Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Remasimba Anotonga Nyika Dzakafanana

Zviremera zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muWashington, D.C. zvinowana zvakananga kubva muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chinyorwa chakagadzirwa nokungwarira kurondedzera nokuganhura simba rorudzi. Chikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo I chinodudza masimba chaiwo anopiwa kuCongress(kubatanidza simba rokupa mari), kuzivisa hondo, kudzora mauto, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kutanga nzvimbo dzepositi. Aya masimba akarongwa akanga aitirwa kuva akaganhurirwa zvikuru asi akaganhurirwa; [[FLT:] Isitempi [[FL:]] 10th Confectionment [[[FL:1]] [ict:1] yakananga masimba ose asingagoveri kuUnited States kuruwa kana kuti vanhu. Zvisinei, anobatanidzawo mutengo naClas Clausssssss anosvika pamutemo nokuda kwamazana maviri anenge.

Kupasa kwa Claus [Mitemo yeSayenzi] inosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo zvakaitwa kuti zvivepo i “mutemo mukuru wenyika,” unopa mitemo ipi neipi inorwisana. Iyi ndima inovimbisa kuti apo Congress inoshanda mukati mechiremera chayo chebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yayo inosunga rudzi rwose(kubatanidza Ruwa rweColumbia. Pamwe chete, iyi gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogadzira zvivako zvapamutemo izvo masimba ose omubatanidzwa anoshandisa muD.C. zororo.

Kukura Kwenhau Kwechiremera Chehurumende

Nepo hurumende yehurumende yapakuvamba yakanga iri duku zvikuru, chiremera chayo chakakura zvikuru kupfurikidza nomutemo wechiratidzo, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro-soro. Chivil War imentements( 13, 14th, uye 15 ] . [Isimba rakakomba rokuita kuti Hurumende itsigire kodzero dzavagari vemo nedziviriro dzakaenzana. 16.16] Amendimu yechikamu [1913]) yakabvumira mutero wemari yomubatanidzwa, kupa Washington chishandiso chemari chakasimba icho chaizonyora pasi pekukura kwakawanda kwegadziriro dzehurumende.

Mukati meNhambo yeNew Deal, Dare Rapamusorosa rakawedzera zvikuru kududzira kweChongedzero yaClaus. Mu [FLT]Wickard v. Filburn [1942] [[FLT]], Dare rairangarira kuti kunyange kugadzirwa kwegorosi kwapanzvimbo yebhizimisi kwaidzoserwa papurazi kwaigona kudzorwa neCongress nemhaka yokuti yakatapura kutengeserana kwemibatanidzwa. Iyi muenzaniso yakabvumira hurumende yehurumende kudzora mibato isingaverengeki yemari, imwezve simba muWashington. Gare gare gare gare, [[FLT:] Sosaiti huru [FLT] , zvirongwa zvemitengo zvemitengo yedzidzo, dzidzo youtano, kuvandudza maguta, uye kudzivirira nharaunda yehurumende yehurumende.

Masimba Akachengeterwa Washington Chaizvo, D.C.

Nemhaka yokuti District yeColumbia haisi nyika, hurumende yehurumende inotonga iyo yakasiana neukama hwayo nenyika 50. Aya masimba akavakirwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Clause 17, icho chinopa chiremera chapose cheCongress pamusoro po “kubviswa kwehurumende yeUnited States.” Iyi mirau inowirirana yemitemo irock yokudzora kwomubatanidzwa woruwa uye inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakananga:

Kutonga uye Kutonga

Congress ine simba rokuita mitemo inoshanda zvakananga kuRuwa rweColumbia. Nepo Home Rup Act ye 1973 yakagovera masimba akati emitemo kuDare D.C., Congress inochengeta maruramiro okuhwirudzura nokuputsa mutemo upi noupi womunzvimbomo mukati menhambo yakatarwa (“basa”). Ikoku kunoreva kuti chiremera chokupedzisira chemitemo nokuda kweruwa chinomira U.S. House neDare. Somuenzaniso, Congress yakashandisa simba iri kumisa D.C. kubva mukushandisa mari yomunzvimbomo pamibato yokubvisa mimba uye kuganhurira zviteko zvakati zvokudzora pfuti kuti zvombo zvinoitwa munharaunda.

Kubhadhara Mutero

Hurumende yehurumende inobhadharira mitero yemari inotambirwa pavagari vose nemabhizimisi muWashington, D.C. mukuwedzera, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) inopa mutero wehurumende muruwa sezvainoita munyika yose. D.C. vagari vanobhadhara mitero yakawanda pamunhu mumwe nomumwe kupfuura vagari vehurumende ipi neipi, bva ivo vasina kumirira kuvhota muCongress(a chinyunyuto chikuru mukurukurirano yehurumende. Ruwa runotsamirawo pakubhadharwa kwegore negore (zvinodanwa kuti “mari inobhadharwa nokuda kweRuwa rweColumbia".) kuti vabhadharwe nokuda kwokurasikirwa nemutero wenyika inodzorwa noudzoridzo nehurumende yenyika yose.

Kudzivirira Nyika Yose Nokuchengeteka

Purezidhendi, somutungamiriri- mukuru, anogadza mauto kuti adzivirire dzimbahwe. Ruwa rweColumbia National Guard rwakasiyana: munguva dzekurumidziro, purezidhendi anogona kuuronga pasina kubvunza D.C. meya. Masangano ezvomutemo anodzikamisa , [[[[FLT:]] , [[FLT:] , [[FLT]]], [FLT], [FOL], [FOL], [FF]], uye [FFOLT] , [FFOL]

Nhau Dzokumwe

Washington, D.C. inzvimbo yemiitiro yokumwe yeU.S. inoita zvibvumirano zvose, inotaurirana, inogamuchira zvibvumirano zvokumwe, uye inotarisira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose ($akavakirwa mudzimbahwe. Hurumende, United Nations Mission, uye mamwe masangano anoshanda kubva kuD.C., uye ruwa rwacho rune misengwa yamarudzi ose ingatsiva mitemo yomunzvimbomo (muchib., kudzora kwemibatanidzwa). Kudzora chose kwehurumende pamusoro pezvinhu zvokumwe nyika kunoreva kuti D.C. hakugoni kupinda mumuitiro wayo umene wokumwe nyika kana kuti kupinda mumacompaneti enyika.

Kudzorwa Kwokutengeserana Kweinterstate

Sechigaro chomutemo wezvokutengeserana wehurumende, Washington, D.C. rinotapurwa zvakananga nemitemo namasangano akafanana ne Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Féderal Commissions (FC)[FLT], uye ] kubvisa motokari . Hurumende inodzora mibatanidzwa yezvokufambisa (maburiro, maburi rendege) inodzosera mitsetse yomunyika uye inoyerera muDC., uye nemhaka yekuti DC.C.D. isati iri nyika inoshanda pasi penyika dzinodzorwa pasi pemutemo yehurumende yehurumende pane kutengeserana. bhizimisi iri inoita mabhizimisi akasiana nemitemo yepamutemo.

Mugariro Wechienzi Weruwa rweColumbia

District yeColumbia ine sinity yebumbiro-mitemo. Haisi nyika, uye haina vhoti muCongress, asi vagari vayo vanozviisa pasi pemitemo yose yehurumende uye vanoripa mitero yehurumende. 23rd Amendment[ [1961]) yakapa D.C. Vagari vane kodzero yokuvhota muvhota yapurezidhendi ndokugovera mavhoti matatu ehurumende uye bhasiti iyi nhamba yakafanana nehurumende dukusa, pasinei zvapo neD.C. kuva nechiverengero chavagari vemo chikuru kupfuura zvinoverengeka (kubatanidza Vermont neWyoming).

Musi Musi woKutonga kweHome kwa 1973, ruwa rwacho rwakapiwa ganhuriro yehurumende, nemumiririri akasarudzwa nedare rine 13. Zvisinei, Congress inochengeta simba rokusatendera mutemo upi noupi womunzvimbomo mukati mamazuva 30 emitemo. Ikoku kwakaitika kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru apo Congress yakarambidza D.C. Kushandisa mari yomunzvimbomo paminamato yemitero uye apo yakadzivisa kuwedzera kwemari yebhajeri yomunzvimbomo. Ruwawo runewo muDare uye nhume isati iri yogaro yoga muImbaro yehurumende.Nhangemutange inogona kutaura nokusuma zvikwereti asi haigoni kuvhotera.

Kutarisira Kwehurumende Nekakavadzano Nehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende inogadza kusawirirana kunopfuurira. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vedare reruwa reruwa reU.S. panzvimbo pedare reColumbia rePriestrys anotonga mhosva dzoutsotsi dzomunzvimbomo (gadziriro yechienzi isingawaniki munyika ipi neipi). Hurumende yehurumende inodzorawo D.C. Dare guru neDare rokukwirira, iro riri rutivi rwedare rehurumende rejudicary panzvimbo pedare rehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti D.C. haina uchangamire hwedare hwakazvimirira hunofarikanya.

Kudzorwa kwemari inoshandiswa inoshandiswa inongova imwe nhambo.Congress inofanira kubvumira D.C. mari yokushandisa pagore, uye kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza vatasvi vemitemo yetsika .Mitemo inoganhurira kuti mari yomunzvimbomo inogona kushandiswa sei. Somuenzaniso, vatasvi vakadzivisa D.C. pakushandisa mari yavo vamene yomutero kutsigira mapurogiramu okutsinhanisa, kushandiswa kwembanje yemishonga, uye, zvakakurumbira zvikurusa, mabasa okubvisa pamuviri. Ava vatasvi vemitengi vanoiswa pasinei zvapo neidi rokuti D.C. idzoro hurusa yemibatanidzwa yemari, kukwira pamusoro petsaradziro yedzinza neredhimoni.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nomutemo

Basa rehurumende yehurumende muD.C. ruramisiro youtsotsi rakakura. Ruwa rweColumbia ndiro bedzi chiremera muU.S. umo hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa mari yayo zvakananga uye inotarisira boka ramapurisa romunzvimbomo nebumbiro routsotsi romunzvimbomo zvinotangwa neCongress. Muna 2023, Congress yakavhota kushora dare guru remitemo yeutsotsi rakanga rapfuudzwa nedare (C.) mutongo wemitemo yokushandura mutemo wedare) iro rakanga raitwa nedare (8) rinoshandisa chiremera charo pasi pomutemo weHome Act kumisa mutemo womunzvimbomo. Rudzi urwu rweparation reparation runosimbisa murangariro wokuti D.C. haruna kudzora zvizere pagadziriro yaro yeruramisiro.

Kumirira uye Kumanikidza Kuva Hurumende

Gakava rinogara zvikurusa rakapoteredza D.C. kushaikwa kwaro kwokuvhota muCongress. Vagari vane “mutero pasina kumirira” mupfungwa chaiyoiyo: vanobhadhara mitero yemari inotambirwa nehurumende, vanobatira mumauto, uye vanozviisa pasi pemitemo yose yehurumende, bva havana vamiriri uye nhume bedzi isiri yorudzi. Iyi yave iri pfundo rinonyandura nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye vatsigiri vehurumende yehurumende kwamakumi amakore.

Mubato wazvino uno wezvoutongi wakawana simba ne D.C. Commission yeHurumende nemhindu dzepanhambo nenhambo muCongress. Muna 2021, Imba yaVamiririri yakapfuvura [[FL:2] Shahington, D.C. Act Act [H. 51] [IS.], iyo ingabvuma ruwa rwamaruwa senyika yakazara, (81), inochengeta nzvimbo duku yehurumende kumativi enyika kumativi ose eCapitol, White House, uye National Mall. Chirevo chafa muDare reGeneti yeChine. Vatsigiriki vanoramba kuti kusaruramisira kwakakurumbira: DC. ine vanhu vakawanda kupfuura nyika dzinonzi 46, uye vanorambira vatema dzinza ramarudzi ose.

Migumisiro Inobva Muhurumende

  • Chiratidziro Chakazara cheCongress: D.C. zvaizowana vatongi vaviri nomutezo wokuvhota muImba, zvichipa vagari vayo vane zviuru zvine mazana manomwe inzwi mumutemo worudzi.
  • Munzvimbo yeAutonomy: Hurumende itsva yaigona kunyora bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, kudzora gadziriro yayo yedare, kugadza mitero yomunzvimbomo pasina vatasvi vomubatanidzwa, uye kutarisira ruramisiro youtsotsi mukuzvimirira.
  • Ramitics: Kuwedzera vatongi vaviri veDemocratic common kungangochinja dare, chiri chikonzero nei nhau yacho inoramba ichipesana zvikuru. Komiti yePramende ya 23 yaizoda kudzorwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa kuti isavhiringidzwa nezvivhotiso zvehurumende itsva.
  • Economic Ict:[ D.C. haasati aizogamuchirazve muripo womubatanidzwa asi aizowana udzori hwakazara pabhajeti yayo; yaigonawo kuisa mitero panzvimbo yehurumende mukati memiganho yayo (kunyange nyika dzakawanda dzomubatanidzwa dzaizoramba dziripo).

Zviitiko Zvenguva Ino Nenzira Zviri Kupfuurira

Muna 2024, D.C. udzori hunopfuurira kukurukurwa. Vadzori veBiden vakaratidza tsigiro, asi Dare rinoona nezvevanabuster rinoramba riri chipingamupinyi chikuru. Vamwe vatsigiri vakachinja kudzimwe nzira, dzakadai seretrocessition (kudzosera D.C. neMaryland) kana kuti kupa D.C. kodzero dzokuvhota kupfurikidza nomutemo wakapfava ungagona kubvumira nhume kuvhota pauriri hweImba. Zvisinei, mutevedzeri wemitemo wa197979, webumbiro rec.

Munguva ino, Congress yakapfuurira kudzora nokushingaira mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Muna ma2024, gakava idzva rakatanga pamusoro pemari yedzidzo yakakwirira nemitemo yemitero yomunzvimbomo. Kudzora kwehurumende kwenhau dzoruwa kunopfuurira kunochengeta nhau yacho mumisoro yenhau uye kunowedzera sangano rehurumende. Chisarudzo chipi nechipi chenhambo refu chichada kupedza zvose zviri zviviri nhevedzano yemitemo nezvokwadi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzehurumende yakakamukana zvikuru.

mhedziso

Masimba akachengeterwa Washington, D.C. pasi pehurumende yehurumende akakura, akadzika midzi muBumbiro remitemo uye akafutunurwa mumazana amakore omutemo. Kuvambira pamutero nedziviriro kuchiremera chomutemo chapoga muruwa, kuvapo kwehurumende muD.C. kunoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu nokuda kwavagari vayo. Kushaikwa kwemireza yakazara muCongress netyisidziro yenguva dzose yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoparira kusawirirana kwechinjo kwakasiyana muAmerica. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi veU.S. asi nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya kumireza yedemocracy, udzoristristism, uye nguva yemberi yehurumende pamusoro pehurumende. Sezvinopfuurira kurukurirano pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende, D.C. uye hurumende icharamba iripo ichiri nhau yomutemo weAmerica noutongi wemitemo yeAmerica.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Constitution Center yerudzi paClaus iri madikanwa neSano, U.S. kufungwa kwemasimba ehurumende[[[FLT:]], uye D.C. website yehurumende[.[FLT]]