Miedzo yeJury inomirira chimwe chemativi anosianisa zvikurusa egamuchidzanwa remitemo reBritain neAmerica. Inoshanda secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, mutoo wokutora rutivi munzanga mururamisiro, uye dziviriro nokuda kwavakwirirwi vanotarisana nemhosva dzoutsotsi. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rematare anobetsera dare rinobetsera mumhaka dzoutsotsi, ichipa kunzvera kwakazara pamusoro penzira yaanoita, chikonzero nei ane basa, uye denho dzaanotarisana nadzo mumasangano apamutemo azvino uno.

Nheyo Yebumbiro reMitemo Yemiedzo YavaJudha

Kodzero kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi inosimbiswa muUnited States Constitution, inoratidzira kutsunga kwaVavambi kudzivirira vagari vemo mukurwisana. Chikamu III, Chikamu 2 chinogovera kuti "Kutongwa kweutsotsi hwose, kunze kwomuCase of Impeachment, kuchava naJury," uye Sixth Amendment [ inovimbisa maruramiro ku "kukurumidza uye kutongwa kwapachena, kupfurikidza nedare risingasaruripo remhaka" Iyi dziviriro yapamutemo inosimbisa nzvimbo huru yedare rinobetsera dare mururamisi yetsoro yeAmerica.

Mavambo Enhau

Vatongi vazvino uno vanoronda mavambo avo kusvikira kuEngland yeMiddle Ages, umo Asgna Carta yeClarendon muna 1166 yakavamba gadziriro yavarume vomunzvimbomo avo vaizoshuma mhaka uye gare gare vaizobatira savatongi veidi. Mumazana amakore, vatongi vakabva muboka rezvapupu kuva boka risina kwavakarerekera iro rinoyera ufakazi hunopiwa mudare. Magna Carta ya1215, iyo yakapikira rutongeso nevezera romumwe, yakavanzarika nheyo yapakuvamba nokuda kwekodzero dzedare redare redare rapamutemo raizopesvedzera gare gare gare gadziriro dzehurumende dzeAmerica dzinodzorwa nehurumende.

Kukura Kwerudyi

Haisi mhaka dzose dzoutsotsi dzinokwanirisa nokuda kwokutongwa kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti maruramiro eT6 Amendment yechitanhatu anoshanda bedzi ku " kurema" mhosva. (vaya vane mutongo unobvira wokuiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Mhaka shomanene, dzakadai semitongo miduku, dzingatongwa pamberi pomutongi oga. Uku kusiyana kunodzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvemitongo yedare rinotonga mhosva nokuda kwechishuvo chavapomerwi mukuhwirudzura.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame pahwaro hwebumbiro remitemo, nzvera Cornell Legin Information Institute'Standath Amendment reStandath reConfect.

Basa Ramajeri Rokubatanidza: Kuwana Chokwadi uye Kumirira Nzanga

Juries inobatira madonzo maviri akabatana mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Chokutanga, anoita savawani veidi, vachinzvera ufakazi hunopiwa kumativi ose ari maviri. Chechipiri, vanomirira hana yenzanga, vachishandisa mipimo yenzanga kumibvunzo yekuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka.

Basa Rinowana Chokwadi

Mukutonga kwoutsotsi, mutongi anosarudza mibvunzo yomutemo, nepo vatongi vachisarudza mibvunzo yeidi. Iri boka rebasa rinovimbisa kuti mitemo yapamutemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose apo kakavadzano dzechokwadi dzinopedzwa navagari vemowo zvavo. Vatongi vanonzwa ufakazi hunopupurira, vanonzvera ufakazi chaihwoihwo, uye vanofanira kuyera kuvimbika kwechapupu chimwe nechimwe. Vanofanira kusarudza kana kukwirira kwacho kwakabvumikisa rutivi rumwe norumwe rwoutsotsi kunze kwepanikiro ine mufungo [, mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wechibvumikiso mumutemo weAmerica.

Mifananidzo yeNzanga

Juries anowana chiremera chavo mupfungwa yokuti mupomerwi anofanira kutongwa neboka renzanga, kwete navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi nheyo inopa mutongo uremu hwetsika: rutongeso rwavagariwo zvavo vane gumi navaviri rune maruramiro makuru kupfuura kutonga kwomutongi mumwe. Kumirira kwenzanga kunounzawo mifungo yakasiana mukamuri rokurongera, kuchideredza ngozi yokuti murangariro upi noupi unodzora muuyo.

Basa redare rinobetsera somumiriri wenzanga rine miuyo inoshanda. Vatongi vangashandisa [[FLT: 0] chibvumirano chokuparadza dare redare, umo ivo vanosunungura mukwiridziridziri uyo ane mhaka mukuwirirana nomutemo kana vachidavira kuti mutemo umene hauna kururama kana kuti hauna kushandiswa zvakanaka. Nepo vatongi vasingatongoraidzi vatongi pamusoro pesimba iri, unoramba uri dziviriro mukurwisana nomuchuchisi anonyengera.

Kuvaka Jury: Muitiro Wokusarudza

Muitiro wokuunganidza vatongi unovamba kare kare pamberi pokutongwa uye unobatanidza nhano dzinoverengeka dzakasanorongwa dzakarongedzerwa kubudisa boka rakarurama nerisingasaruri.

Kupfupikisa uye Kusimbisa

Vatongi vangasarudzwa mumanyuko akadai semapepa okuvhota, zvinyorwa zverezinesi rokutyaira, kana kuti mapepa emitero ehurumende. Matare anoda kuti vanhu vabude nokuda kwebasa redare redare pamisi yakatarwa. Kukwanirisa, munhu anofanira kuva mugari weU.S. anenge makore 18, mugari womuruwa rwedare, uye anokwanisa kunzwisisa chiNgezi. Vanhu vane zvitendero zvechitsotsi kana kuti urema hwendangariro kana kuti hwomuviri zvingava zvisina kufanira kana kuti kurevererwa.

Kushatiswa Kwenzvimbo Yezvikwata

Pane imwe nguva yakadanwa, vatongi vanobvira vanowana [[FLT: 0] chitsama chakakomba, shoko rechiFrench rinoreva "kutaura zvokwadi". Mukati morutivi urwu, mutongi nagweta vanopanikira vatarisiri pamusoro pemigariro yavo, zvitendero, uye mirangariro inobvira. Muitiro unovavarira kufumura rusarurano rungatapura mano ehvhozheni okusarudza mufambiro wakarurama. Somuenzaniso, mutongi ave ari nyajambwa woutsotsi hwakafanana kana kuti ane mirangariro yakasimba pamusoro pomutemo ungadenhwa.

Matambudziko: Kuda Kuwana Chinokonzera Uye Kuedzwa

Marudzi maviri edenho dzapamutemo anobvumira magweta kuumba dare rokupedzisira. Challengens nokuda kwechisakiso inobvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kubvisa mutongi anoratidza fungidziro yakajeka kana kuti kusakwanisa kuva asingasaruri. Hakuna muganhu paidzi denho, asi mutongi anofanira kubvumirana kuti chisakiso chiripo. [[FLT:] . [[FLT] .] bvumira magweta kubvisa nhamba yakaganhurirwa yevatongi pasina kutaura chikonzero. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti zvinetso zvagona kushandiswa kubvisa jurs yakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti munhu, sezvo ichi chichiputsa dziviriro Claus ([FLT:]]]]][FLT]]]

Marudzi Emajuri: Petit neGrand

Zviitiko zveutsotsi zvinobatanidza marudzi maviri akasiyana ehuru. jupit jurit inosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka kwomukwiridziri pakutonga. Gadziriro dzedare retsoropodzi rehurumende dzine mitezo gumi nemiviri, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichishandisa zvikamu zviduku nokuda kwemhosva duku. Chisarudzo chadzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana. [FLT:] Vakuru [[FLT:] , nokupesana, kusasarudza kuva nemhaka. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura ufakazi hunopiwa navachuchisi kuti vasarutsi vasarudze kana pane chikonzero chinobvira kudenha mhaka uye chiitiko choutsotsi. Dare guru rine mitezo gumi nemitanhatu nenhatu, uye zvisakiso zvavo zvakavanzika.

Kutongwa Kwoutsotsi

Kunzwisisa kuti nyaya yacho inotanga sei kunobatsira kujekesa basa redare rinobetsera vatongi padanho rimwe nerimwe.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kutonga kunovamba nokutaura kwokuzarura kunobva muzvose zviri zviviri murovereri mhaka nedziviriro. Vachuchisi vanotaura kutanga, vachionesa ufakazi hwainoda kupa nokuudza vatongi zvakunokarira kubvumikisa. Kuzvidzivirira kungapa kutaura kwakwo kwokuzarura nokukurumidza pashure kana kuti kumirira kusvikira vapomerwi vapedza mhaka yavo. Kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi ufakazi asi kunongova mamepu emigwagwa anobetsera vatongi kunzwisisa chichaitika. Vatongi vangasaita nharo kana kuti kuwana mhedziso mukati memashoko okuzarura; vanongorangarira zvacherekedzwa.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Chisakiso chokutonga chiri mukupa ufakazi. Kupomera kunotakura mutoro woufakazi, naizvozvo kunopa nhau yako pakutanga. Ufakazi hunoda zvimiro zvikuru zviviri: ufakazi hwechapupu hunobva kuzvapupu uye ufakazi hwenyama kana kuti hwebumbiro renhau hwakadai sezvombo, zvibvumirano, kana kuti mishumo.

Zvapupu zvinonzverwa kupfurikidza ne [[FT:0] yakananga[[FT:1] nepati yaizvidana, ichiteverwa ne kunzvera kwepamupambo [[FT:3] neboka rinopikisa. Kunzvera kwechapupu chishandiso chinokosha chokuedza kuvimbika noururami hweuchapupu. Mutongi anotonga pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvinomutswa kumativi ose, achivimbisa kuti ufakazi hunowirirana nemipimo yapamutemo nokuda kwouchapupu nokuvimbika.

Mupomeri ane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokusapupurira, uye vatongi vangasawana mhedziso ipi neipi yakaipa muchisarudzo ichocho.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Kana mativi ose ari maviri angopa ufakazi hwose, magweta anobudisa nharo dzokupfiga. Iyi ibanza rokupedzisira ramagweta rokunyengetedza vatongi. Vanopeta ufakazi, vanosimbisa kusawirirana mumhaka inopesana, uye vanopikisa chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kusvika chisarudzo chakati. Kusafanana nokutaura kwokuzarura, nharo dzokupfiga dzingabatanidza rondedzero dzine mufungo dzinobva muufakazi uye kukwirira pfungwa yedare redare redare. Zvisinei, magweta anorambidzwa kupotsa ufakazi kana kuti kutaura kwokushatadzira.

Mirayiridzo Yechikoro

Vatongi vasati vavamba kurangarira, mutongi anozvirava mirayiridzo yenhema. Iyi mirayiridzo inotsanangura mutemo unoshanda kunhau yacho, kubatanidza mativi outsotsi hunopiwa nomutoro woufakazi. Mutongi anorondedzerawo mashoko apamutemo akadai se "panikiro ine mufungo" uye anotsanangura kuti vatongi vanofanira kuyera sei kuvimbika noufakazi hwechii. Mirayiridzo yacho inotsoropodza nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanofanira kushandisa mutemo sezvataurwa nomutongi, pasinei zvapo nemirangariro yavo yomunhu oga pamusoro pezvinofanira kuva.

Kusarudza Nokupa Mhosva

Basa redare rinobetsera vatongi rinova rakakomba zvikurusa pashure pokunge mutongi apa miraidzo ndokuitumira kunzvimbo yokurangana.

Muitiro Wokuzvidzora

Vatongi vanosarudza mukuru mukuru kuti vatungamirire kurukurirano nokukurukura nedare. Vanohwirudzura ufakazi, vanokurukura mifungo yavo youchapupu, uye vanokurukura kushandiswa kwomutemo kumaidi. Kusarudza kunogona kupedza maawa kana kuti mazuva, kuchitsamira pakuoma kwenhau uye mwero wekusawirirana pakati pedare. Mutongi angagovera mirayiridzo yokuwedzera kana vatongi vakakumbira kujekesa mibvunzo, asi mutoro mukuru uri navatongi vamene.

Utsinye Nemajeri Ehong

Munyaya dzoutsotsi dzehurumende uye mumhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana. Vatongi vose vane gumi navaviri vanofanira kubvumirana kuti mukwiridzi ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo nokuda kwokupwiswa. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chakabatana pashure pokurangarira kwakatambanudzwa, mutongi angazivisa [ dare nemhaka ye "dare redare redare redare redare." Muchinoitika ichocho, mutongo ungasarudza kuongororazve mhaka pamberi pedare idzva. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vabvumire vasiri vatongi vedare repamusoro-kamite mumigariro yakati, asi Dare gurusa raida kusabatanidza kutongwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba zvikuru ([[FLT:]]]] RAMUSOS. v[FF]]], 20]).

Zvinozoitika

Vatongi vanodzorera chimwe chemiuyo mitatu. chisarudzo chinoreva kuti vatongi vawana kuti kuchuchisa kwakabvumikisa mhaka yavo pasina panikiro ine mufungo. kusatonga kwemhosva [[[[FLT:]] zvinoreva kuti vatongi havana kupwiswa kwazvo; iyi miuyo mukurevesa, uye mukwiridzirirwi haagoni kupiwazve mhaka imwe cheteyo pasi peChikamu Chikuru Jeopdy Clause. A [[FLT:]] aright jahung jaht inoguma nedare rakaipa, achisiya bviro yokutongwa kutsva pamberi pedare rakasiana.

Simba uye Utera Hwegadziriro Yokurera Vana

Kunzwisisa mativi ose ekurukurirano yacho kunojekesa basa rinopfuurira rematare anobetsera vatongi mukutonga kweutsotsi.

Simba: Kubatanidzwa Kwokuonana uye Kwekushandisa Mabhakitiriya

Miedzo yeJury inotsigira [[[FLT: 0] mufambiro wavagari vemo mukutonga kupfurikidza nokupinza muitiro weruramisiro mumurangariro wavose. Vagari vanobatira pamibato yejaji vanowana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakananga negadziriro yapamutemo, vachisimudzira chivimbo mumabasa ayo. Muitirowo [[FLT:]] vagari vemo mukutonga , kuzadzika donzo redemocraticism rokuti vanhuwo zvavo vanofanira kutora rutivi mukushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende. Mukuwedzera, chinodikanwa icho murovereridzo chinopwisa vanhu vane gumi navaviri vemhosva yomukwiripo chinogovera nzvero yakasimba mukurwisana nokusakarurama kana kuti kudenha kwakaipa.

Utera: Mapoka uye Kuoma Kunzwisisa

Vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti vatongi vangaunza tsvo dzisingazivi mukamuri rokurongedzera rakavakirwa padzinza, kirasi, kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu oga. Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzevasinganzwisiswi, rusaruro rusingawanikwi. Imwe itiro hanya iri kurongeka [: mhaka dzoutsotsi dzazvino uno dzinowanzobatanidza ufakazi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, manyoro ezvemari, kana kuti mifungo yapamutemo iyo ingavhiringidza kana kuti kukurira rugwaro rwemifungo yokusanzwisisa kana kuti mirayiridzo inokuvadza iri yakashata iri chaiyoiyo.

Vanenge vaita basa rekuzivisa nhau vangave vakaverenga kana kuti vakaona kuziviswa kwenhau dzisati dzatongwa, vachitanga kufunga zvinhu vasati vanzwa uchapupu hupi nohupi. Dare rinotaura izvi nokuchinja kwakakomba, kuchinja nzvimbo, kana kuti kukwidziridza dare rinobetsera vatongi panenge pachitongwa, asi chinetso chacho chinoramba chiripo nokuda kwemhosva dzinopembererwa.

Nokuda kwenzvero yakadzikama yesimba regadziriro yedare redare rinobetsera vatongi noutera, ona American Bar Association's renzvero muJournal yaVatongi.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Miedzo YechiJury Mumamwe Masangano Epamutemo

Magamuchidzanwa akasiana - siana apamutemo anosvika nhau yokutora rutivi mururamisiro youtsotsi munzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

United Kingdom

England neWales, nzvimbo yakaberekerwa vatongi vose, inochengeta matare edare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba muDare reHurumende. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwematare edare kwaderera nokufamba kwenguva.Criminal Justice Act yakabvumira kutongwa pasina dare rinoita zvokunyengera mune dzimwe nyaya dzakaoma uye mumhosva dzine ngozi yokukanganisa. Zvirevo zvedare reUK zvine nhengo gumi nembiri uye zvinofanira kuita chisarudzo chimwe, kunyange zvazvo dare ringabvuma chisarudzo chikuru pashure penhambo yakatemwa kana kusatonga kuchibvumikisa kuva kusingabviri.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzinotevera gamuchidzanwa remitemo yavagari vemo dzinoshandisa matare akavhengana panzvimbo pematare emitemo egamuchidzanwa. MuGermany neFrance, vatongi vane unyanzvi vanogara parutivi pevatongi vehurumende kuti vasarudze zvose zviri zviviri mhaka nemirau. Vatongiwo vanotora rutivi mukubvunzurudza zvapupu uye kutsiva navatongi vane unyanzvi, kubatanidza unyanzvi hwepamutemo nokubatanidzwa kwenzanga. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seSpain neJapan, dzakagamuchira miitiro yedare yakaitwa nemifananidzo yeAmerica asi dzakachinjirwa kutsika dzavo vamene dzemitemo.

Matare Emhaka Dzamarudzi Ose

Dare renyika yose, rakadai seInternational Criminal Court neInternational Criminal Tribunal yeyaichimbova Yugoslavia, harishandisi majaji.Panzvimbo pezvo, mapoka evatongi vane unyanzvi anosarudza zvose zviri zviviri kuva nemhaka nechirango.Izvi zvinoratidza rudzi rwakati rwemutemo weutsotsi wamarudzi ose uye denho dzinoshanda dzokuunganidza vamiririri mumugariro wamarudzi akawanda.

Nokuda kwokungoenzanisa, varavi vangabvunza Enclopedia Britannica's kupinda pagadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Nguva Yemberi Yemiedzo Yechijuri Munyika Inochinja

Miedzo yeJury inotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzinobva mukuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kunyanyowandisa kwemhosva, uye kupedzisa kariro dzavose. Dambudziko reCOVID-19 rinokurumidza kuedza nokusarudzwa kwedare riri kure uye kunyange kutoedza kunodokuva, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzemichina dzinogona kuchengetedza betsero dzegamuchidzanwa dzokurangarira.

Nzvero yesayenzi yenzanga inopfuurira kunzvera mufambiro wedare redare. Nzvero dzinoshandisa zvirongwa zvetsoropodzo nebvunzurudzo dzapashure pedare dzakaratidza kuti vatongi vanoita sei mashoko, kuti mapoka anotapura sei kurangarira, uye kuti zvinhui zvinopesvedzera mhedziso. Uku kunzvera kunozivisa chinjo dzakadai sokubvumira vatongi kunyora zvinonyorwa, kubvunza mibvunzo yezvapupu mukunyora, uye kugovera miraidzo yokutanga rutongeso dare risati ravamba.

Chikumbiro chokutaurirana chinopa denho inotova huru zvikuru. Inopfuura 95 muzana yemhosva dzoutsotsi muUnited States inopedzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano panzvimbo pekutongwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuderera kwemitongo yedare redare redare rinotonga kunonetesa basa rokunzvera uye simba mumaoko evachuchisi. Vatsigiri vepemheswo yokutaura pfundo kukubudirira nouchokwadi hwemiuyo. Kuoma pakati pekubudirira nekodzero kutongwa kwedare rinobetsera kuchapfuurira kuumba muitiro weruramisiro.

mhedziso

Jury miedzo inoramba iri musimboti weruramisiro youtsotsi muUnited States uye mudzimwe nyika dzinozivikanwa navose. Inoita mabasa anokosha: kusarudza maidi, kushandisa mipimo yenzanga, kunzvera simba rehurumende, uye kupinza vagari vemo mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Kunzwisisa kuti kutonga kwedare rinoshanda sei kupfurikidza nenheyo yemitemo kupfurikidza nokusarudza, kutongwa, uye kunzvera zvinangwa (‘vagari vemo kuti vanzwisise zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro zvesangano rinokudzwa nguva. Sezvino musimbogaro wapamutemo unochinja kusangana nezvinetso zvitsva, basa redare richaita kuti richinjike pasina panikiro, asi chinangwa charo chikuru chokuvimbisa rutongeso rwakarurama navanhuwo zvavo sezvinobvira chichagara.