Hwaro hwokutonga kwehurumende muUnited States hwakavakwa pabumbiro remitemo rehurumende, iro rinobatira somutemo mukurusa mukati mehurumende imwe neimwe. Idzi magwaro haasati achingorondedzera bedzi chimiro chehurumende asi anorondedzerawo masimba nemitoro zvakagoverwa mumapazu akasiana - siana, achiumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamamirioni eAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anoronga nokudzorwa kunokosha sei nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye varongedzeri vevagari vemo zvakafanana. Nepo U.S. Hurumende inogadza gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, miraudzo yehurumende inogovera gadziriro huru yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kazhinji inofutunura nharaunda yekodzero dzomunzvimbomo, uye kufutunura miraudzo yemite nharaunda yehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Uku kunzvera kuoma kwetsika kwetsikano yetsika dzemitemo yehurumende.

Nheyo Yenhau yeMitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende inogadza murairo usati watanga Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Hurumende gumi namatatu dzapakuvamba dzakagamuchira magwaro adzo amene ehwaro pakati pa 1776 na 1780, kunyange pamberi pokuvandudzwa kweMitemo yeConfederation. Iyi mirau yapakuvamba yakanyorwa zvikuru pamitemo yehurumende, mutemo wavose weEngland, uye nheyo dzeNhengedzero dzeRepublicism neparadzano yamasimba. Massachusetts, somuenzaniso, akabatanidza bumbiro remitemo yayo yenheyo muna 178088, chinyorwa chinoramba chichishanda, chichichiita chive chibvumirano chemitemo yakanyorwa yakaresasasainyorwa munyika. Iyi dzinza rapakuvamba rinosimbisa idikako rinokosha: kutaura kuti hazvisi zvisikwa zvehurumende yehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, zvine masimba anozvidzora, izvo zvinobatanidza uye zvinoganhurnisa kupfurikidza nemitemo yayo imene yazvo.

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinoratidzira tsika dzaro dzezvematongerwe enyika, nhau yenharaunda, uye mipimo yenzanga. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reTexas ra 1876, rakagamuchirwa mumiuyo yeReconstructon, rinoganhurira noune simba ravakuru vakuru nechikwereti chehurumende, rinoratidzira kusavimba kwechiremera chikuru cheCalifornia, panguva ino, rinobatanidza gadziriro huru dzehurumende yedemocracy (hwunoreferateji), uye kuyeuka (jekisesa) vagari vemo kufuratira chibvumirano. Idzi dzinonyunguro dzomutemo hadzisati dziri makopiwo zvadzo echinyorwa chehurumende chomubatanidzwa wehurumende; izvo zviri zvishandiso zvipenyu zvinogadzirirwa kuzvinodikanwa nenzvimbo zvokutanga zvehurumende yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga.

Kushanduka kwenhau kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kunozivisawo mutoo wokugadziridza nokutsiva. Chifo cha 1776, Hurumende dzakaita kokorodzano dzinopfuura 230 dzebumbiro remitemo, uye mabumbiro enyika anopfuura 150 akagamuchirwa uye gare gare akatsiviwa. Nhasi, nyika 49 dzine mabumbiro enyika akasiyana (kusiyanisa kuva mavakirwo ehurumende eGwara reColumbia). Muitiro wenguva dzose wokugadziridza nokugadziridza kunoita kuti masangano ehurumende ave macompritacttet redhinatorsssssssss anoshanda nesimba redemocracy, achiwirirana nguva dzose nezvinetso zvitsva.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvemitemo yeHurumende

Bumbiro rimwe nerimwe remitemo rinosanganisira zvinhu zvinokosha zvakawanda zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuronga simba rehurumende uye kudzivirira vagari vemo.

  • Hurukuro: inozivisa donzo nenheyo dzinotungamirira dzebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji ichikwidza vanhu samanyuko echiremera.
  • Bhiri yeKodzero: Acatalog yekodzero dzomunhu oga norusununguko, kazhinji kazhinji yakakura zvikuru kupfuura Bill of Rights yomubatanidzwa.
  • Kuparadzanya kwaMasimba: Hurumende inokamura kuva mapazi matatu akasiana---shaika(akakamura, anotonga, uye ane mabasa akarondedzerwa.)
  • Michina nedzikamo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazu rinodarika chiremera charo chebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai sesimba, hwirudzuro yedare, uye kudzokororwa kwomutemo.
  • Kushandiswa kweHurumende: Urongwa hunowirirana pamasangano ehurumende, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye masangano avanhu vose akadai sezvikoro namayunivhesiti.
  • Muitiro wokuchinja: batanidza kuti bumbiro remitemo rinogona sei kuchinjwa(8) kupfurikidza nechikarakadzo chomutemo, kutanga, kana kuti kokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Gadziriro dzeHurumende dzenzvimbo yapanzvimbo yacho: bumbiro remitemo remitemo rinopa masimba okutonga edzimba kumaguta nenzvimbo, richibvumira utongi hwomunharaunda munzvimbo dzisingapiwi muganhu wenyika.

Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzehurumende dzingatsanangurwa nedare rayo guru kuti dzidzivirire zvinopfuura zvinotsanangurwa nedare rehurumende, zvichiita kuti pave negadziriro mbiri yokuita kuti kodzero dziteererwe.

Nzira Iyo Mitemo yeHurumende Inobatanidza Nayo Simba Roumambo

Bumbiro remitemo rinopa masimba kupfurikidza nokuiswa kwakananga mitoro pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende. Uku kuparadzana hakusati kuri kungoitwawo zvako nerondedzero(* kunomanikidzirwa nematare uye kunoitwa muudzori hwezuva nezuva. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende rinosimbisa gadziriro yavose, mabumbiro emitemo anopa kujeka kukuru zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kudonongodza mabasa chaiwoiwo, zvikwaniriso, uye ganhuriro zvehofisi imwe neimwe.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru munyika imwe neimwe rinowanzotungamirirwa nagavhuna, uyo anoshanda savose vari vaviri savakuru vakuru uye somukuru mukuru wehurumende wetsika.

  • `Varetisito Legistration: Magavhuna mazhinjisa ane chiremera chomutsetse-idzino wirofeta pamusoro pemabhiri okuranga, simba rinoshaiwa Purezidhendi. Ikoku kunobvumira vakuru vakuru kurovanya zvinhu chaizvo zvinoshandiswa pasina kuramba bhajeti yose.
  • Simba rokugadza: Vatongi vanogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vakuru vemitemo, uye pane dzimwe nguva vatongi, kazhinji kazhinji vanozviisa pasi pekusimbiswa kwemitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo angadudza zvikwaniriso zvavasaruri.
  • [[FT:0] Comminer-in-Chief: Gavhuna anoraira Dare reHurumende reNational Guard (kunze apo rinenge raiswa muhurumende) uye anogona kurishandisa munguva dzenjodzi.
  • [[FORT:0] Pradon naClement: Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anopa gavhuna chiremera chokupa kanganwiro, mirangariro, uye madzokere, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mamiriro enyika achiisa aya masimba muboka rakazvimirira.
  • Chiremera cheTrusarudzo:[[FLT: 1] Mabumbiro emitemo anoda gavhuna kukarakadza bhajeti yakadzikama uye angaganhurira mano omutemo okuwedzera kupedza mari pasina mvumo yavakuru vakuru.

Ukuru hwesimba regubernerator hunosiyana zvikuru. Mudzimwe nyika, zvakadai seNew York, gavhuna anoita kugadza kwakasimba uye simba.Mune dzimwe, kufanana neTexas, simba guru rinokamuraniswa noune pakati pavakuru vakuru vakawanda vakasarudzwa vakazvimirira (g., gavhuna mukuru, gavhuna mukuru mukuru, coptorer), anoganhurira pesvedzero yagavhuna. Mabumbiro ehurumende anoraira iyi dzikamo.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokugadza mitemo, bhajeti yokutendera, uye kutungamirira. Miganhu yehurumende inorondedzera chivako cheimba yomutemo ($8) inodokuva nyika dzose dzine zvirongwa zvemabhimeral: imba yedare neimba yavamiriri, kana kuti gungano), kunze kweNebraska, ine unicaral, isiri dare reMitemo yeMitemo:

  • Zvikamu zveMitemo zveChibvumirano: Masangano angava namarusando egore negore kana kuti egore negore, namabumbiro emitemo anoratidzira ganhuriro dzourefu kana kuti urefu. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reTexas rinoganhurira marusando enguva dzose kumazuva 140 makore maviri ari ose.
  • [ Simba rePuciro: Mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kwemari; mabumbiro emitemo anowanzoda bhajeti yakadzikama ndokududza muitiro wezvikwereti zveappria.
  • Chiremera chekutonga: MaLegislature anonzvera masangano anotungamirira, anosimbisa kugadzwa, uye angasashanda vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Udzame hunowanzobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende.
  • Drecticicicicicic:[ Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anobvumira vavhoti kuita mitemo kupfurikidza nokutanga kana kuti dherendimu, kudarika mutezo wemitemo chose chose (a chiratidzo chisipo mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Ukama pakati pamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira hunoumbwazve negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo paveto dzinokunda (zvikurukuru chiverengero chezvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri) namarusando chaiwo. Uhu udzame hunokosha nemhaka yokuti hunosarudza kuti hurumende inogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza uye nenzira inobudirira kuzvinetso kana kuti kupfuudza mutemo.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Hurumende inogadza gadziriro yedare (inowanzova dare gurusa, matare edare, uye matare okutonga) uye mitoo yokusarudza. Masimba makuru anobatanidza:

  • Judicial Review: matare eHurumende ane chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo yehurumende isina kubatana pasi pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, kunyange kana mitemo yaizobvumirwa pasi peBumbiro remitemo reU.S.
  • Kuiswa panzvimbo kwemitemo yeHurumende: Hurumende ndidzo matare makurusa edzokupedzisira emitemo yehurumende (anodzorwa bedzi neDare Rapamusoro reUnited States pamibvunzo yehurumende). Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinobatanidza uye zvinogona kuumba nharaunda dzemiitiro dzakadai setort renjo, mari yedzidzo, uye maruramiro ezvinhu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuisa ruramisiro:[[FLT: 1] Mabumbiro emitemo akagadza chiremera chematare (mav.eunellate epakuvamba), maruramiro avakwirirwi (g., maruramiro okupa zano, kutonga kwokukurumidza), uye basa rematare amatare.

Nzira dzokusarudza dare dzinosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose(8) dzimwe dzinoshandisa kusarudza kwokuvhota, kusarudza kusingatsigiri, kuranga kurangana nesarudzo dzamasarudzo, kana kuti gadziriro dzakakodzera dzakavakirwa pamipimo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvebumbiro remitemo zvine revo huru nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira.

Basa Rebumbiro Remitemo reHurumende Mukudzivirira Kodzero

Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ebumbiro remitemo rehurumende idziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Nepo Bill of Rights yeU.S. ichishanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, mabumbiro emitemo anowanzogovera dziviriro dzokupinda nokuzvimirira. Iyi pfungwa inozivikanwa se “zvikonzero zvehurumende zvinotsamira apa." / dare rehurumende rinogona kutsanangura bumbiro raro remitemo raro kuti ripedze maruramiro aro makuru kupfuura aro. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Free Speak and Religion: Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rworudzidziso zvakafara zvikuru (mutoo, bumbiro remitemo reOregon rinodzivisa kutsigira nzanga masangano orudzidziso, kunopfuura mirau yehurumende). matare ehurumende akazivawo dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika muvoruzhinji.
  • Kutsvaka nokuisa: matare makuru anoverengeka akadudzira mabumbiro awo emitemo kuti adine mvumo dzokunzvera idzo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakarangarira kuva rine mufungo muGeneral Amendment. Somuenzaniso, Washington State Supreme Court yakataura kuti kunzvera kwemotokari kusingabvumirwi kweGPS kunoputsa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, kunyange pashure pokunge matare ehurumende azvibvumira.
  • Dziviriro yeIndaneti: Hurumende inowanzova nemitemo inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo wehurumende, iyo yakashandiswa kubvisa miitiro youtongi iyo matare ehurumende akatsigira. Somuenzaniso, Dare reMitemo reChikurusarudzo reMassachusetts rakatonga kuti mutemo unoda chinzwano chakaenzana nokuda kwavakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo yetendi.]
  • Nemhaka yezvokubatana nekodzero dzenzanga: Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anodzivirira zvakajeka kodzero yedzidzo sekodzero huru, anomanikidza nyika kuva nechokwadi chemari yakakwana neinokwana (mutoo, chiratidzo San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez pamwero wehurumende yakarambwa, asi matare ehurumende akamanikidzira zvikamu zvedzidzo). Dzimwe dzinovimbisa maruramiro ezvakatipoteredza zvakaisvonaka, dzimba dzinokwana, kana kuti dzinowirirana navashandi vehurumende.

Zvikwereti zvehurumende zvamaruramiro kazhinji kazhinji zvirefu zvikuru uye zvine udzame zvikuru kupfuura zvinenge zviri zvomubatanidzwa. Zvingabatanidza maruramiro asina kurongwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., zvakadai sekodzero yokuvhima nehove, kodzero yokuva voga (zvikurukuru, kodzero yapachivande yeCalifornia), kana kuti kodzero yokuvatapurwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo yomutemo chishandiso chinodenha chokunzwisisa upamhi hwerusununguko rwavagari vemo nerwisano inopfuurira kuvadzivirira.

Mitemo Inoyera yeHurumende: Simba Ravanhu

Musiano neBumbiro reMitemo rehurumende, rakagadziridzwa ka77 bedzi chifo cha 1789, bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinowanzochinjwa. Kugadziridzwa kunoratidzira kuzvipira kuuchangamire hwakakurumbira nokuchinjika. Kune mitoo mitatu mikuru yokugadziridza, yose inowanzova ine udzame mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende:

  • projectaliti: Mutoo wakakurumbira zvikurusa. Musangano wehurumende uvhota kuisa kugadziriswa kunokarakadzwa paroti, zvikurukuru inoda kugadziriswa kukurusa (mr., maviri etutatu) mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Voters ipapo dzinotendera kana kuti kudziramba muteempendium.
  • Muitiro weInitiative: Vagari vanogona kudarika chibvumirano kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nhamba dzakati dzezvisainwa pachikumbiro. Kana zvasimbiswa, kugadziriswa kunokarakadzwa kunoenda zvakananga kupepa. Uyu mutoo uripo munenge nyika 18 uye unoshandiswa zvikuru muCalifornia, Arizona, Colorado, uye Oregon. Inoita kuti vavhoti vasarudze kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo madhigistrate anodzivisa.
  • CONNstitutional Convention: kokorodzano inogona kudanwa kukarakadza bumbiro remitemo idzva rose kana kuti gadziriro yegadziriso. Mamwe mabumbiro enyika anoda vhoti yenhambo nenhambo yokuti kokorodzano ingaitwa here (mutoo, New York inoraira mubvunzo pamusoro pebvunzo makore 20 ari ose). Nhume dzinosarudzwa navanhu , idzo ipapo dzinoenda kuvotoorwa nokuda kwokuvhotera.

Gadziriro yokugadziridza inosiana muchinetso. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti yakapfava bedzi kupfurikidza nedare remitemo nevhota; dzimwe dzinoda kuva nembiri kana kuti tendero mumarusando maviri anotevedzana. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitennessee rinoda kuti kugadziridzwa kupfuure makamuri ose ari maviri, kutenderwa navavhoti, uye ipapo kupfuure zvakare murusando runotevera rwemitemo pamberi pokuenda kurota. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinoita kuti chinjo isimbe asi ririndewo mirangariro inokurumidza kupfupikiswa.

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kune misoro yakawanda: mitero, miganhu, rondedzero yeroorano, mbanje, kuchinja kwapamutemo, uye kodzero dzemhuka, pakati pedzimwe dzakawanda. Kushandiswa kwegadziriro yokutanga kwakamutsa gakava pamusoro pebasa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga ($critics) dzinotaura kuti inotungamirira kumitemo inodzorwa zvisina kufanira uye kubatwa kwapachivande chaiko, nepo vatsigiri vachiirangarira secherekedzo inokosha pasimba remitemo. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anopinda muupenyu hwehurumende.

Mitemo yeHurumende inopesana.

Nepo zvose zviri zviviri bumbiro remitemo rehurumende nerehurumende zvichigoverana nheyo huru dzakadai sokuparadzana kwemasimba nedziviriro yekodzero, zvinosiyana zvikuru muukuru, urefu, uye manyorerwe:

  • : Bumbiro remitemo reHurumende irefu zvikuru uye ine udzame zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Bumbiro remitemo reavhareji rine mashoko 15 000 (89,5,5,51,5,51). Mamwe mabumbiro remitemo anenge mashoko. Mamwe mabumbiro enyika akakura: mashoko anopfuura 110 000 eCalifornia, nepo Alabama (kubatanidza miuyo) pamusoro pe370,000.
  • Chiratidzo: Hurumende inowanzotaura nhau dzakadai semitero, mari yedzidzo, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubhejera, uye kunyange migwagwa mikuru kana kuti nhau dzechisungo. Bumbiro reMitemo igwaro regadziriro; mabumbiro emitemo akafanana zvikuru nebumbiro remitemo munharaunda dzakawanda.
  • Kuwedzera: Sezvacherechedzwa, mabumbiro emitemo anogadziridzwa kazhinji zvikuru. Kuchinja kunopfuura 7 000 kwakagamuchirwa munhau yeU.S. (kuzhinji pamwero wenyika.)
  • Mabumbiro emitemo eHurumende anowanzogovera maruramiro kupfuura ayo ari muBumbiro reMitemo reHurumende, serakurukurwa pamusoro apa. Iyi gadziriro yokudzivirira miviri rutivi rwechibvumirano cheAmerica.
  • Drecticicicicicic: Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende harina gadziriro yokutanga kana kuti teremu. Mitemo mizhinji inobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwevagari vemo mukuita mitemo nechinjo yebumbiro remitemo.

Iyi misiano inokosha nemhaka yokuti inoumba rudzi rumene rwokudzora. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende iro rinoraira mwero yemitero yezvinhu kana kuti nzira dzokutsigira nadzo mari dzechikoro dzinodzivisa chisarudzo chomutemo munzira idzo Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende risingatsigiri. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vachienzanisa gadziriro chaidzo dzemitemo yehurumende kurugwaro rwehurumende yehurumende dzinogona kujekesa kupfuma kwemitemo yeAmerica uye kuedza kunopfuurira muhurumende yako umene.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno muMutemo Webumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende haasi mafaro ekare; inzvimbo dzinorwa hondo dzemagakava ezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo epanguva ino.

  • Revo Yapamberi perevedzo yeBasi reFederal Policy: Masangano anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera mabumbiro avo emitemo kudzorera kana kuti kuwedzera zviito zvomubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia rinoda kuti nyika itange mipimo yayo youtano hwakakwirira. matare ehurumende anoshandisawo zvikamu zvapamutemo zvemitemo kuti adzivirire kodzero dzokubereka pashure peU.S. Dare repamusoro redare mu Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeVakadzi [[FLT:] 222]) anodzosera dziviriro yehurumende. Mitemo inoverengeka zvino inovimbisa maruramiro okubvisa mimba kana kuti roorano pasinei pamutemo.
  • .Upfumi hwemari: Chifo chama 1970, matare ehurumende muinopfuura hafu yenyika akatonga kuti mabumbiro avo emitemo anoda mari inowirirana nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose. Iyi “kupara mhaka” inopfuurira kuchengetwa, ganhuriro dzemari inogadzirirwa uye mipimo yokuzvidavirira.
  • Hurumende yeMunharaunda Autonomy: Hurusande dzeHurumende dzinopa kazhinji kazhinji “utongi hwemusha” kumaguta nenzvimbo, dzichibvumira mitemo yomunzvimbomo panhau dzakadai sedzokudzora rendi, mubhadharo muduku, uye mirau yemhoteredzo (inozviisa pasi pokuti nyika isunungurwe. Kuoma pakati pehurumende nechiremera chomunzvimbomo kunowanzopedzwa kupfurikidza nokududzira gadziriro dzehurumende pamutemo.
  • Justice Reformation: Mabumbiro emitemo eHurumende akashandiswa kuganhurira kusungwa kukuru, kunoda kugadziridzwa kwemari, uye kurambidza majeri avanhu. matare makuru ehurumende anowanzowedzera kodzero dzemukwirirwi kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.
  • .Environmental Rights: Nhamba inokura yebumbiro remitemo (umh., Pennsylvania, Montana, New York) inobatanidza maruramiro akajeka emhoteredzo, inopa simba vagari vemo kukwidza vateshi vehurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kudzivirira zviwanikwa zvomusikirwo. Kutonga kwoupwere, Held v.Montana, kunotsamira pamaruramiro ehurumende emhoteredzo yakachena neyakanaka yehurumende (apokapoka akaita misoro yenhau yenyika.)

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti mabumbiro emitemo anoshanda nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji achivandudza munharaunda umo chiito chehurumende chakadzorwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, vachinzvera gadziriro dzakananga dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende — zvakadai sokushandisa kwokupayona kweOregon kwezviito zvokutanga kana kuti gadziridzo yemhoteredzo yeNew York yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi (8) inoita kuti zvifundo zvevagari vemo zvive chaizvoizvo nezvakafanira.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Ovadzidzisi Nevadzidzi

Kunzwisisa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo (*) ine miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kudzidzisa pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kunogona kubetsera vadzidzi:

  • Nzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo pachayo inoita sei, kusanganisira mabasa agavhuna, edare, uye ematare.
  • Nzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, uye kugovera simba kunoitwa nehurumende.
  • Batanidzana nezvinoitika zvazvino uno, zvakadai sezviyero zvokuvhota, zviito zvedare, kana kuti kutonga kwedare munyika yavo.
  • Kudziridza unyanzvi mukurava nokududzira magwaro makuru anobva kunzvimbo dzokugara — kutsoropodza kurava nokunyora.
  • Ziva kuti kudzivirirwa kwekodzero kunosiyana nehurumende uye kuti kuzvipira kunogona kuitika pamwero wenyika.

Kunzverazve idzi misoro, nongedzero dzezviwanikwa zvinobva pa Conference of State Legistratures, iyo inongotaura mitemo nedzosero, kana kuti Constitution Project paNU School of Law. Mashoko ehurumende anowanika kupfurikidza newebsite yehurumende yewisctical revo (g. g.], [[FLT: 4.]] Ekiragiro kyamagames Onlinecrogrogn[FL:5]) nokuda kweTexas.

mhedziso

Mabumbiro emitemo akare kure nemagwaro echipiri anobva kuAmerica, achiratidzira mhatsa yamagamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika munyika dzine makumi mashanu. Anogovera masimba, anodzivirira maruramiro, uye anopa mashandiro echinjo yakakurumbira iyo Bumbiro remitemo risati. Kuvambira pamavambo enhau kusvikira kunhangano dzazvino uno, mitemo inoumba masimba ehurumende munzira idzo dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo hwezuva nezuva. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, vanodzidza kupfuudzo yemitemo yenyika havasati vari bedzi pamusoro pokunzwisisa bazu remitemo; iri pamusoro pokunzwisisa chimiro chaichoicho chomutemo uye simba rinogara ravanhu kuti vazvitonge. Kupfurikidza namapepa aya, tinoshongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera chavagari vemo kuti vatsigire rutivi rwazvo vamene mukudzora kwavo vamene, kupfurikidza nokuvhotera panzvimbo yebasa, kana kuti vatsigire muteve, nokuda kwebumbiro rehurumende, kana kuti vatsigire mutemo utsinde vanhu vose.