Chiremera chaChangamire Akasiana: Basa Rehurumende Dzamarudzi muUnited States

Hurumende dzamarudzi dzine nzvimbo imwe chete mukati menzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica, dzichishandisa mwero wechiremera chakagarwa nhaka chisati chiri chehurumende kana kuti chehurumende asi chakasiana chose chose. Uku kuzviisa kukuru, kwakavakirwa muzviuru zvamakore zvokuzvidzora ndokusimbiswa mumazana amakore erwisano yapamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika, kunoumba upenyu hwamamirioni amaIndia okuAmerica uye kunopesvedzera mamiriro ehurumende ehurumende eUnited States. Kunzwisisa basa rehurumende dzamadzinza kunoda kunzverwa kukuru kwenheyo dzadzo dzenhau, tsvimbo dzepamutemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinorondedzera masimba awo, uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvazvino unonzvera zuva nezuva.

Idzi hurumende hadzisi zvikamuwo hazvo zvokudzora; ivo vagari venhaka navatariri vanoshingaira vouchangamire hwokuberekwa nahwo uhwo hunotanga pamberi peUnited States imene. Nhasi, anodokusvika 574 anozivikanwa nehurumende anoshandisa chimiro chakati chechiremera chehurumende pavagari vemo vavo nenharaunda, achitarisira mabasa anobva mukuchengetwa kwomutemo nedziviriro yemhoteredzo kudzidzo nokutarisira utano. Basa ravo isimba mhenyu, rine simba rinopfuurira kushanduka - chinja kupfurikidza nokupa murairo, mutemo, uye kuendesa kumitemo yehurumende.

Mavambo Akadzama Enhau Ourudzi Hwekuzvitonga

Murangariro wehurumende yedzinza hauna kutanga nokusvika kwavagari veEurope. Kwezviuru zvamakore, masangano eAmerica echiManda aiva namasangano akaoma ehurumende, mutemo, uye kukurukurirana. Masangano aya akasiana - siana zvikuru (kubva mukuumbwa kwebvumirano yedemocracy yeHaudenosaunee Confederacy, iyo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti yakapesvedzera U.S. Constitution, kuzvivako zvenhungamiro zvikuru zveMissississippian shems. Kuziva iyi nheyo yapamberi yeProfecracy kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti uchangamire hwedzinza hahuna kupiwa neUnited States asi ikodzero yokuberekwa nayo yakasimbiswa, yakasimbiswa, uye kazhinji kazhinji yakapunzwa nemitemo.

Kutongwa Kwenyika NeSimba Rebvumirano

Kusangana kweEurope kwakatanga ngwavaira. Hosha, hondo, uye kubviswa zvakaparadza chiverengero chavagari vemo uye zvakasimudzirwa zvivako zvokutonga. Zvisinei, ndudzi hadzina kungonyangarika. Dzakawirirana, dzakawirirana uye kurwa kuti dzichengetedze udzori hwavo. British Cover, uye gare gare United States, dzakabatanidzwa namarudzi samarudzi okumwe, kuronga ukama hwetsika kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano. Pakati pa 1778 na 1871. , Dare reU. Dare reSabhuna rakatendera kupfuura 370 nezvibvumirano nendudzi dzeInitindida American. Zvibvumirano izvi zvakanga zvisiri zvibvumirano zvenyika mupfungwa yazvino uno; zvakanga zviri zvibvumirano zvapamutemo pakati pendudzi dzamarudzi akatanhamara ainozivikanwa kuti aidzoronge ari Georgia yapamutemo yakanga isina simba renyika inodzorwa nokuda kwechibvumirano, rugare, uye kuwirirana nemitemo yemitemo yepamutemo. Dare redare repamusoro rehurumende renyika yeRoma raidzose.

Kudenha Uchangamire: Kuparadza uye Nguva Yokuparadza

Zana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 rakamirira denho yakatsiga yehurumende pakudzora kwedzinza. Alottement Act ya1887 yakaputsa nyika dzamarudzi dzakachengetwa munzanga kuva mapoka avanhu, nyika dzakasara dzakazarurirwa vagari vasiri vagari veManda. Iyi purogiramu yakanga yakaitirwa kubvisa hurumende dzamadzinza nesimba. Pakasvika 1934, ndudzi dzakanga dzarasikirwa nedzinenge mativi maviri enyika. Ipapo, muma 1950, muitiro wehurumende weTrinition waitsvaka kugumisa ukama hwechivimbo chose chose chose, kamwe kamwe kubvisa ndudzi dzavo chaidzoreka, kubvisa upfumi hwavo, uye kudzosa vagari vavo hurumende. Iyi miraudzo yakanga yaparadza, asi haina kudzima kodzero yokuzvidzora. Panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vakatsvakazve mamiriro enyika matsva.

Renaissance: Kuzvisarudza Nenguva Yazvino Uno

Dare reChivil Rights reMa 1960 rakagovera chisakiso chine simba nokuda kwechinjo. Chiito cheAmerica, kubva kubasa reAlcatraz Island kusvikira kuGaray of Broken Trease, rakamanikidzira kuzvidavirira kwerudzi. Muna 1975, Congress yakapfuudza dare reIndian Self-Dendation and Education Act, chikamu chemitemo chakadzivisa kubviswa kwechirongwa uye kupiwa simba rehurumende yehurumende kuti ibatane nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuti ipedze mapurogiramu avo. Iro rakateverwa nerevomhindi yeChild Welfarection ye 1978, iyo yakasimbisa chiremera chekodzero yokuchengeta vana chinobatanidza vana, uye chiTrivholbe Gonance Act cha19949, chakawedzera kudzorwa kwemari yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruwa. Iyi mitemo yakaratidzira kuchinja kubva pahurumende yeruwa kuti idzorerwe kurudzi kurudzi kuumbidzo yehurumende yenzanga yedzinza renyika renyika yose

Chimiro Chapamutemo: Uchangamire, Kusarudza Umene, uye Mutoro

Chiremera chapamutemo chehurumende dzamarudzi chiri pambiru nhatu dzakabatanidzwa: uchangamire hwakagarwa nhaka, muitiro womubatanidzwa wokuzvisarudza umene, uye mutoro wokuvimba weUnited States. Ichi chirongwa chakaoma, chinodzorwa nguva dzose, uye chinodzorwa nokuchinja mukuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokududzirwa kwekutonga.

Uchangamire Hworudzi Hwomuzvarirwo

Utongi hwedzinza inheyo inotsamira pachinhu. Sezvinozivikanwa kakawanda neDare rapamusorosoro reU.S., ndudzi i "nyika dzinotsamira padziri" dzinochengeta masimba adzo okuberekwa nawo ehurumende, kunze kweapo masimba iwayo akaganhurirwa zvakajeka neCongress kana kuti nechibvumirano. Ikoku kunoreva kuti rudzi rune chiremera chokurondedzera mitezo yarwo rumene, kudzikamisa mitemo yarwo rumene yeutsotsi neyavagari vemo mukati moudzoro, kudzora kushandiswa kwenyika nemhoteredzo, uye kuvamba matare arwo. Zvisinei, uchangamire ihwo hahuna kuganhurirwa chose chose. [[FLT:] United States v. [[FLT] .[FG.1] [FLD 1] [1: 1] [18] [8], Dare rinosimudzira chiremera charomagariro apakati pezviito zvechipo, uye [FLG.] Suctam]

Mutoro Wechivimbo Chehurumende

Iyi dzidziso yapamutemo, yakavakirwa muzvibvumirano zvemitengo, mirau, uye mirairo yavakuru vakuru, inoisa musengwa wetsika nemitemo paUnited States kudzivirira pfuma yedzinza, nyika, uye kuita mufariro dzakanakisisa dzamarudzi endudzi. Isati iri basa rakapfava rokuzvidavirira kumaneja wemari yemari; musengwa wakafara, unomanikidzirwa kusangano renyika rine mutoro wokutarisira nhau dzeIndian, zvakadai seBureaustrau of Indian Affairs ne Indian Health Service. Chivimbo chakashandiswa nendudzi kuti dzive dzinozvidavirira kuhurumende yehurumende nokuda kwokushatiswa kwezvipfumikoro, zvakadai somuchinjo yemabhiri yemaza. [FLT:] Cobelbel. [FFLD:] v]

Zvinorehwa Nokuzviziva

Kuzvitema kunoitwa sechiito chokutonga. Itsika kuti ndudzi dzinofanira kuva nechiremera nepfuma zvokuronga nokutarisira zvirongwa zvadzo dzimene nemabasa, kubvira kuzvikoro namapurisa kusvikira kumasangano ebudiriro yemari. Izvozvi zvakatungamirira kukukura kukuru kwenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende yedzinza. Somuenzaniso, Navajo Nyika zvino inoshandisa gadziriro yayo yedzidzo, Mississippi Band neChoctaw Act inoita kuti gadziriro youtano hwenyika, uye maColvillesvreat adzore masango avo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Hurumende Yorudzi Iri Kushanda Nhasi

Hurumende dzamarudzi dzazvino uno masangano akaoma, ane zvinhu zvakawanda ayo anoshandisa ruwa rwemasimba kazhinji kazhinji akaenzana nehurumende dzehurumende, kunyange zvazvo dzine ganhuriro nebetsero zvakasiana. Pesvedzero yawo inowanwa munenge murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwenzanga.

Kumanikidza Mutemo Negadziriro Dzokutonga

Marudzi akawanda anoshanda madhipatimendi emapurisa, madare, uye nzvimbo dzokuchengetera. Iyi miitiro inokosha nokuda kwekotsekano yavose panzvimbo huru nedziri kure umo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kweruwa kungave kure. Matare emadzinza anobata mativi akawanda, kubva pakuputswa kwemitongo yemotokari nomutemo wemhuri kubvumirana magakava uye, mune dzimwe zviitiko, mhosva dzakakomba. Zvisinei, kuoma kwemitemo idenho inopfuurira. [[FLT]] Oliphant [ chisarudzo] chinoganhurira mano endudzi kudzosa vapari vemhosva vemibato, kuparira "kahashano yepachena" inova neapo yakakomba. Mutemo nomutemo udzoronge wa2010 uye kudzorwa kwechiito chamaOst Women Act Act Act wounzil Act kupfurikidza nokudzosera masimba masimba amarudzi akati edzinza, pasinei zvapo nechiito chekudzoroti chomubatanidzwa chomubatanidzwa chomubatanidzwa chomubatanidzwa, chipfumbidzo, chinoitwa nomutemo, chinoitwa nomutemo worudzi, chi

Kubudirira Kwezveupfumi uye Kudzora

Hurumende yezvemari ndiwo muganho wakakomba nokuda kwehurumende dzamarudzi. Gamming idivi gurusa rinooneka, rinobudisa mabhirioni amadhora mumari yegore negore ayo mari inokosha kubva kuzvoutano kuenda kumigwagwa. Asi ndudzi dziri kuwedzera. Chiwiti cheOklahoma chinoshanda mabhizimisi okugadzira nokugadzira zvinhu. Cow Creek Band yeUmpqua ine mubatanidzwa wemabhiringi eIndia unobudirira. Hurumende dzinoshandisawo mutero wehurumende yehurumende, mari yemitero inobvisa mitero, kosi dzegafu, uye zvitoro zvinobatsira. Mabhizimisi aya haasi mabhizimisi chete; anongova mabhizimisi okuzvipfuroridzo, achigovera kuzvimirira kwemari izvo zvinobvumira nzanga kuderedza kuvimba kwavo nehurumende dzisingadeyi kutengwi nehurumende. Hurumende dzehurumende dzinoshandisa mutero, dzinobvisawo mitero uye mitero inotengesa munyika dzadzorwa.

Dzidzo Nokuchengetedzwa Kwetsika

Hurumende dzamadzinza dzinoiswa zvikuru mudzidzo sechishandiso chezvose zviri zviviri mukana wemari nokupukunyuka kwetsika. Kupfurikidza nepurogiramu yeJohnson-O'Malley uye udzori hwakananga paBureau of Indian Education School, ndudzi zhinji dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzedzidzo. Zvikoro izvi zvinoiswa nenzira yechienzi kuti zvibatanidze muraidzo womutauro weMandareji, nhau yetsika, uye mipimo yenzanga mudzidzo. Navajo Department of Diné Education, somuenzaniso, inoita zvikoro zvinodzidzisa mutauro weNavajo namagamuchidzanwa edzidzo yetsika. Dzidzo dzapamusoro inzvimbowo huru, nehovero dzinopfuura 30 dzeruwa namayunivhesiti dzinobatira vadzidzi 50 000 gore rimwe nerimwe.

Utano Nemagariro Evanhu

Kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvokuzvisarudza vamene, hurumende zhinji dzamarudzi dzinoshandisa zvakananga mabasa okutarisira utano aitarisirwa kare neIndian Health Service (IHS). Ikoku kunobvumira kuyamuranisa mabasa nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga, kana ikoko kuchibatanidza kubatanidza miitiro yokurapa yamagamuchidzanwa, kukurukura nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemiitiro yetsika dzakakodzera, kana kuti kutarisira hosha dzisingaperi sehosha dzeshuga. Migumisiro yacho inogona kuchinjwa. Marudzi akawanda anogona kugovera garikano yavana, purogiramu yenzanga yokusabatsira, kugadzira mishonga inovakwa nehurumende yezvokurapa mishonga muAnchorage uye inogovera miuyo yezve utano yenzanga kudarika iya yeIHS. Nenzira yakafanana, ndudzi dzakawanda dzinoshandisa ruyamuko rwevana, dzidzo yedzimba, uye purogiramu dzekuchengeteka chaunga chaunga chavanhu, kuvaka purogiramu yenzanga inoratidzira kuva neyamunzanga yenzanga.

Utariri Hwemhoteredzo Nenzwi Rorudzi

Hurumende dzamarudzi dzinogara dziri panzvimbo dzadzo dzedenho dzemhoteredzo. Nyika dzavo dzine zvinhu zvomusikirwo zvinokosha, kubvira pamapuranga namaminerali kusvikira kunzvimbo dzapasi dzinoiswa mungozi. Kushandisa chiremera chadzo chadzo chaidzo, ndudzi dzazova vatungamiriri mudziviriro yemhoteredzo. Rudzi rweIndia runodzora gadziriro yezvokuongorora mhepo yakaisvonaka panzvimbo yarwo. Chitima cheSwingochindish Indian Trinity muWashington chaita kuti chive chigadziro chevhuridzo chevhu chinobatanidza zivo yegamuchidzanwa nesayenzi yokuMadokero. Kupfuurirazve, Nhungamiro yeNzvimbo yeNzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nomutemo se "zvikamu" nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokushandisa miraudzo yemhoteredzo yazvokuchena yemvura neCeac Air Act, zvinovabvumira kuisa mipimo yemvura nenzvimbo dzadzoro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende neyamugari wezvoutano.

Matambudziko uye Kurwira Uchangamire Hwakazara

Pasinei nokufambira mberi kukuru, hurumende dzemadzinza dzinoramba dzichitarisana nematambudziko akakura anoedza simba radzo uye kushinga kwadzinoita.

Zvinetso Zvikuru uye Kubvisa Mashoko

Kusarudza hurumende ipi iri , nharaunda, kana kuti hurumende . ine chiremera pamusoro pomunhu chaiye, nzvimbo, kana kuti mubato zvinogona kuva chishamiso chemitemo chinovhiringidza. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikuru nokuda kwoMutemo waVose nyika 280, umo hurumende dzakapiwa simba routsotsi panyika dzeMarudzi, kuvamba tsika. Hurumende dzinofanira kuenda kudare kuti dzidzivirire chiremera chadzo kubva kudzokerwa kana kuti kumanikidzirwa chibvumirano chenyika. Ndyiko dzacho ihuru, dzinotsausa zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa nokuda kweminamato yenzanga. [MGitrier. v[FLT:] [200] chisarudzo chinoreva kuti chikamu chikuru chenyika yokumabvazuva kana kuti muganhu weAmerica chinogara chisati chiripo, chinoparira kudzorwa kwemiteshina yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, uye kudzoronzedzero itsva yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, uye kuparira kudzorwa kwedzodzodzodzodzo dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende.

Kushandisa Mari Nehurumende Yavatongi

Nepo kutamira kundozvidzora kwapa ndudzi dzakapa udzori hukuru papurogiramu, mari yehurumende inoramba isingasviki. Indian Health Service inosarira kusatsarukana; ndyiko dzoutano dzavagari vemo nokuda kwemaIndian America dzakaderera zvikuru kupfuura vasungwa vehurumende kana kuti vaMedicaresa vagamuchiri. Bureau of Indian Affairs Religin retsigin tsisss retsinhatentis, dzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvemari zvinobatanidzwa mukuwirirana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kupa zvinodikanwa, zvitsauko, uye gadziriro dzinoshuma izvo zvinogona kukurira hurumende duku dzendudzi dzine simba rokutarisira kwadzo. Kurwa kwemari, pasina miraudzo-yakadzo inopa mari inopa mirangariro kukuita chisarudzo chechisarudzo nechisarudzo chehurumende yorudzi.

Dzvinyiriro Dzakabva KuUnited States Nefariro Dzavanhu Voga

Hurumende dzinowanzotsvaka kutambanudzira udzori hwadzo kunyika dzamarudzi, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai semitero, kuronga kwokubhejera, uye kubvumira mhoteredzo. Uku kukakavadzana ndokwenguva dzose. Nenzira yakafanana, fariro dzomunhu oga, kubva kumakambani esimba kusvikira kumabasa okuchera mugodhi, kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsvaka kushandisa zviwanikwa zvamarudzi, munzira dzinorwisana nemitemo yendudzi netsika. Kudzikamisa mukana wemari nedziviriro yemhoteredzo netsika chiito chinotambudza. Dakota Accounce Hoppline paSrock yakava chiratidzo chenyika yose youku kuoma kwetsika, sezvo rudzi rwakasimbisa kodzero dzarwo nechiremera charo charo chapamutemo kuti rudzivirire kugoverwa kwayo kwemvura, kutarisana nehurumende inodenha nedziviriro yako yomunhu oga mugadziriro yacho.

Mupedzi: Mushandi biyake muAmerican Federalism

Hurumende dzamarudzi hadzisi chinhu chisati chamboitika. Dzinoziva zvikuru, dzinobatanidza, uye dzinokosha mukati meUnited States yazvino uno. uchangamire hwadzo hwakagarwa nhaka, hunodzorwazve, zvinopa gadziriro ine simba nokuda kwesimba renzanga uye kumukazve kwezvemari. Zvinetso zvadzo zvinotarisana nejekedzo yazvo (jeri remisi, kudzorwa kwakakomba, kupfuurira, uye kudzokororwa kwekunze kwechaikoko) ndekwechokwadi nechokunyanyisa. Asi kudzoro yehafu yehafu yokupedzisira yehafu yehafu yeboka renyika yave iyo iri iyo yesimba guru nesimba rinokura nokusimba. Dzino yehurumende yendudzi dzinoziva sedzvechigarire, zviremera zvinoenzana mukati mamiriro ezvinhu eAmerica hazvisati zviri bedzi zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo kana kuti zvamagariro anoshanda. Kuchinja kwapamhindimagariro. Hurumende, kuremekedza Hurumende pakati penyika dzeruwa, uye masangano anodzose dzinobudirira.