, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri gadziriro mhenyu inotungamirira bazu riri rose rehurumende, mutemo wakarongeka, uye inodzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa basa raro kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti hurumende yeU.S. inoshanda sei uye kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei.

Nhoroondo Yemitemo Yacho

Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongwa muna 1787 mukati meConvention yePhiladelphia, kuunganidzwa kwenhume dzakabva kunyika gumi nembiri (Rhode Island hakuna kupinda). Vagadziri vakananga kukurukura utera hweMitemo yeConfederation, iyo yakanga yaparira kubatanidzwa kwehurumende pasina chiremera chikuru. Pasi peMitero, hurumende yenyika yaisagona kubvisa mitero, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kana kuti kudzika mitemo, kuchitungamirira kukusagadzikana kwezve zvoupfumi nokusachengeteka kwamarudzi ose. Shays's Revetuka kwaiparira kudikanwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru inokwanisa kuchengeta nhevedzano nechinzwano.

Zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau zvinotungamirira kuBumbiro reMitemo zvinosanganisira:

  • Chinjo yeAmerica — Kurwira kuzvimirira kubva kuBritain kwakanyandura chishuvo chikuru chokuzvidzora nokudzivirirwa muudzvinyiriri.
  • Zvikamu zveConfection — zvakagamuchirwa muna 1781, iyi bumbiro remitemo rokutanga renyika rakabvumikisa kuva rakaneta zvikuru, richisiya hurumende yapakati isingashandi.
  • Kudikanwa kweHurumende yeStrong Federal[[FL: 1] — Njodzi dzemari, kakavadzano dzezvokutengeserana pakati pehurumende, uye kusagadzikana kwomukati kwakaparira kudana kwekokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo.
  • [[FOL:0] Murongi weFederal and Anti-Federalists Nharo — Kushandiswa kwemari kwakanyandura kurukurirano dzakasimba pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba, kuchitungamirira kuchipikirwa cheBhili rekodzero.

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo pacharo yakanga iri nhevedzano yokubvumirana. Vamiririri vakakakavadzana (Kutungamirira kuKuisa Kusiana Kukuru Kuchiumbwa kweimba yomutemo), kuverengwa kwavanhu vakaiswa muuranda nokuda kwomutero nemirairo (Vatatu vaFith vanobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira), uye murairo wezvokutengeserana. Pashure pemwedzi mina yokurangarira, Bumbiro reMitemo rakasainwa pana September 17, 1787, uye kutumirwa kunyika nokuda kwokurevererwa. Kwakashanda pana March 4, 1789, pashure pokunge nyika pfumbamwe dzasimbisa. Bill of Rights, mamendmentmentmentes, okutanga eTrange awedzerwa mu 17911 kuhurukuro yeAnti-Feda inoshuwa pamusoro pezvamatengwa.

Kuvambwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda chinangwa chakajeka mukurondedzera urongwa hwehurumende, uye kupfupika kwegwaro racho (mashoko 4 500) kunopesana nesimba raro guru.

Sumo

Sumo inosuma Bumbiro reMitemo ndokutaura donzo raro, kutanga nechitsama chamashoko chakakurumbira, “Isu Vanhu.” Rinosimbisa nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noukoshi hwe “kugadza ruramisiro, kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira garikano yose, uye kuchengetedza zvikomborero zvorusununguko kwatiri timene navazukuru vedu.” Nepo kutanga kwacho kusati kuchipa masimba akananga api naapi, kunogadza hwaro hwouzivi nokuda kwechinyorwa chose uye kwave kwanodudzwa neDare Gurusase kuti tidudzire vavariro dzakakura dzeBumbiro remitemo.

Nyaya

Nyaya nomwe idzi dzinotaura nezvehurumende uye imwe neimwe inosimbisa bazi kana kuti basa rine masimba uye zvimwe zvarisingakwanisi kuita.

  • Article I: Legislative Branch — Chinogadzira Bimear Congress (Imba yaVamiririri naDare) uye inoronga masimba ayo, kubatanidza mitero, kukwereta, mirau yezvokutengeserana yenyika, uye ziviso yehondo. Inobatanidzawo Nheyoro neSano Claus, izvo zvinobvumira kuti mitemo idikanwe kuita masimba ayo akarongeka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article II: Bazu reGumi reSangano rePurezidhendi [[FT: 1] — simba rehurumende muPurezidhendi, uyo anomanikidzira mitemo, anoraira mauto, anogadza vakuru vakuru, uye mufambiro wokukurukurirana. Iro rinorondedzera Electoral College, mhiko yapurezidhendi, uye miitiro yokusatevedzerwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: Bazu reRusarudzo — Rinogadza Dare rapamusorosoro uye rinobvumira Congress kuvamba matare akaderera. Rinorondedzera chiremera chematare ehurumende uye rinovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera dare mumhaka dzoutsotsi.
  • Article IV: Simba reUnited States ne Mitemo — Address uay pakati pehurumende, dzinoda kutenda kwakazara nerumbidzo kumabasa omumwe nomumwe, kuwedzerwa, uye dziviriro pakuvhozhokera. Inobvumawo nyika itsva uye inovimbisa rudzi rwehurumende yeRepublica.
  • Article V: Mutemo weFimendement — inorondedzera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogona sei kugadziridzwa, kuchida voruzhinji vane mativi matatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress (kana kuti kokorodzano yehurumende) uye kukwaniswa nemativi matatu mana enyika. Uyu muitiro wakarongeka unobvumira rugwaro kushanduka nepo ruchivimbisa bvumirano yakafara.
  • Article VI: Federal Power and Supremacy — inosimbisa Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano se “Mutemo wapamusoro weNyika,” unosimbisa mitemo yehurumende inorwisana. Kunodawo vakuru vakuru vose kuita mhiko kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo uye kurambidza miedzo yorudzidziso nokuda kwenzvimbo.
  • Article VII: Ratiation — yakataurwa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo raizoshanda pashure pokuparadza kupfurikidza namapfumbamwe enyika gumi namatatu, kupfuudza kusawirirana kunodikanwa muZvikamu zveConfederation.

Kugadziriswa

Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa ka 27, richibvumira kushanduka nokuchinja mipimo yenzanga nezvinodikanwa. Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga, kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights, kunovimbisa maruramiro makuru nerusununguko zvakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, rudzidziso, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, uye maruramiro okuedza kwakarurama. Gare gare kugadziriswa kwakananga nhau huru: kubviswa kwouranda 13th, dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo (14th), maruramiro okuvhotera nokuda kwavarume veAfrica (15th) navakadzi (19), uye kuderera kwezera rokuvhotera, uye kuderera kwezera re 18 (26). Kuderera kunovimbisa kuti Dare remitemo rinoramba richibvumirana navanhu pasina kukurumidza kudzorwa.

Nheyo Dzebumbiro Romutemo

Mitemo iyi haisi yokungofungidzira chete; inoumbwa nezvivako zvakati nemiitiro yakatsungirira kwemazana maviri emakore.

  • [ Uchangamire hwaPopul[
  • [[[FRANT:0] Kuparadzanya kwaMasimba
  • [[[FAMU]
  • [[[FRAT:0] FEreralist[
  • [[[Njenge:0] Judicial Review[
  • [[[FT:0] Hurumende yakavhengana[

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Iyi nheyo inosimbisa kuti hurumende inowana simba rayo mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. Inosimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chinopiwa navanhu, avo vanogona kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire kupfurikidza nesarudzo nokutora rutivi. Kutaura kwokuti “Isu vanhu” musu yokutanga kunobatanidza uyu mufungo. uchangamire hwakakurumbira hunosimbisawo muitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: vamiriri vakasarudzwa, vhotera kugadziridza ganhuriro (zvimene kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende), uye kunogona kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokudzorerwa kwezvichemo.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana - siyana(mapazu akasiana - siana, anotarisira, uye anotonga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akaparadzana nemitoro kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera. Bazu remitemo (Conference) rinoisa mitemo, bazu guru (Presidenti) rinoimanikidzira, uye bazu redare rinotonga rinoidudzira. Uku kuparadza kunosimbiswa nemitoo yakasiana yokusarudza (kusarudza kweDare naPresidente, kugadzwa kwoupenyu nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa) uye mativi akasiyana ehofisi, kuchideredza ngozi iyo bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora vamwe.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira masimba avamwe, kuchengeta hurumende yakadzikama. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa naCongress, asi Congress anogona kukurira ikoko nevoruzhinji vane mativi matatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano. Dare gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kurongwa kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Dare rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi navatongi venyika. Iri basa rakaoma rezviremera zvinopfuudza batira pamwe chete nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, richidzivisa bazu ripi neri ripi neripo kushanda zvisina kufanira.

Kushanda Muchikamu

Federalism inonongedzera kumukano wesimba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoronga masimba chaiwo anogoverwa nokuda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa (g., kuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika imwe) nepo richichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu pasi peTenuth Amendment. Uku uchangamire huviri hunobvumira kuedza nokugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo, sezvo hurumende dzinogona kubvumiranisa migariro yadzo yechienzi. Nokufamba kwenguva, dzikamo yehurumende yehurumende yachinja, zvikurukuru pashure peNhambo yeIndaneti yeNyika Itsva nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzemo dzemo, asi nheyo yacho inoramba iri pakati peProfecratence neU.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Iyi nheyo inobvumira dare kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo isina simba inorwisana naro. Nepo isina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, hwirudzuro yedare yakatangwa muchinoitika chechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisira simba reDare Guru rokuparadza mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare. Chirevo chiwiro chenhau idinotsoropodza chenzvero nedzinoyera, achipa matare kutaura kwokupedzisira pamibvunzo yemitemo. Inovimbisa kuti mutemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru vanoramba vari mukati mepuko, vachidzivirira maruramiro avashomanene vanorwisana nevoruzhinji vaipomerwa.

Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Bumbiro reMitemo rimene iganhuriro pasimba rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuronga masimba ehurumende, kuparadzanisa mapazu, uye kuvimbisa maruramiro omunhu oga, rinoparira hurumende inogona bedzi kuita mukati memiganhu yakajeka. Ninth Amendment inosimbisa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati hakurambidzi vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu, uye Hurumende yeTenth Amendment inochengeta masimba asingatenderwi kuhurumende. Hurumende yakaganhurirwa inodzivisa udzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti chiremera hachisi chose chose.

Kutapura Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Pahurumende

Bumbiro reBumbiro remitemo rine pesvedzero huru pakushanda kwehurumende yeU.S. nekodzero dzavagari vemo varo. Rinobatira segwaro benyu rinochinjika kuzvinodikanwa zvinochinja zvenzanga kupfurikidza negadziridzo nedudziro yedare. Pesvedzero yaro inotambanukira kupfuura mwero wehurumende yehurumende, dzvumaro, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye kunyange revo dzamarudzi ose dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Bill of Rights inovimbisa rusununguko runokosha rwakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende. Kodzero idzi dzinodzivirira vanhu kubva kuvhozhokera hurumende ndokuvimbisa nzanga yedemocracy umo mifungo yakasiana - siana inogona kuratidzwa. Kutevera kugadziridzwa kwakawedzerwa kwedziviriro kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda, vakadzi, uye mamwe mapoka, zvichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kodzero. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Bill of Rights dziviriro kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGenetimendement’s Clausce, muitiro unozivikanwa seCombiantion, kuvimbisa dziviriro dzemiviriro munyika yose.

Basa Rokugadzira Mirayiro

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza muitiro wemitemo, rinoratidzira kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inokakavadzana, uye inogadzwa. Chikamu I chinodudza kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress dzinofanira kupfuudza mutemo muchimiro chakafanana ndokuupa kuPurezidhendi nokuda kwetendero (kana kuti vhato). Iyi gadziriro yamaune inovimbisa kuti mifungo mizhinji inorangarirwa, uye mutemo unoratidzira bvumirano. Bumbiro remitemo rinogadzawo miganhu pakuita mitemo: Congress rest compos haigoni kupfuudza mitemo yepost, zvikwereti zvekuwana, kana kuti kumisa habeas corpus (Kwedzero muzvinoitika zvokupandukira kana kuti kuvhotera).

Nhungamiro Yokutonga

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano vanotungamirirwa neBumbiro reMitemo muzviito zvavo nezvisarudzo. Rinobatira sepfundo renongedzero nokuda kwetsananguro dzapamutemo, zvirevo zvehurumende, uye mitemo yehurumende. Purezidhendi anopika kuti “achengete, adzivirire, uye adzivirire Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States,” uye vatongi vose vehurumende vanosungwa naro. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogoverawo hwaro hwemutemo nehurumende, richivimbisa kuti masangano ashande mukati mechiremera chinopiwa. Apo makakakavakatanwa anotsamira parugwaro rwemitemo nemuenzaniso kuti azvigadziswe.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nedudziro

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rakagovera kudzorwa kwakadzikama kwamakore anopfuura 230, rinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira munyika inochinja nokukurumidza. Nhau dzakadai semhiko dzemagetsi, kuongorora, mari yenhimbe, uye simba rokudzora mukati memigariro yengozi zvinoedza kuchinjika kwechinyorwa. Dare rapamusoro rinoita basa guru mukududzira Bumbiro remitemo kuti ripedzedze unyanzvi hutsva nemiraudzo yemagariro. Somuenzaniso, kudzivirira kweFreadmergate pakunzvera kusina mufungo kwatambanuro kwatambanurwa kuserura masero nemashoko emichina. Ruoko rweChipiri rwekutakura zvombo rwave rwave ruchidudzirwa mumashoko emiraudzo yezvino uno. Iyi rondedzero idzo inochinja inoratidzira kusimba kweBumbiro remitemo uye kuchinjika.

mhedziso

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoita basa rinokosha mukuumba hurumende yeU.S. uye kuchengetedza kodzero dzayo dzevagari vemo. Nheyo dzaro dzokutonga kworuzhinji, kuparadzana kwemasimba, kuongorora, dare, uye hurumende yakaganhurirwa dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera rudzi nhasi, kuvimbisa hurumende inozvidavirira kuvanhu. Sezvo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, unogovera gadziriro yakasimba yokupedza rwisano, inodzivirira rusununguko, uye inochinjika kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo haisati iri nzira yokudzidza nayo chete yokuziva pamutemo (h) kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuva mugari wemo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kuchengetedza masangano ehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ayo akatsungirira kwamazana anenge maviri nepakati pamazana amakore.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve panhau yeBumbiro reMitemo nedudziro, kunongedza ku Nhevedzo yeMari reNyika, Constitution Center yeNyika, uye [[FLT]Legal Information Institute paCornell Law School.