Kurongwa Kwebumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kworusununguko

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakatanga gadziriro yokutonga yakanga isina kukwana noune. Vavaki vakanzwisisa kuti gwaro rekare harigoni kukarira chinetso chomunguva yemberi chiri chose kurusununguko rwomunhu. Kugadziridza kwavakagadzira muChikamu V kwakagadzirwa serambudzo yokururamisa rudzi rwacho, kukudza dziviriro, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kukugadziridza nzwisiso dzetsika nenzanga. Mumakore 230 apfuura, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo rakashanda sechitoko chikuru nokuda kwokuwedzera rusununguko rwevanhu, kushandura gwaro rakavakwa pamavambo pamusoro pokubvumiranisanisa zvinhu pauranda uye kuganhurirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo, kuvimbisa kodzero dzetsika nedzemagariro. Mumakore 230 apfuura, kugadziridzamende dzemitemo dzakashanda kuMatevendiOruzhinji, kubatira sechirongwa chikuru cherusununguko rwekodzero dzemitemo yetsika dzavanhu vose veAmerica.

Nhau yerusununguko rwevagari vemo muAmerica haisati iri imwe yefambiro mberi inovambira panzvimbo pehondo dzakakomba asi panzvimbo pedzo dzehondo dzinoda kugadziriswa zvikuru, njodzi dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kufutunuka kwapanhambo nenhambo kwakatevera masangano makuru enzanga. Kuvambira pakunatswa kweBill of Rights muna 1791 kusvikira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvakavanzika munhambo yetsika, kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kwakaratidzira kusagadzikana kwenhambo yakwo apo kunenge kuchigadza mipimo mitsva yorusununguko. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupinduro inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti rusununguko rweAmerica rwakarondedzerwa sei, rwavepikiswa sei, uye kurondedzerwazve muzvizvarwa.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kuwana Dziviriro Neganhuriro Dzadzo Dzokutanga

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kwaizivikanwa seBill of Rights, kwakatenderwa muna 1791 semhinduro yakananga kukurukurirano dzeAnti-Federast pamusoro pesimba rapakati. Idzi mvumo dzakatanga nzvimbo yavanhu voga iyo hurumende yehurumende isingagoni kuvhozhokera. Bva Bill of Rights yakatanga kushanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kwete kunyika, uye dziviriro dzayo dzakanga dzakaganhurirwa kupfuura zvingakarakadzwa nerondedzero dzazvino uno.

Kutaura, Rudzidziso, uye Gungano

First Amendment yakavaka rusvingo pakati pehurumende nehana yomunhu oga, kudzivirira kutaura, rudzidziso, kubudisa, gungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira. Zvisinei, mumakore ayo apakuvamba, Sedition Act ya 1798 yakaratidzira kuti idzi dziviriro dzingava dzisina kusimba sei, kutsoropodza hurumende. Dare Gurusa harina kutanga kudzikamisa zvakasimba dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment kutozosvikira zana ramakore rechi20, nenhau dzakafanana ne Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]) kusimbisa kuti kutaura kwaigona kuganhurirwa bedzi kana kwakanyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo. Nhasi, Kutanga kwePregimendidzo kunopfuurira kudzivirira, nematare pamusoro penhau dzenzanga, kukwikwidzanwa nenhau dzemasangano ezvemari, kutsigira bhishopuko.

Zvombo, Kunzvera, uye Chirango

Garamende Yechipiri &FLTSquo; kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo yaparira kurukurirano huru, zvikurukuru pashure pedare guru’ zvisarudzo mu Heller weColumbia v. (2008) uye [FLT]] MCD [Donald v.Chicago [] [202020]), iyo yakaziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuramo ndokuishandisa kuruwa. Idzoro yeChina yePentemplementation &squo; dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha zvakagadziriswa, nemigariro inodzorwa nemigariro inopesana nemitemo inopesana. Yakavamba kupfurikidza nemitemo inopesana nemitemo inopesana. California v[FLT] [FF] [FF] [FF]

Kugadziridza Kuitwazve: Kuderedza Ugari Hwomunyika uye Kuenzana

Hondo yevagari vemo nemigumisiro yayo zvakaparira kukura kukurusa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvira paBill of Rights. Dare re 13th, 145th, uye 15th Amendments, zvakatendera pakati pa 1865 na1870, zvakachinja zvikurukuru ukama hweBumbiro reMitemo ’ hunobatanidza rusununguko rwomunhu. Uku kugadziriswa kwakabvisa uranda, kwakatanga kuva mugari woudangwe, kwakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, uye kwakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechitatu Nokusazvipira

Demendi ye 13 yakaita zvinopfuura kubvisa uranda − ihwo hwakapa simba kugadza mutemo wokubvisa “ mbadges nezvinoitika ” zvouranda. Ichi chitsama chakashandiswa kutsigira mitemo inorwisana norusaruro yehurumende uye, zvinomutsa nharo zvikuru, kururamisa zvimiro zvazvino uno zvebasa rokumanikidzirwa nokutengesa vanhu. Andendment ’ kunze kwe “ uranda hwokuzvidira ” sechirango choutsotsi chakadudzwawo kururamisa miitiro yebasa romutorongo, gadziriro inopfuurira kuparira nhamburiko dzokuvandudza.

Gadziriro Yechigumi Negumi ’ Inoita Kuti Pave Nesimba Rokuchinja

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1954), yakaparadza kubviswa kwechikoro, ku [FLT:] kunamatwa kwekodzero dzavanhu. [FL: 2] kuva nheyo yekodzero yekodzero yehurumende. [[FLT]]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nezvishanu uye Kurwira Kupiwa Kwekodzero

Pedzisimende yechi15 yakarambidza kurambwa kwevhoti yakavakirwa padzinza, asi chipikirwa chayo chakaregeredzwa nokukurumidza nokunzvera kurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, zvitsaro zvasekuru, uye masimba masimba chaiwo. Yakada rinenge zana ramakore(ne Zvokudzora kodzero dza1965) uye Hurumende yeIndex Rights ya1986 (pamberi peMitemo yeIndement ’ zvibvumikiso zvakadzikamiswa nenzira ine revo. Supreme Court’ chisarudzo mu Shelby County v. Raker (2013), iyo yakadzosa gadziriro huru dzeRevoidzo dzeKodzero, yakatonga pamusoro pevhoti yekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero nedzokudzora kudzvinyirirwa.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nokukura Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 kwakapupurira chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakasundwa nesangano rinofambira mberi.Idzi gadziridzo dzakakurukura nhau dzokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende, mitero, uye ruramisiro yomunzanga, zvichiratidzira chitendero chinowedzera chokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kubatira zvakanaka zvakafanana.

Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavatongi uye Kupiwa Mutero

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) yakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo vatevedzeri vakasarudzwa nayo, vachitsiva kusarudzwa kwemitemo kwehurumende nesarudzo yakakurumbira. Uku kuchinja kwakaderedza uori ndokuita kuti Dare ribvume zvikuru kuvavhoti. Dare reSwedith Amendment, rakatendera gore rimwe chetero, rakabvumira mutero wemari yehurumende, richigovera mukoto wemari waizotsigira mapurogiramu ehurumende uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo mumakumi amakore gare gare. Kugadziridza kwose kubereka kwakaratidza kuderera kwaparendekisi yehurumende yeAmerica yehurumende.

Vakadzi & Apprsquo; Vanoshora uye Kubvumira Kumwe Nokumwe

Demendi yeChine gumi nepfumbamwe, yakasimbiswa muna 1920 pashure pamakumi amakore okutsiva nokunyoresa kwakafanana naSusan B. Anthony naAlice Paul, yakarambidza kurambwa kwevhoti pahwaro hwevatano. Uku kwakanga kuri kukura kumwe kukurusa kwokuvhota munhau yeAmerica, kuchibatanidza mamirioni avakadzi. Kugadziriswa hakuna kukurumidza kubvisa mhinganidzo dzose kuvakadzi ’ kunotora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika (vakadzi verudzi vakapfuurira kutarisana nokudzvinyirira chibvumirano chemitemo chokuti vanhukadzi havagoni kushairwa kutora vagari vemo mugariro yehurumende. Gadziro rekodzero dzazvino uno rinopfuudzira iyi nokuda kwokuenzana kwetsika kwemitemo.

Nguva Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Nechinjo Yebumbiro remitemo

Sangano rekodzero dzevanhu repakati pezana remakore rechi20 rakamanikidza America kuti iwirirane nemhesano pakati pezvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo nezviri kuitika. Kunyange zvazvo sangano racho rakaita kukunda kwaro kukuru kupfurikidza nomutemo, (Chirevo Chamagariro Amaruramiro avanhu) cha1964 uye Voting Rights Act ya1965(Zvenziyomusiyano wekugadziridza) zvakaitawo basa racho.

Penjero Yamakumi Maviri Nezvina

Kuiswa pachena muna 1964, Amakumi maviri neFour Amendment yakabvisa mitero yokuvhota musarudzo dzehurumende. Mitero yokusarira yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica navachena varombo. Kugadziridza kwakamirira mhinduro yakananga kunzira yakananga yokudzvinyirira muvhoti uye kuratidzira kuti chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzaigona sei kuputsa mhingani dzokutora. Dare repamusorosoro gare gare gare rakatambanudza nheyo iyi kuhurumende kusarudza mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFocters [196]

Mhedziso Yechimakumi Maviri Nechitanhatu uye Kurumidzwa Kwepwere

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri neSixth Amendment, chakatenderwa muna 1971, chakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvika ku18 muzvisarudzo zvose. Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakadzorwa nenhambo yeHondo yeVietnam kuti kana vanhu vaduku vakanga vakura zvakakwana kunzi vanyorerwe, vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Chakapfuura nemwero unoshamisa. Yakangopfuura mwedzi mitatu kubva patendero yedare rokuvhota kuzivisa kuti nguva yapera. Kubvisa mamiriro enyika kwakawedzera kusarudzwa nemamiriyoni uye yave yakaita hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika kubvira panguva iyoyo.

Hondo Dzazvino Uno Dzokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Nebumbiro Remitemo Risina Kubviswa

Chifo chokugadziridza kwokupedzisira kwebumbiro remitemo kwakatenderwa muna 1992 (The Amakumi maviri neEjoneth Amendment, pamusoro peripi resangano), rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakapfuurira kushanduka zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kweDare Gurusa, mutemo wehurumende, uye chinjo dzenzvimbo yehurumende. Hapana chinjo itsva dzakawedzerwa, asi revo yedziripo yave ichishandurwazve zvikuru.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Supreme Court’ inoziva roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano mu [FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]) (2015 yakavakirwa pa 144th Amendment ’ Screate and Secutect Classitions, kwete parumbidzo rupi norupi norupi rutsva. Dare rakati roorano ikodzero inokosha isingagoni kurambwa kuva varoorani vamwe chetevo. Nenzira yakafanana, Bhost. County [Clahton County [[FLT:] [20])) raidavira kuti musoro VII&quo; rinorambidza vatano parstruptions mumabasa okuratidzira vatano nechimiro chisiri chomunhu, kutsanangurazve mutemo mutsva panzvimbo yapamutemo. Zvisaririra zvamanyoro zvamatoswo zvakachinjwa nokuda kwechitiki zvechimubatanidzwa zvechiAmerica.

Kuva Woga, Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, uye Kugadziriswa Kwechina

Zera remichina rakamanikidzira matare kutsanangurazve First Amendment yeChina ’ zvinodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo muchiedza chezvoruzivo rwavatangi vaisagona kufungidzira. Supreme Court’ zvisarudzo mu Karpater v. United States[FLT] [2017] [2018]) yaidavira kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yeserura, ichiziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga voga munzira yavanobudisa nayo. Izvi zviitiko zvinoratidzira kuti nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inogona sei kuchinjika kumigariro mitsva pasina kugadziriswa, kunyange zvazvo tsigiro dzemazati yemapinduko dzinopfuurira kudana nokuda kwedziviriro dzakajeka.

Kodzero Dzisina Kukodzera NeADA

VaAmerica vane chibvumirano cheUlimimende Act ya1990, nepo isiri gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo, vakashanda sewedzero huru yerusununguko rwevagari vemo nokuda kwavanhu vane urema. Mutemo ’ chinodikanwa chenzvimbo dzavose dzine mufungo nenzvimbo dzinosvikwa zvine mavambo acho mu 14neth Amendment ’ Scimetic Protection Clausle and Congress ’ simba rokuita kuti pave nevimbiso yebumbiro remitemo. ADA’ ndima yakatevera makore echiito kupfurikidza nekodzero dzesimba dzinoshandiswa nekodzero dzouremadzarapi yaipikisa kuti kusarura upenyu hwevoruzhinji chakanga chiri chimiro chokusarura icho chinofanira kudzorwa neBumbiro remitemo.

Muitiro Weenderero Mberi: Chikonzero Nei Chinjo Yakaoma

Chinetso chokubvisa Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo idziviriro nokuda kwerusununguko(//ndi mhinganidzo kukukura kwaro. Chikamu V chinoda vhoti mbiri-tatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nedzinokwezvurwa nedzine mativi matatu enyika, danda rakakwirira namaune rinovimbisa bvumirano huru mutemo mukuru usati wagona kuchinja. Kubvira muna 1789, gadziridzo dzinopfuura 11 000 dzakakarakadzwa muCongress, asi 33 bedzi dzakatumirwa kuhurumende, uye 27 chete dzakasimbiswa. Ichi chinetso chinoreva kuti kukura kukuru kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo kunowanzoitika kupfurikidza nokududzira dare kana kuti mutemo panzvimbo pokuva nea kudzosera.

Zvokwadi iyi ine zvose zviri zviviri betsero nedzinodzorwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, bhawa rakakwirira rinodzivisa mativi makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika echinguvana kuisa zvido zvechinguvana mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunoreva kuti dziviriro dzakati kuti (dzakadai seidzo dzinorwisana norusaruro rwedzinza nerechirume) dzakatora zvizvarwa kuti zvizivikanwe zvizere kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa. Gakava pamusoro pokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuva riri nyore kupfuurira, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti muitiro wazvino uno wakaoma zvikuru kupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Nehondo Inopfuurira

Kukura kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo haisati iri nhau yakaguma muna 1971 kana kuti 1992. Ibasa rinopfuurira rokududzira, kushandura, uye kurwisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kugadziridza kuBumbiro remitemo kunomirira zviitiko zvinokosha muAmerica ’ kufora kwenguva refu kuenda kumurangariro wakazara werusununguko, asi harisi shoko rokupedzisira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kusarudza kuti rusununguko rwunorevei mumashoko acho, zvingava zvinosanganisira kudzivirira kubereka, kuvimbisa kuvhotera, kudzivirira kuvhotera kwakavanzika hwemichina, kana kuti kuranga kwapamhi.

Chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti chinjo yebumbiro remitemo inoitika apo masangano enzanga anoronga, apo matare anodisa kuita kuti zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvivepo, uye apo vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanokwira kunhambo yacho.

Kunzwisisa kuti zvakamboshanda sei munguva yakapfuura zvinokosha kuti vaya vanoda kuumba mashandiro azvichaita munguva yemberi vawedzere rusununguko, vagadzirise kusaruramisira, uye vaumbe mubatanidzwa wakakwana.

Kumwe Kurava Nezviwanikwa