Basa Rinokosha Revatongi Vakabatana Nevamwe Pakushandisa Zvisizvo Kuzvidzora

Basa revatongi vakabatana muDare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinotambanudza kupfuura kungovhota nhau dzemitemo. Ava vatongi vasere vanobatira savagadziri venyanzvi vedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru munzvimbo inokurumidza kugadziridzwa yekodzero dzakavanzika dzamakombiyuta. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira kufambira mberi pamwero usingaenzaniswi, kurondedzerwa kweDare reFreenter Reconsole yeChina kunofanira kuchinjira kugadziridza kuzvinetso izvo vanaBaba vawanwa vasingagoni kutongogona kuva nazvo. Vatongi vanowirirana nemitemo inomira panzvimbo yokutanga yemhindumupindu yemitemo, inoita kuti zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvichadzora kuti upenyu hwemakombiyuta eAmerica hunodzivirirwa sei nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya.

Kukosha kwevatongi vakabatana mumiitiro yezvemagariro emunhu hakugoni kunyanyotaurwa. Kusafanana noMutongi Mukuru, ane mitoro yake yokutarisira kazhinji kazhinji inoganhurira mano avo okunangidzira ngwariro chose chose pakurangarira kwapamutemo, ruramisiro dzinobatanidza dzinopa nguva chaiyo kukunzvera, kukwikwikwidzana, uye kunyora mirangariro inoumba nhevedzano yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Uzivi hwavo, migariro yapamutemo, uye maziviro anoshandiswa kutsanangura zvinobatanidzwa kuti zviite mutumbi une simba unoganhurirwa uyo unofanira kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwidzana: kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo kudika, itiro dzorudzi, mavambo emitemo, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye rusununguko runokosha.

Muzera remichina, umo mafoni ane mashoko akawanda emunhu oga kupfuura akamboitwa mumisha yose, uye uko mashoko enzvimbo anogona kuzivisa udzame hwakadzama pamusoro poupenyu hwedu, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevatongi vakabatana zvine revo huru. Ava vatongi vanofanira kurwisana nemibvunzo inoyera miganhu yomutauro webumbiro remitemo unoshandiswa kuruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwamakumi maviri okutanga. Kududzira kwavo kunoratidza kana vaAmerica vangakarira kuva voga mukurukurirano dzavo dzemakombiyuta, kana mutemo uchifanira kudzivirira sei kumitevedzero yokutsvaka mashoko enzvimbo, uye kuti kumhanya kweGandemu rechina kudzoka kumunhu kudarika mwero uye kushandura kwapamhene.

Kunzwisisa Chimiro Chebumbiro reMitemo Chekuchengetera Zvigaro

Mutezo weChina weMitemo yeUnited States unogovera dziviriro yehwaro hwekodzero dzakavanzika muAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, inoti: “Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrant vachaparirwa, asi pachinhu chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.

Mutauro uyu, wakagadzirwa mukupindura kushandiswa kwemitemo yavose neyamanyukunyuku ebetsero izvo zvakabvumira kunzvera kukuru kwemisha yehurumende, zvino zvinobatira sedziviriro huru yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nokupinzwa kwehurumende muzvinhu zvakavanzika zvemitemo. Inzwanisa ruramisiro denho inotyisa yokududzira urwu rugwaro rwapamberi pezana ramakore kukurukura ruzivo rwazvino uno rungaratidzika kuva rwakafanana nengano dzesayenzi kuFramers: mafoni anonzvera kufamba kwedu kuri kwose, chichengeteko chegore chinochengeta kurukurirano dzedu dzakavanzika zvikurusa, uye zvishandiso zvemichina zvinonyora mibato yedu yezuva nezuva zvinonyora udzame husingaenzani.

Dare rakashandisa dzidziso dzinoverengeka kuti rione apo Kudzivirira kweChina kunoshanda. "Tarisiro ine mufungo yekuva woga", yakatangwa muKatz v. United States (1967,), inobvunza kana munhu akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo yokuva woga uye kana kariro iyoyo iri iyo kuti nzanga yakagadzirira kuziva kuva ine mufungo. Dzidziso yechitatu," yakatanga muzvinoitika zvakafanana neUnited States v. Miller (1976 neSmith v. Maryland), akarangarira kuti vanhu havana kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumashoko mukuita nokuzvidira kumativi echitatu, zvakadai semabhangi kana kuti makambani orunhare.

Zvisinei, idzi dzidziso, dzakatangwa munguva yearalog, dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinonetsa nenzira inowedzera muzera remitemo. Vatongi vakabatana vakaziva kuti kushandisa iyi gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa nenzira younyanzvi kuruzivo rwazvino uno kungagona kudzivirira kweChina. Pashure pezvose, anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwazvino uno anobatanidza kugoverana mashoko nevechitatu nevemaemail kumakambani eserura kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu. Kana dzidziso yechitatu yetsika ikashandiswa pasina muganhu, vaAmerica vangadai vasina dziviriro yakavanzika nokuda kwoupenyu hwavo hwemichina.

Zviratidzo Zvakachinja Mutemo Wezvizivikanwo

Zvisarudzo zvakasiana - siana zveDare Gurusa zvakadzikatidzwa zvinoratidzira kuti vatongi vakabatana vakaumba sei mhindumupindu yekodzero dzakavanzika dzemipimo. Idzi nhau dzinoratidzira kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kweDare kuti mashoko emichina anoda dziviriro chaiyo yebumbiro remitemo uye kuti dzidziso dzegamuchidzanwa dzeGrandment dzinofanira kuchinjwa (kana kuti dzimwe nguva dzinosiyiwa) kuchengeta kuva voga vane rechokwadi munguva yemichina.

United States v. Jones (202): GPS Rocking and the Trespass Doctrine

MuUnited States v. Jones, Dare rapamusoro rakabvunza kana vatsigiri vomutemo vaigona kubatanidza dhiragi reGPS kumotokari inonyumwirwa ndokutarira kufamba kwaro kwamazuva 28 pasina mvumo. Mhaka yacho yakamuka apo vamiriri veFBI namapurisa vomunzvimbomo vakaisa magetsi eGPS paAntoine’s Jeep ndokuronda mafambiro ake nguva dzose, pakupedzisira vachishandisa mashoko enzvimbo yacho kumubatanidza kukutengesa mirimo.

Dare racho raibvumirana kuti GPS yaipesana neFourth Amendment yechina, asi vatongi vaipesana papfungwa dzavo. Mutongi Antonin Scalia, achinyorera voruzhinji, aivimba nerondedzero yemhosva yakavakirwa panzvimbo, achidavira kuti kuiswa kwesimba reGPS mumotokari yaJones kwaiumba kunzvera pasi peGeneral Amendment. Uku kuongorora kwakadzoswa kutangira paKatz zvinhu zvakavakirwa papfungwa dzekudzivirira kweGeneseFindmendment.

Zvisinei, vatongi vanoverengeka vakanyora vakaparadzana kusimbisa itiro hanya huru dzakavanzika. Mutongi Samuel Alito, akabatanidzwa naVatongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, naElena Kagan, vakabatanidzwa murutongeso asi vakataura kuti nhau yacho inofanira kusarudzwa pahwaro hune mufungo hwekariro dzomunhu oga panzvimbo pomutemo wokudarika mutemo wedare wegumi ne8. Mutongi Alito anobvuma kuti nguva refu yeGPS inoumba chinyorwa chikuru chemasangano omunhu chinozivisa udzame hwapedyo pamusoro poupenyu hwavo.

Mutongi Sonia Sotomayor akanyora chibvumirano chakaparadzana chakabvumikisa kuva chinopesvedzera zvikuru nokuda kwenhau dzemipimo yomunguva yemberi. Nepo achikumbanira murangariro woruzhinji waMutongi Scalia, iye akataurawo bvumirano neyakawanda yerangariro yeSahlulero Atalito uye akaenderera mberi kupanikira kupfuurira kwedzidziso yechitatu yenhambo yemitemo. Justice Sotomayor akacherekedza kuti iyi dzidziso iri "yakakodzera kusvikira kuzera remifungo, umo vanhu vanozivisa mashoko makuru pamusoro payo vamene kumativi matatu ezvidzidzo munhambo yetsika."

Chisarudzo chaJones, kunyange zvazvo chakanga chakaganhurirwa mukuchengeta kwacho, chakaratidzira kuzivikanwa kweDare kuti ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoda kuongororwa kutsva kweGaramisitwa rechina. Mifungo mizhinji yakaratidzira kuti ruramisiro neuzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga ingasvika sei mugumisiro mumwe chetewo kupfurikidza nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana, nepo ichiisawo hwaro hwenhau dzenguva yemberi dzinobatanidza kunzvera kwemichina.

Riley v. California (2014: Smartphone uye Kutsvaka Kunoitika Kukusungwa

Riley Riley v. California akamira semhosva inokosha yeDare gurusa inokurukura miganhu yechivande muzera remichina, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokunzverwa kusina pamutemo kwenhare dzeserura. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza zvinoitika zviviri zvakasiana: David Leon Riley akasungwa muSan Diego nemhaka yokutyaira nezviratidzo zvokunyoresa zvapera, uye mukati mokusungwa, mapurisa akanzvera foni yake pasina rugwaro, achiwana ufakazi hunomubatanidza nokupfura kwegen’a. Mumhaka yechipiri, Brima Urie akasungwa muBoston nokuda kwokutengesa mirimo, uye mapurisa akawana runhare rwake kuti azive imba yake.

Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akataura pfungwa dzeDare racho, achipa mhinduro yokuti mapurisa angaita here kana pasina mvumo, pasina mvumo, achitsvaka mashoko efoni nefoni yabatwa nomunhu akabatwa neserura.

Chisarudzo cheDare chakabatana munhau dzakavanzika dzemaserofoni chakapinza Mutengo weChina weChibvumirano cheNhengo yeMatanho, nemurangariro uri pazvokwadi yakapfava: "Nhare dzinosiyana muzvose zviri zviviri pfungwa yemhaka yechimwe chinhu chingachengetwa pamunhu anenge akasungwa." Chirevo Chikuru Chitongi Roberts chakasimbisa rudzi rwechienzi rwemaserura kana achienzaniswa nezvinhu zvetsika, chichitaura kuti mashoko ari muserura ane chokuita nezvakavanzika akasiana zvikuru uye akapararira zvikuru kupfuura ayo akabatanidzwa nokunzvera zvinhu zvomunhu oga, sezvikwama kana kuti mabhegi.

Chisarudzo chaRiley chakaramba chibvumikiso chehurumende chokuti kunzvera kwechipokano kupfupikisa foni nechechokubvumira mapurisa kunzvera musungwa nenharaunda iri mukati madzo mavo pasina maruramiro . Dare rakaziva kuti ruramiso dzegamuchidzanwa nokuda kweichi pembedzo uye kudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Kwakanga kusati kuchiruramisa kunzvera kusina pamutemo kwamashoko enziyo pafoni. Mashoko eredhiyo haagoni kushandiswa sechombo, uye kubvisa itiro hanya dziri kure kungagona kupiwa kupfurikidza nokudzima runhare kana kuti kuisa mubhegi reFaraday.

Murangariro weDare muRiley unozivisa Dare rakagadzirira zvikuru kupinda mudenho dzezera remifungo riri mberi, nemhedziso yokuti mashoko ari kutapura kwete bedzi nhau dzokunzvera kwemichina, asiwo purogiramu yakanyorwa yaNSA, kusvika kumashoko anokweverwa kumapfupi, uye dzidziso yechitatu yedivi rakagadzirira zvikuru kupinda mudenho dzemaserophone, nemhedziso yokuti mashoko anotapura anoaita akasiana mumhatsa kupfuura zvinonyorwa zvenyama kana kuti mabhuku ekero, zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pemarekodhi, mahwendefa, mabhii, uye zviredhi.

Rudzi rwechisarudzo cheRiley rwunokosha zvikuru. Kwakaratidzira kuti kubatanidza ruramisiro mumativi ose epfungwa, kubva kuMutongi anochengeta mari Clarence Thomas kusvikira kuMutongi anoregeredza Sotomayor(aiziva fariro huru dzomunhu oga mukunzvera serura. Iyi bvumirano yakaratidzira nzwisiso yakagoveranwa iyo inobvumira kusvika kusina maruramiro kwamashoko omunhu oga kwakawanda kumashoko omunhu oga anowanwa mumaFremya echiNgeziro chazvino uno kwaizoderedza zvikuru dziviriro dzeGenese.

Riley ave achirumbidzwa zvikuru se “kukunda kukuru nokuda kwekodzero dzokuva woga" nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzichirondedzera chisarudzo se“ chipo chakavanzika chinoramba chichipa. ” Chisarudzo chacho chinopfuurei kure nenhau chaiyo yokuongorora kuti asungwe, chichipa gadziriro yokuongorora dzimwe nhau dzepakombiyuta dzemakombiyuta uye kutanga nheyo yokuti Kugadziriswa kweTYNSD kunofanira kutsanangurwa kuti kupe dziviriro ine revo munguva inoonekwa nekombiyuta.

Carpbatendi v. United States (208): Cell Site Location Information uye Third-Party Doctrine

Dare Rapamusoro rakapa chisarudzo chikuru pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemipimo muCarpbatendi v. United States, chichitonga kuti dziviriro dzeChina Amendment dzinobva ku "kunzvera kusina mufungo uye kutamburira" dzinoshanda kumashoko enzvimbo yesero. Mhaka yacho yakamuka apo vamiriri veFBI vakawana mazuva 127 emashoko enzvimbo yenzvimbo yesero (CSPI) nokuda kwaTimothy Carpater kubva kuvatakuri vake vemichina pasina pamutemo, vachishandisa iyi mashoko kumuisa pedyo nenzvimbo dzekuba nezvombo zvakawanda.

Dare rapamusoro rakawana kuti mapurisa anoda murairo wokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yamaserofoni kubva kukambani inotakurika, achitonga kuti kupa hurumende kusvika kuri nyore kunhau ine udzame yenzvimbo dzomunhu kunopesana nekariro yapamutemo yavanhu yokuti masangano avo ezuva riri rose haasati achizongotarisirwa. Mutongi John Roberts akanyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji 5-4, achidudza "kuratidzwa kukuru kwamashoko enzvimbo yemasero], ukuru hwayo, ukuru, ukuru hwahwo, uye kusvika kwakakwana, uye kusinganzverwi norudzi rusingadzorwi rwechipo," naRuth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Brey, Sonia Tooker, uye Elegan Kagan achikumbanira murangariro.

Chisarudzo chaCarplater chakamirira ganhuriro huru padzidziso yechitatu. Kutozosvikira apo dare redare rezvikumbiro rehurumende rakataura kuti murairo wakanga usiri madikanwa, nemhaka yezvisarudzo zviviri zveDare Gurusa ra1970 zvaiti "Munhu haana kariro yapamutemo yokuvata oga mumashoko aanotendeukira nokuzvidira kumativi matatu. Dare rakaziva kuti iyi dzidziso, kana ikashandiswa nomutoo wakarongwa kuruzivo rwazvino uno, yaizosiya vaAmerica vasina dziviriro yakavanzika nokuda kwenzira dzapakombiyuta idzo nenzira isingadzivisiki ivo vanogadzira muupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Dare racho rakati nokuti kutakura serofoni chinhu chinodiwa muupenyu hwemazuva ose muU.S., hazvina musoro kutaura kuti munhu wose ane foni akabvumirana nokuzvidira kuti masangano ake ave nhau yavose. Uku kurangarira kwakabvuma kuti kugoverana mashoko nevechitatu kunoitwa zvakasiyana apo kugoverana kwakadaro hakudzivisiki munzanga yazvino uno.

Chisarudzo chaCarpenter chakanga chakasanokamuraniswa, nemitemo mina inopesana. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, akakumbanirwa ne Justices Thomas naAlito, akarangarira kuti dzidziso yechitatu inofanira kushanda nemhaka yokuti vanoshandisa serura vanofanira kugoverana nokuzvidira mashoko avo enzvimbo navatakuri vavo. Mutongi Thomas akanyora akaparadzana kuti ataure pamusoro pokuramba kukarira kune mufungo kwemuedzo wechivande mukutsigira kusvika kwakavakirwa panzvimbo. Mutongi Alito akanyorawo kupesana kwakaparadzana, kwakabatanidzwa naMutongi Thomas, achitsoropodza voruzhinji nokuda kwokukundikana kugovera nhungamiro yakajeka pamusoro pokuti kurangarira kwayo kungashanda sei kune zvimwe zvinhu. Mutongi Gorwo akanyora kusabvumirana nokusabvumirana kwake, achibvunza nheyo dzemisi yeSande yeGene yeChishanu yeSandement Resmendective jurispludentia uye anokarakadza kudzokera kudziviriro nezvinhu.

Iyi mifungo inopesana inoratidzira kuti uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwedare hunotungamirira sei kukusvika kwakasiana kuvandika kwemipimo. Nepo voruzhinji vakasimbisa dikanwo yokuchinja dziviriro dzeGwechina dzeFindment kuti vachengetedze kuva voga kune revo munguva yenhepfenyuro, vapanduki vanonetseka pamusoro pokusangwarira nokushaiwa ganhuriro dzakajeka dzenheyo mumurangariro woruzhinji.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chinomira semumwe wemitemo yapamugumisiro mukurusa pamusoro pechivande muzera remifungo, chichigovera mepu nokuda kwematare epasi kuti adzivirire mamwe marudzi mazhinji emashoko anotapurika pavhozhokero dzehurumende dzisina kufanira, nebasa rinopfuurira kuva nechokwadi chokuti matare akaderera anoteerera danidzo yedare rapamusoro ndokutambanudzira zvidzidzo zvaCarplant kumamwe mashoko akapoteredza.

Pesvedzero Yepfungwa Yokutonga Pazvisarudzo Zvemunhu Nemunhu

Kunzwisisa uzivi uhwu hunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti Dare rinochinja sei mutemo wezvinhu zviri pakombiyuta uye kufanotaura kuti nyaya dzeramangwana dzingasarudzwa sei.

Kutanga Nokunyora

Vamwe vasarudzi vanowirirana, zvikurukuru naavo vanogadzwa napurezidhendi weRepublican, vanogamuchira mitoo yedavidzo yapakuvamba neyokunyora mashoko kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Vanyori vemavambo vanotsvaka kuturikira Bumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba yavose panguva yokunatsa, nepo vatsigiri vamashoko vanonangidzira ngwariro parevo yakajeka yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo.Idzi dzinowanzotaura panikiro pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare izvo zvinoratidzika kuva zvinokudziridza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kupfuura izvo zvirongwa zveFramerss kana kuti rugwaro runogovera zvakajeka.

Muzvinoitika zvemipimo yakavanzika, vatongi vemavambo vanotarisana nedenho yakati: nzira yokushandisa nayo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzamagumi namasere kuruzivo rwamatongerwo enyika urwo rusati rwaigona kuva rwakafungidzirwa muna 1791. Vatongi vemavambo, kufanana neSahluleriso Scalia munhau yaJones, vakakurukura iyi denho kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro padziviriro dzakavakirwa pazvinhu idzo vaFramers vangadai vakaziva, zvakadai semhosva chaiyo. Vamwe, kufanana noMutongi Thomas, vakabvunza kana dzidziso yeNheyo Yechina yeChinyorwa chenyika chazvino uno-200 yatsauka kure nerevo yeTratisition yeTratiss uye vakadana kudzokera kudziviriro kwezvinhu.

Zvisinei, kuvamba hakutungamiriri hako kukudzivirira kusingavanzi. MuRiley, Mutongi Scalia akakumbanira murangariro unowirirana unodzivirira kuva voga kweserura, uye kurangarira kweDare kwakasimbisa kuti vaFramers vakarwisana nemitemo inopesana navose uye vangadai vasina kutsigira miraudzo yakaenzana neredhiyo. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzemavambo dzinogona kutsigira dziviriro dzakavanzika dzemichina dzakasimba kana dzikashandiswa zvakafanira.

Kurarama Kwomutemo uye Kuparwa Kwemiitiro

Vamwe vatongi vakabatana, zvikurukuru avo vanogadzwa napurezidhendi weDemocratic, vanowanzogamuchira kuwirirana kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitoo inowirirana kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Idzi ruramisiro dzinorangarira Bumbiro remitemo segwaro mhenyu rine revo inoshanduka nemigariro yenzanga nefambiro mberi dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Vanosimbisa kudikanwa kwokududzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo muchiedza chemigariro yazvino uno kuti vachengetedze mipimo yapasi pevaFramers nezvinangwa.

Muzvinoitika zvemipimo yakavanzika, vatongi vanogamuchira mararamire ebumbiro remitemo kazhinji kazhinji vanodisa zvikuru kugadziridza dzidziso yeGavhura rechina kuti vakurukure noruzivo rutsva. Mutongi Sotomayor anobvumirana muJones, achipanikira dzidziso yechitatu inopfuuridzirwa, anoratidzira mutoo uyu. Nenzira yakafanana, Mutongi Breyer akasimbisa kudikanwa kwedzidziso yeChina yePremendment kuti ichinjike kutaura nezverondedzero ye "yechipfuudzo" yokunzvera/* pfungwa yokuti kuisa zvidimbuduku zvizhinji zvamashoko inogona kuzivisa zvikuru kupfuura zvingakarakadzwa nomunhu upi noupi.

Vatongi ava vanowanzotaura nezvezvinorehwa nezvisarudzo zvavo, vachirangarira kuti kutsanangura zvakasiyana - siyana kwaizotapura sei kuva voga munyika chaiyoiyo. Vanoziva kuti kuchinja kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunogona kuchinja zvikuru kudzikamiswa kuri pakati pezvinhu zviri zvoga nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, kuchida kugadziridzwa kunoenderana nedzidziso yebumbiro remitemo kuti kuchengetedzwe basa rokudzivirira reGadziriro Rechina.

Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza

Vatongi vose vanobatanidza vatongi, pasinei zvapo nouzivi hwavo hwakafara hwokutonga, vanofanira kurwisana nedzidziso yokutarira decis() nheyo yokuti matare anofanira kuwanzotevera muenzaniso. Munhau dzakavanzika dzemakombiyuta, ikoku kunoparira denho dzakati nemhaka yokuti mienzaniso yakawanda yakakodzera yakasarudzwa munguva yeathorogment uye ingasashandura zvakanaka kuruzivo rwamabasa.

Chisarudzo chaCarplater chinoratidzira uku kusawirirana. Voruzhinji vakaramba kudzora dzidziso yechitatu yakabva kuma 1970 asi vakarangarira kuti havana kushanda kuCSLI. Vatsoropodzi vakatsoropodza uyu mutoo sewainyanyoshatisa pasina kutaura kudaro. iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pakati pezvisarudzo pamusoro peapo muenzaniso unofanira kuteverwa, kuchinjwa, kana kuti kudzorwa kupfuura.

Vamwe vatongi vanopa ukoshi hukuru kumuenzaniso uye vanozengurira kuputsa dzidziso yakagadzwa, kunyange apo vanodavira kuti yakasarudzirwa. Vamwe vanodisa zvikuru kurangarirazve muenzaniso apo vanodavira kuti unorwisana nerevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo kana kuti vakabvumikisa kuva isingashandiki. Uku nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokutarisisa decisis dzinopesvedzera nenzira inocherekedzwa zvikuru sei nhau dzakavanzika dzeDare, zvikurukuru apo vanonangana nemisiano yekare yakabva munhambo yapamberi pechine rudzidziso.

Nhau Dzezvinenge Zviri Pachazvo Dzinotarisana Nedare

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoramba ruchichinja, vatongi vachasangana nezvinetso zvitsva zvokusaziva zviri pakombiyuta zvinoedza miganhu yeWechina Ye Amendment.

Vaparidzi Venzvimbo Vanotsigira Kuongorora Kwakaitika

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richava nomukana wokuyera kuti mutemo wemitemo weko une chokuita nejira repasi unobvumira kuti zviitwe muChanrie v. United States, ichatsigira kutsanangura kweDare kudzivirira kunoitwa nehurumende pakuongorora mashoko okugara panyika, uko kwakatsanangurwa zvakajeka zvikuru muchisarudzo cha1918 chokumazvimba.

Geofence ine maruramiro anomirira rudzi rutsva rwenzvero yemichina inomutsa mibvunzo yeTne Amendment. Panzvimbo pokutsvaka mashoko enzvimbo nokuda kwenyumwiro chaiyo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunokumbira mashoko pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvinopiwa munharaunda yakati yenzvimbo mukati menhambo yakati yenguva. Uku kunzvera kwakananga kwenzvimbo" kunobvumira mapurisa kuziva zvinobvira kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti ndiani akanga ari pedyo nechinoitika choutsotsi, asi kunobatanidzawo mashoko pamusoro pavanhu vazhinji vasina mhaka vakaitika munharaunda yacho.

Pachiratidzirwa pane kusawirirana pakati pepurogiramu yenzvimbo yaGoogle' History, rudzi rwakasarudzwa runonetesa nharo pamusoro pedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo namavara orutava enzvimbo dzinoiswa. Vatongi pamwe chete vachada kuziva kana kurangarira kwaCarpenter kunotambanukira kuiyi nzvero yokuchinja, kana kuti rudzi rwokuzvidira rwepurogiramu dzenzvimbo nokukwanisa kuwana tendero yedare inosiyanisa zviratidzo zvenzvimbo neCSSLI inonzvera muCarpeent.

Chinyorwa chekubvumira mamiriro epasi chinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pechinodikanwa chakananga cheGavhura reChina, chinoraira kuti mazai anofanira kunzi "zvikurukuru nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa" vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zviratidzo zvegadziriro yejira ikosvo dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vasina mhaka vane tariro yokuziva kufungira. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti ichinhu chine mufungo chokunzvera icho chinobvumira mutemo kuzivisa kunyumwirwa apo mitoo yegamuchidzanwa inokundikana.

Kuchengeta Makore uye Kuwana Mashoko Ari Kure

Mafoni namakombiyuta azvino uno zvinochengeta nenzira inowedzera mashoko kwete pamudziyo umene asi mu "gore" `remote saruvha dzinoshandiswa namakambani echitatu. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pedziviriro yeFrene Amendment. Dzidziso yechitatu inoshanda here kumashoko akarongedzwa namakore, kana kuti ko kurangarira kwaCarpper kunotambanurira kudzivirira mashoko akadaro here? Mutemo unogona kunzvera mashoko egore kupfurikidza nokuwana rugwaro rwechinhu chinooneka icho chinowana gore, kana kuti vanofanira kuwana mvumo yakaparadzana nokuda kwemashoko akatemwa gore here?

Chisarudzo chaRiley chakakarakadza kuti kuchengetwa kwegore kunofanira dziviriro yeChina Amendment, kuzivisa kuti runhare rwazvino uno rune "mashoko akafara asingazivikanwi navose asingatongowanikwi mumusha muchimiro chipi nechipi" uye kuti akawanda amashoko aya anochengetwa kure. Zvisinei, Dare harina kunyora zvakananga kana zvibvumidzo zvichidikanwa kuwana mashoko akanyorwa gore, zvichisiya uyu mubvunzo nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi.

Vatongi vakabatana vachada kurangarira kana nzvimbo yokuchengetera mashoko ichifanira kutapura dziviriro yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo unogovera dziviriro shoma nokuda kwemashoko akasaidzwa akanyorwa kupfuura mashoko akachengetwa munharaunda ungagona kuparira zvikarakadzo zvakashata, kuodza mwoyo vanhu kuti vasashandisa mabasa amakore kunyange apo vanopa chengeteko yakakwirira nokushanda. Njodzi inotambanudza dziviriro yakazara yeGwendedzero yeChine Yechina kumashoko ose akasaririra makore ungagona kuomesanisa kunzvera kwapamutemo kwomutemo ndokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokushandiswa kweChipfuumbidzo chechina apo mashoko anochengetwa pavasaiti vedzimwe nyika.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kuwedzera Kwemitemo

Nhambo muunyanzvi hwokugadzira nokudzidza michina zvinogonesa zvimiro zvitsva zvokunzvera zvinosimudzira itiro hanya itsva dzezvakavanzika. Ruzivo rwokuziva runogona kuzivisa vanhu munzvimbo dzavose, rungagona kugonesa kunzvera vanhu vakawanda pamwero usina kumboitika. Maatomu ezvirongwa zvekuzivisa mashoko makuru okunzvera zvinobvira kufungira kana kuti zvikwata zvoutsotsi. Maturusi okuongorora vanhu anogona kutevera songaniro dzevanhu, zvitendero, uye mibato.

Uhu unyanzvi hunodenha gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzeFirst Amendment dzechina munzira dzakawanda. Kuzivikanwa navanhu munzvimbo dzavose kunobatanidza mutemo wakare wakamira wokuti vanhu havana kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga muruzhinji, bva kuzivikanwa kwokungwarira kwakadaro kwenguva yakati kungagona kuzivisa udzame hwakavanzika pamusoro poupenyu hwomunhu. Mazauko okudeya kutaura angatsamira pamashoko okuti vanhu vane "zvisizvo" zvinogoveranwa nemapoka echitatu, bva kushandiswa kwavo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuchengeta mutemo kungapfuura izvo vanhu vanokarira nenzira ino mufungo pakugoverana mashoko iwayo.

Vatongi vakabatana vachada kuziva kana uye kuti dziviriro dzeChina dzeFizire dzinoshanda sei kuidzi nzira dzokuongorora dzinobvumidzwa neAl. Kana rondedzero yokuongorora, inokarakadzwa neMutongi Alito's contronence muJones, ganhurira mano ehurumende okubatanidza mashoko kubva mumanyuko akawanda? Kushandiswa kweAI kuongorora pachena mashoko anowanika kuumba "nzvero" pasi peWechina? Mibvunzo iyi ichada kuti Dare ritangezve kuvanzaridzo yaro yakavanzika mumhinduro nokukurumidza kuruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Kuongorora Zvishandiso Zvemagetsi

Mumatare anodenha kunzvera kusingabvumirwi kwehurumende zvinhu zvemagetsi pamuganhu weU.S., hurumende yehurumende yave ichibudisa mutemo wemazana amakore unobvumira vamiririri vemiganhu kunzvera mitoro yevashandi pasina fungidziro dzomunhu oga kana kuti chibvumidzo chokuva nomusungo wokuvhozhokera kana kuti kupinza zvigumbura, nezvibvumikiso zvokuti mitemo yenyika yekare haigoni kumonderwa muchiremera chisina kurongwa chokutsvaka mavhozhokero asingadaviriki emashoko panhare nemarekodhi apo vanodzoka kubva kurwendo rwokune imwe nyika.

Muganhu unonzvera chinodikanwa cheThine Amendment chinobvumira vakuru vakuru vetsika kunzvera vanhu nenzvimbo zvinopinda muUnited States pasina maruramiro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira. Uku kusiiwa, kwakavakirwa muchiremera chamasimba makuru chehurumende kudzora kuti ndiani neanopinda munyika, zvakashandisa gamuchidzanwa kunzvera mitoro, motokari, uye vanhu vari pamuganhu.

Zvisinei, kuongorora mafoni, marapy, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi kunomutsa zvinetso zvikuru. Kutsvakwa kwemafoni pamuganhu kungaratidza mashoko akawanda kupfuura kutsvakwa kwemaemail, mapikicha, mari, mashoko ezvokurapa, uye mashoko egweta. Uyezve, makombiyuta anofambiswa negore angapa mashoko akachengetwa pavashandi vemasendi vari kure, angawedzera kutsvakisi yemuganhu kure nemuganhu chaiwo.

Matare epasi pevhu akasvika pamhedziso dzakasiyana - siyana pamusoro pokuti mutemo wemitemo wokuongorora muganhu wemidziyo yemagetsi pasina chikonzero, pamwe pacho paine kunyumwira kune mufungo kwokutsvaka kwemakombiyuta uye mamwe anoshandisa kutsvaga kunzvimbo yemuganhu pasina kugadziriswa.Vatongi pamwe chete vachafanira pakupedzisira kupedza kukamukana uku kwedunhu ndokusarudza kuti idziviriro dzeChina dzePendementment dzinoshanda sei kuzvinhu zvemagetsi zviri kumuganhu.

Muitiro Wokudzivirira Wakavanzika Wevhidhiyo uye Masangano Azvino Uno Anofambisa Mavhidhiyo

MuSalazar naPaperson Global, Dare Rapamusoro richajekesa Vidiyo Finsion Protection Act, iyo misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yazova chisakiso chakakurumbira nokuda kwokukwirira mhaka kwekirasi nekuita zvinhu nemutemo muduku asi une pesvedzero, wakatangwa nenzira ine mukurumbira muna 1988 pashure pokunge pepanhau rinonzi Supreme Court rabudisa vhidhiyo yakarevererwa yaRobert Bork.

Nepo isati iri nhau yeFreence Amendment yeChina zvakananga, VPPA inoratidzira kuti vatongi vanofanira sei kutsanangura mitemo yakavanzika yakaitwa munguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi kuti itaure nezvemichina yemichina. Dare rakabvuma kunzwa nhau yaro yokutanga pasi peVidiyo Compressial Protection Act, mutemo wa 1988 uyo wakava chishandiso chine simba zvikuru kuvataurisi vepakombiyuta vachitaura mabasa epakirasi epachivande, neVPPA inobuda mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kuronga mabhizimisi anotumira mavhidhiyo uye anofungidzirwa kuti anobatanidza mashoko anobatanidzwa nemapatsi echitatu kupfurikidza nemapikishini, mabhisiti kana kuti mamwe mapepa akapikidhiro.

Padanda panogona kuva mubvunzo unotema kuti ndiani anogona kukwidza mhaka pasi pomutemo: Ndiani anokwaniriswa se "consumer" pasi peVPPA, nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa sezvingabvira chinoderedza zvikuru VPPA kana kuti kuvhura suo kuchiito cheboka chinorwisana namakambani enhau, kudirana kwemabhaisikopo nebhizimisi ripi neripi rinopa zviri mumavhidhiyo serutivi rwokuvapo kwayo kwemichina.

Nhau yeVPPA inoratidzira kuti kududzira kwapamutemo kunogona sei kuva nerevo huru dzakavanzika kunyange kunze kwemashoko akapoteredza ebumbiro remitemo. Vatongi vakabatana vanofanira kusarudza kana Congress yakarangarira VPPA kushandisa zvakafara zvikuru mabasa napanzvimbo dzenyubsite izvo zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvevhidhiyo, kana kuti kana mutemo wacho unofanira kuturikwa zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru kudzivisa kuva nomutoro unodarika izvo Dare rakarangarira muna 1988.

Kunyora Mafungiro Anoita Vanhu Vasingazvizivi

Kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro dzinobatanidza sei mutemo wemitemo yemhiko yechakavanzika kunoda kunzvera muitiro weDare repamusorosoro wekusarudza uye basa rokunyora pfungwa. Kusafanana nematare echiduku, umo vatongi vanowanzoshanda vari voga, Dare Rapamusoro rinoshanda sedare rinotonga rinofanira kupesvedzera vabiyavo kukumbanira mirangariro yavo.

Pashure penharo dzinotaurwa, vatongi vanosangana mumusangano kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokutora vhoti yokutanga. Kana Mutongi Mukuru ari muruzhinji, anopa murangariro; kana kuti, ruramisiro huru muruzhinji inoita mugove. Ruramisiro yakagoverwa ipapo inonyora murangariro, uyo unotenderera pakati pavamwe vatongi nokuda kwetsinhiro nezvikarakadzo. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kukurukura kukuru, neruramisiro dzinokarakadza chinjo dzokuwana mavhoti okuwedzera kana kuti kutyisidzira kunyora zvakasiana kana itiro dzavo dzisati dzapiwa.

Muzvinoitika zvakavanzika zvemipimo, uyu muitiro wokusasarudza unokosha zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vane mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo migariro yakavanzika neyokudzikamisa mutemo, nzira yokududzira nayo muenzaniso, uye nzira yokugadzira mitemo ichashanda nayo kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwomunguva yemberi. Murangariro wokupedzisira unowanzoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati peruramisiro dzine mirangariro yakasiana, uchiguma nokuvanza izvo zvingava zvakaganhurirwa kana kuti zvakakura kupfuura ruramisiro ipi neipi yomunhu ainodikanwa pakutanga.

Mifungo inovapo neinopesana inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba mutemo wemiitiro yakavanzika. Zvibvumirano zvinobvumira vatongi kutsanangura kufunga kwavo apo vanobvumirana nemuuyo asi kwete rondedzero yoruzhinji, ingagona kuvanzarika hwaro nokuda kwezvinoitika zvedzidziso yomunguva yemberi. Mutongi Sotomayor anobvumirana naJones, achipanikira dzidziso yechitatu, akapesvedzera kurangarira kwapashure kweDare muCarpenter. Kupesana kwokutaura kwakajeka uko kungaraira pakupedzisira vazhinjisase sechinjo dzedare kana kuti ruramisiro kurangarirazve nzvimbo dzavo.

Mutauro wokunyora nokurangarira zvinoshandiswa mumirangarirowo inokosha. Mirangariro yakapararira inogovera nhungamiro yakawanda kumatare akaderera nokuchengetwa kwomutemo asi ingabvumikisa kuva yakaoma kushandisa kumigariro isingadeyi kuonwa. Mhosva, mirangariro yakananga inogovera nhungamiro shoma asi inobvumira mutemo kutanga muzviitiko zvitsva. Vatongi pamwe chete vanofanira kudzikamisa uku kurangarira apo kunoitwa mirangariro, vachirangarira kwete bedzi nhau yapakarepo asiwo tapuro yehwaro parwisano dzenguva yemberi dzechivande.

Kuchinja Kunoita Dare Pakodzero Dzemunhu Nemunhu

Kuumbwa kweDare repamusorosoro kunotapura zvikuru kutongwa kwemitemo yechakavanzika kwemipimo. Sezvo mapurezidhendi anogadza vatongi vatsva, kudzikamiswa kwepfungwa kweDare kungakanganisa kuti nyaya dzomunguva yemberi dzinotongwa sei. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha kuti uderedze kuti mutemo wekuviga wemakombiyuta uchachinja sei.

Dare razvino rinobatanidza vatongi vatanhatu vakagadzwa napurezidhendi veRepublican uye vatatu vakagadzwa napurezidhendi weDemocratic. Zvisinei, uku kuputsika kwepfungwa hakufanodeyi nguva dzose migumisiro munhau dzemitemo yakavanzika. Riley akasarudzwa nenzira imwe chete, uye Carpenter akaona Chiviko Chikuru Roberts, mutevedzeri wemitemo, anokumbanira ruramisiro dzeDare dzakatendeuka kuti dziumbe voruzhinji. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti nhau dzakavanzika dzemapikichatation pane dzimwe nguva dzinopfuura mapoka etsika dzegamuchidzanwa, uye ruramisiro mumativi ose dzinoziva ukoshi hwokudzivirira kuva wogaro muzera remichina.

Kunyanguvezvo, kunyora kweDare nhau. Kutsiviwa kweMutongi Scalia neMutongi Gormoth, somuenzaniso, kwakaunza ruramisiro nemirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pedzidziso yeChina yeFimendment nedzidziso yechitatu. Ruramisiro yaMoza yakadai muCarpent yakakarakadza kudisa kurangarirazve mativi makuru eGendement ye Fourth jurisprudence, ingagona kuratidzira mutoo wakasiana kunhau dzakavanzika dzenguva yemberi.

Nenzira yakafanana, kugadzwa kweVatongi Kavanaugh naBarrett kwachinja dzikamo yepfungwa dzeDare, zvichigona kutapura zvisarudzo zvemipimo yomunguva yemberi. Nepo ruramisiro isina kunyorwa zvikuru panhau dzakavanzika dzemipimo panzvimbo yeDare Gurusa, manyoro avo apakuvamba uye mirangariro yedare yakaderera zvinopa chiratidzo chekusvika kwavo kungabvira. Mutongi Barrett, somuenzaniso, akanyora pamusoro pedudziro yetsika nebasa ravatongi mugadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, achikarakadza kuti angashandisa mitoo yemagwaro yakavanzika seVPPA.

Kunyora kweDare kunotapurawo mhaka dzipi dzinobvumira vatongi kuteerera. Kunoda mavhoti mana kupa certiori, kureva kuti vatongi vashomanene vanogona kuunza mhaka kuDare kunyange kana voruzhinji pakupedzisira vaizovatonga. Iri simba rinogona kutungamirira kuDare kutora mhaka dzinodzokororwa kana kuti dzinova shomanene dzakavanzika dzemipimo, zvikurukuru kana vatongi vatsva vachipanikira zviitiko izvozvo.

Ukama Pakati Pemadhipatimendi Nehurumende Dziviriro Dzakavanzika

Nepo dudziro yeDare Gurusa yeGavhuramisime yeChina ichiisa pasi pebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwedziviriro dzakavanzika dzemichina, hurumende dzinoramba dzakasununguka kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru mubumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene nemirau. Iri sangano rehurumende rinoparira nzvimbo yakaoma umo kodzero dzekuziva zvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta dzingasiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pasimba.

Dare guru rehurumende rakawanda rakadudzira mabumbiro aro emitemo kuti ripe dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzezvigaro zvemunhu oga kupfuura dzakazivikanwa neDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States pasi peGrandment yeChina. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzaida zvikumbiro zvokunzvera runhare rweserura Riley ari pamberi peCarpenter, uye dzimwe dzaida magwaro eCSLI pamberi peCarpater. Zvisarudzo izvi zvedare rehurumende zvinogona kupesvedzera kufunga kweDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, zvichiratidzira kuti dziviriro dzakavanzika dzakasimba zvikuru dzinoshanda uye hadzimanikidziri mutemo.

Hurumende dzakaitawo mitemo inopa dziviriro dzemipimo dzinopfuura zvinodiwa neFommerce yeChina. California’s Electronic Communications Ancy Act, somuenzaniso, inowanzoda zvibvumikiso zvokushandisa mutemo kuti upinde kukurukurirana kwemagetsi nemagetsi, pasina kuganhurirwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mutemo wakafanana, dzichiumba basa remitemo rokudzivirira iro rinowedzera zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Uyu mubato wapanhare wehurumende unogona kubatira serabhoritari nokuda kwomuitiro wemiitiro yakavanzika yemipimo, uchibvumira nzira dzakasiana-- siyana kuedzwa nokuongororwa. Apo dziviriro dzehurumende dzingabvumikisa kuva dzinoshanda, dzingapesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kana kuti dare reSupreme Court ringabvumikisa kuva risingashandisi kana kuti kuparira zvinetso zvikuru nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, ichi chinoitika chingazivisa Dare renhau kuti dziviriro dzakati dzomunhu oga dzine mufungo here pasi peGenese Amendment.

Zvisinei, ukama pakati pomutemo wemitemo yehurumende newezvemagariro ehurumende hunogonawo kuparira zvinetso. Apo mutemo wehurumende unogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura mutemo webumbiro remitemo wehurumende, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwirirana nomupimo unodzivirira zvikuru. Ikoku kunogona kuparira nyongano nekusachinja, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamasangano anochengeta mutemo ehurumende anoshanda mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Vatsigiri vehurumende vanofanira kurangarira idzi itiro hanya apo kugadzirwa kwedzidziso yeGenerandment, kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwekubatana kwerudzi mukuedza kwehurumende uye basa regamuchidzanwa rehurumende mukurondedzera muitiro woutsotsi.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Nomutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

Nepo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa richidudzira zvikurukuru mutemo webumbiro remitemo reU.S., mirangariro yamarudzi ose neinoenzanisa inogona kuzivisa kuwirirana kwenzwisiso yevatongi yenhau dzechakavanzika dzemichina. Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakarwisana nezvinetso zvakafanana mukuchinjira dziviriro dzakavanzika kuruzivo rutsva rwezvigadzirwa zvitsva, uye mitoo yavo inogona kugovera nzwisiso dzinobetsera.

European Union, somuenzaniso, yakatora mutoo unodzivirira zvikuru kuva voga kwemipimo kupfuura United States, ichiratidzira General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) uye ichibvuma "maruramiro okukanganwika" mumigariro yakati. Dare reRuramisiro rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvakawanda pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemipimo, kubatanidza miraudzo pamusoro pekunyorwa kwemaidi, mashoko anochinjirwa, uye maruramiro ekuva woga mukurukurirano dzamagetsi.

Dare Gurusa reCanada rakataurawo nhau dzezvigaro zvekombiyuta, kazhinji kazhinji richisvika mhedziso dzakafanana neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States asi kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo. matare eCanada akada zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera mashoko, mashoko eInternet anonyoresa, uye mamwe mashoko ekombiyuta, achirangarira kuti vanhu vane kariro dzine mufungo dzezvakavanzika mumashoko akadaro.

Nepo mutemo wokumwe nowamarudzi ose usingasungi Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, zvinogona kugovera mirangariro inobetsera. Vamwe vatongi vanowirirana, zvikurukuru avo vane uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga, vakadudza mutemo wokumwe mumirangariro yavo kuenzanisira kuti dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzakataura sei nhau dzakafanana.

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pemashandiro anoita mutemo wokumwe kunoratidza kusawirirana kukuru pamusoro pemadudziro emitemo yenyika.Vaya vanofarira kurangarira mutemo wokumwe vanotaura kuti unogona kupa nzwisiso inobatsira pakudzikamisa kwemimwe mipimo inokwikwidzaniswa nehurumende uye kuti United States inogona kudzidza pane zvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika. Vaya vanoshora kudavira kuti kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yeAmerica kunofanira kuvakirwa pamabasa eAmerica uye kuti mitemo yemamwe marudzi inoshanda mumitemo yakasiyana - siyana uye tsika isingashanduri kuUnited States.

Basa Renyanzvi Dzoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Michina Zvipfupi

Kunzwisisa kuti mafoni anoshanda sei, kuti mashoko enzvimbo inounganidzwa nokuchengetwa sei, kunyora mashoko okunyora pabonde, uye kuti zvinoshandiswa sei zvakasiyana - siyana zvesayenzi yokuongorora zvinokosha kuti pave nezvisarudzo zvine chokuita noruzivo pamusoro pezvazvinoreva.

Mifungo mipfupi yedare inoita basa rinokosha mukudzidzisa ruramisiro pamusoro penhau dzounyanzvi nedzomutemo. Munhau huru dzakavanzika dzemiitiro, Dare rinogamuchira mipfupi mizhinji kubva kumakambani oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, masangano erusununguko rwevagari vemo, mapoka anotarisira pamutemo, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye dzimwe nhengo dzinofarira.

Makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu anowanzonyora mashoko mapfupi anotsanangura kuti mabasa awo anoshanda sei uye kuti mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yapamutemo ingava nei pamabasa awo.

Masangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo akadai seAmerican Civil Liberies Union neElectronic Privacy Information Center nguva dzose anonyora mipfupi yemapikicha muzviitiko zvemiitiro yakavanzika, achiitirana nharo nokuda kwedziviriro dzeHwechina Yechina. Masangano aya anowanzogovera kurongwa kune udzame kwebasa rokunzvera, bviro yawo yokushandisa zvisina kufanira, uye revo dzawo nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Anosimbisawo zvinoitika zvavanhu avo vakava voga zvakavhozhozhokerwa nenzvero dzehurumende, achiisa chiso chomunhu pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Masangano emitemo uye masangano ehurumende anonyora muchidimbu kutsanangura zvinodikanwa zvawo zvokunzvera uye revo dzinoshanda dzemitemo yakasiana - siana.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoongorora nhau dzedzidziso, mibvunzo yenhau, uye zvinorehwa nemitemo yakasiyana - siyana.Mipfupi iyi inowanzopa kuongororwa kwakadzama kwemuenzaniso, nhau yebumbiro remitemo, uye mutemo wokuenzanisa, zvichibatsira vatongi kunzwisisa kuti nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzaizopindirana sei mugadziriro dzemitemo dziripo.

Vatongi vanodzidzawo pamusoro poruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kupfurikidza nenharo dzinotaurwa, uko vanogona kubvunza magweta ebato pamusoro penhau dzounyanzvi. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, ruramisiro dzazova dzakatanhamara zvikuru muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, vachibvunza mibvunzo ine udzame pamusoro pokuti basa rakasiana-- siyana rounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu nemigumisiro yavo yokuzvimirira. Uku kugona kunyora kwakawedzera ruzivo rwemifungo yenhau dzeDare kwakavandudza kunaka kwezvisarudzo zvekombiyuta, kuchibvumira vatongi kuita rutongeso rwakakurumbira pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo dziri pamutezo.

Kudzikamisa Kuva Woga Nokuchengeteka Muzera Remazuva Ano

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru zvokuvanza zvinhu zvepachivande zvemakombiyuta kudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu dzokuva voga nekodzero dzehurumende dzinoitwa nemutemo uye kuchengeteka kwenyika.

Masangano anochengetedza mitemo anotaura kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakaita kuti mabasa awo ave akaoma zvikuru kupfurikidza nokugonesa matsotsi kukurukura zvakanaka, kuchengeta ufakazi muchimiro chakavigwa, uye kushanda mumiganhu yehurumende.

Varevereri vezvinhu zvisiri zvemunhu vanobvuma kuti izvi zvinonyanyotaurwa uye kuti kuchengetwa kwemitemo kune zvishandiso zvakawanda zvinowanika zvokuongorora mhosva kunyange nedziviriro dzakasimba dzomunhu oga. Vanoonesa kuti chinodikanwa chinoraira hachisi chitakurirwi chose chose kuti chiratidzirwe kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuparira mutongi asingatori rutivi pamberi pokunzvera.

Uyezve, vanhu vanodzivirira vanhu kuti vasazviziva vanoti kudzivirira zvinhu zvepachivande kunokosha nokudzivirira hurumende pakungwarira vanhu vanonyengerwa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka.

Vatongi vakabatana vanofanira kushandisa zvinhu izvi zvinokwikwidzana pakusarudza nyaya dzezvigaro zvemakombiyuta. Chisarudzo chaRiley chakabvuma kuti kuda mapepa okunzvera serura kungava "tapuro pasimba rekushanda kwomutemo kuti kurwisa utsotsi" asi vakagumisa kuti "kudzora kunoitika pamutengo." Ikoku kunoratidzira kuziva kweDare kuti Kuchinja kwechina pane dzimwe nguva kunoda kugamuchira kuderera mukushandiswa kwomutemo kuti kudzivirire rusununguko rwomunhu.

Zvisinei, Dare rakaonawo kuti Kuchinja Kwechina hakuna kukodzera uye kuti dzimwe nyaya dzehurumende dzingapa chikonzero chokuongorora pasina chikonzero mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuva Wega Nemadhigirii

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano zvarunoramba ruchichinja nokukurumidza, vatongi vachasangana nezvinetso zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvepakombiyuta.

Kutanga, kuwanda kwemakombiyuta eZvinhu (IOT) kuchaparira denho itsva. Zvishandiso zvepamba zvinongwara, vakwaniri vemichina inovaka muviri, motokari dzinobatanidza, uye mamwe maIOT zvinounganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko pamusoro pemibato yezuva nezuva. Iyi kombiyuta inogona kuzivisa udzame hwapedyo pamusoro poupenyu hwavanhu, kubva pamitoo yavo yokurara kusvikira kumigariro yavo youtano kusvikira kumiitiro yavo yezuva nezuva. Vatongi vachada kuziva kuti dziviriroi dzeDursemendment dzinoshanda kuitsvedzero dzinoshanda kuinamate iyi uye kana mutemo unoda kudikanwa kuiwana.

Chechipiri, kufambira mberi kwekuongorora zvinhu zvemagetsi kuchawedzera kunetsa vanhu, kuona zviri mumaziso, kuongorora mafingairiro echikafu, uye kuongorora DNA kunogona kuratidza kuti vanhu vakarurama chaizvo, zvichiita kuti pave nezvimiro zvitsva zvokuongorora uye kuongorora.

Chechitatu, kushandiswa kwokunyora mashoko okunyora pabonde kuchaparira kusawirirana pakati pemashoko echienzi neanochengetwa nomutemo. Kunyorwa kwemashoko okunyora pachishandiswa mashoko kwakasimba kunogona kudzivirira kurukurirano nemashoko kuti zvisawanikidzwe zvisina mvumo, asi kunogonawo kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwemutemo kuti kusawana ufakazi hwemubato woutsotsi. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pokuti makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu anofanira kudikanwa here kugovera "kudzoka kwepashure" nokuda kwokushandiswa kwekushandiswa kwemitemo kuti isvike mashoko asina kunyorwa pachivande chedare guru, kuchida kuti vatongi vasare kuva voga, chengeteko, uye kuvandudza zvinhu zvinonetsa.

Chechina, kuwedzera kwokuongorora kwomunhu pachako kuchamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekudzivirira kweFreadmerment yeChina.Gadziriro yeChina inoshanda kukuita kwehurumende, kwete kuzvibata kwomunhu oga.

Cheshanu, kutangwa kwemacompum uye humwe unyanzvi hwazvino uno hwokunyora nahwo zvingaita kuti nzira dzokunyora mashoko eurongwa hwemanyoro okunyora dzive dzechinyakare, zvichigonesa nzira itsva dzokuongorora nepo dzichitanga nzira itsva dzokudzivirira vanhu pachivande.Dare richafanira kuchinja mashandiro aro okuchengetedza zvinhu zvakavanzika kuti rigadzirise kuchinja uku kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, richivimbisa kuti kudzivirirwa kweGadziriro Rechina Kunoramba Kune chinangwa sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoramba ruchichinja.

Pakupedzisira, kuwedzera kuri kuita kugadzirwa kwenyika dzepasi pose kwekukurukurirana kwemakombiyuta uye kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko kuchakonzera zvinetso.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Okumanikidza Mutemo Nevanhu

Zvisarudzo zvepamhiko zvedare reSaurudzo rePropercenta zvine revo dzinokosha dzinoshanda kuvose vari vaviri masangano anochengeta mutemo navanhu vamwe navamwe. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinobetsera kuratidzira tapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika yekutonga kweDare uye ukoshi hwezvisarudzo zvinowirirana nemitemo zvinopa.

Nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, zvisarudzo zvakafanana naRiley naCarplate zvakada chinjo huru mumaitiro okunzvera. Madhipatimendi amapurisa aitofanira kutanga mitemo mitsva yokuwana maruramiro okutsvaka serura pamberi pokunzvera mafoni kana kuti mashoko enzvimbo. Ikoku kwakada vakururi vanorovedza pazvinodikanwa zvitsva zvapamutemo, kutanga miitiro yokuwana magwaro nokukurumidza kana kuri madikanwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva kugamuchira ufakazi ungave hwakava hunowanika pasi pomutemo usati wavapo zvino hunodzivirirwa neFreadterment.

Zvisinei, idzi chinjo hadzina kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo pakunzvera utsotsi nenzira inobudirira. Mapurisa anogona kungowanazve zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera kwemichina apo anenge ane chisakiso chinobvira, uye matare kazhinji kazhinji ave achidisa kupa maruramiro akadaro apo akakodzera. Chinodikanwa chinongova bedzi nechokwadi chokutarisira kwokutonga kwokunzvera kwemichina, kudzivirira nzendo dzokuredza nepo achibvumira kunzvera kwapachinetso chetsotsi.

Kuziva kuti mapurisa haakwanisi kutsvaga mafoni awo kana kuti kuvhura mashoko enzvimbo yaanogara pasina kubvumirwa nedare kunoita kuti vanhu vave nechivimbo chakakura chokuti mashoko avo epachivande acharamba ari epachivande. Izvi zvinokosha zvikurukuru kuvanhu vari nyore, kusanganisira vatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika, vatori venhau, uye nhengo dzenzanga shomanana, vangangoongororwa nevanhu.

Kudzivirirwa kwemakombiyuta nemagetsi kunogonawo kuita kuti makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye vashandi vavimbe kuti mashoko azvo achadzivirirwa pamitemo isina kuwanikwa nehurumende. Izvi zvinogona kusimudzira kutangwa kwemakombiyuta matsva uye mabasa angasashandiswa mumitemo uye kudzivirira zvinhu zvisiri zvepachivande.

Kusiyana neizvi, kudzivirirwa kusina kusimba kwezvinhu zvepachivande kunogona kutonhodza kutaura uye kushamwaridzana kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vanhu vazeze kukurukura vakasununguka kana kuti kusonganirana nemapoka anoitirana nharo kana vachitya kuongororwa nehurumende.

Basa Redare Pakudzivirira Kuzvidzora

Nepo vatongi vakabatana vachiita basa rinokosha mukuumba mutemo wezvinhu zvakavanzika kupfurikidza nokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, Congress inewo basa rinokosha rokuita kupfurikidza nomutemo.Vatongi vanoverengeka vakakarakadza kuti Congress ingava iri nani kupfuura matare kugadzira mitemo ine udzame inodzora kuvandika kwemakombiyuta, inopiwa kuoma kwenhau dzacho uye kudikanwa kwokudzikamisa fariro dzakawanda dzinokwikwidzana.

Mutongi Alito anobvumirana muRiley akakarakadza kuti dare remitemo rehurumende ringada kutanga mitemo mitsva inobata kunzvera foni, kuzivisa kuti matare anoshandisa "chishandiso chakajeka cheGavhureji yeChina" angasakwanisa kuwana misiyano yakajeka iri madikanwa nokuda kwomurairo wechivande. Ikoku kunoratidzira kurukurirano huru pamusoro pemabasa akafanira ematare namatare edzimhosva mukupedza nhau dzakavanzika dzemichina.

Dare rakagadza mutemo wakavanzika wemiitiro, kubatanidza Electronic Communications Ancy Act (ECPA), unodzora kukwanisa kuita mutemo kukurukurirana nemagetsi uye mashoko akachengetwa. Zvisinei, ECPA yakaitwa muna 1986 uye haina kugadziridzwa zvikuru kuti itaure nezvemichina yazvino uno. Vatsigiri vazhinji vezvakavanzika vanotaura kuti kuchinja ECPA kunodikanwa nokukurumidza kugovera mitemo yakajeka yezvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta munguva yazvino uno.

Mimwe mitezo yeCongress yakakarakadza mutemo wakakwana wemitemo yakavanzika uyo waizogadza mitemo yakajeka yokuwana mashoko ekombiyuta ehurumende, unoda maruramiro ezvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvokunzvera kwemichina, uye unogovera vanhu kudzora kukuru zvikuru pamashoko avo voga.

Ukama pakati pezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nedziviriro dzemitemo hwakaoma.Dare rinogona kugovera dziviriro dzakavanzika huru kupfuura dzinoda Ivhu raChina, asi harigoni kubvumira kunzvera uko Bumbiro remitemo rinorambidza. Apo Dare rinogadza mutemo wakavanzika, matare anofanira kududzira iyi mitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvetsananguro zveDare Rapamusoro zvinogona kutapura zvikuru dziviriro dzakavanzika.

Gadzirisa mitoo yeruramisiro kududziro yemitemo nokudaro inotapura kuva woga kwemipimo kunyange muzvinoitika zvisingabatanidzi zvakananga mibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Vatongi vanotsigira kududzira kwakafara kwemirau yakavanzika vachakombamira kugovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, nepo avo vanotsigira kududzira kupfuudzira kutete vachakombamira kuganhurira dziviriro dzemitemo kune izvo Congress akagovera zvakajeka.

Kupedzisa: Kuchinja Kunoita Kodzero Dzekodzero Dzemunhu Nemunhu

Basa revatongi mukuumba kodzero dzemagariro emunhu rinomirira rimwe remativi anokosha zvikuru neanodenha emutemo webumbiro remitemo wazvino uno. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira kuchinja, ava vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzechigumi nerechisere dzokukurukura zvinetso zvamakumi maviri nezvine zera rokutanga, kudzikamisa kodzero dzomunhu oga nefariro dzehurumende dzepamutemo mukuchengetwa kwomutemo nechengeteko yenyika.

Zvisarudzo zvenhau muJones, Riley, naCarpenter zvinoratidzira kuti Dare Rapamusoro rinoziva dikanwo yokuchinja dzidziso yeGadziro Yechina kuti ichengete dziviriro dzakavanzika dzine revo muzera remitauro. Idzi nhau dzinotanga nheyo dzinokosha: kuti mashoko etsika anofanirwa nedziviriro chaiyo yebumbiro remitemo, kuti dzidziso dzegamuchidzanwa dzeGeneral Amendment dzinofanira kurangarirwazve apo dzingabvisa kuva dzoga mumashoko etsika, uye kuti chinangwa chikuru cheGarandment reChina chokudzivisa kunzvera kunoramba kunzvera kunoramba kunokosha chinoramba chiri chinokosha munguva yazvino uno.

Zvisinei, mibvunzo yakawanda inoramba isina kupindurwa. Kukura kwedzidziso yechitatu muzera remitengo, mugariro webumbiro remitemo wezvoruzivo rwokunzvera ruri kubuda, kushandiswa kweFremendment yeChina inodzivirira mashoko akasarurwa, uye dzimwe nhau dzakawanda dzinomirira chisarudzo chakarurama. Sezvo idzi nhau dzinosvika Dare Gurusa, vatongi vanowirirana vachapfuurira kuumba mutemo wezvemawadhi enhau kupfurikidza namavhoti avo, mirangariro, uye kutora rutivi mumuitiro weDare unorevesa maruramiro.

Kusiyana kwepfungwa dzokutonga dzinomiririrwa paDare kunovimbisa gakava rakasimba pamusoro penhau idzi.Vazivi vezvouzivi, vemabumbiro emitemo, vazivi vemitemo, uye vamwe vanounza mifungo yakasiana kumibvunzo yezvemakombiyuta, uye kuwirirana pakati peiyi mirangariro kunoparira mirangariro mizhinji nezvinonetsa. Nepo ikoku pane dzimwe nguva kuchigona kutungamirira kuchisarudzo chakaganhurirwa kana kuti chakakamuraniswa, kunovimbisawo kuti kurangarira kunokosha hakufuratirwi uye kuti zvisarudzo zveDare zvinoratidzira kurangarira kwokungwarira.

Kutarira mberi, denho dzinotarisana neruramisiro dzichangova bedzi dzakaoma zvikuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira kufambira mberi. Ungwaru hwokugadzira, giramu yemacanism, kunzvera kwemichina, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvichabuda zvichamutsa mibvunzo yezvakavanzika zvitsva zvichada kusanonzverwa uye kuitwa kwechisarudzo chokufunga. Zvigadzikiso zvichada kuramba zvichizivikanwa pamusoro pefambiro mberi dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kurangarira mirangariro yazvo nokuda kwokuva voga uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye dzidziso yebumbiro remitemo iyo inopa dziviriro ine revo inopa apo inoramba ichishanda.

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevatongi munyaya dzezvigaro zvemunhu oga zvichasarudza kana vanhu vokuAmerica vachiramba vari voga mune zvemakombiyuta kana kuti kana kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuchikanganisa kudzivirira kwechina Kudzikamiswa kusvika pakusafarirwa. Zvisarudzo izvi zvichakanganisa kwete kuongorora kwoutsotsi chete asiwo kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukurukurirana kwevatori venhau, ukama hwevanhu, uye mamwe mativi akawanda oupenyu hwezuva nezuva anotsamira pakuva voga kuti vabudirire.

Basa revatongi mukubatanidza kodzero dzemunhu oga rinoratidzira denho huru yokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo munyika inochinja. Nheyo dzinogara dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinofanira kushandiswa kumamiriro ezvinhu ayo vaFramers vaisagona kufungidzira, kuraira vatongi kushandisa uchenjeri, kuzvidzora, uye unyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runopfuurira kuchinja nzanga, basa revatongi mukudzivirira kodzero dzemitemo yepachivande richaramba riri madikanwa kuchengetedza mipimo yemitemo yerusununguko nehurumende yakaganhurirwa izvo zvakarondedzera utongi hweAmerica kubva pakwakavambwa kwayo.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, varapi vemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye makambani eruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro dzinobatanidza sei nhau dzezvigaro zvemunhu oga zvinokosha mukufamba - famba nzvimbo dzepamutemo dzakaoma dzinodzora kuongororwa kwemichina uye kudzivirirwa kwemashoko. Kupfurikidza nokutevera zvisarudzo zveDare, kurava pfungwa nokungwarira, uye kunzwisisa uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwedare pamitambo, vachengeti vemitongo yezvisarudzo vanogona kufanosarudzwa nokutsigira nenzira inobudirira migumisiro yavo yazvinoda.

Mhindumupindu inopfuurira yekodzero dzakavanzika dzemagariro munhungamiro yeDare Rapamusorosa rinobatanidza ruramisiro inomirira ganhuro rinokosha mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Sezvatinofambira mberi muzera remitemo, uchenjeri nechisarudzo zveava vatongi zvichabetsera kusarudza kana Sine Amendment inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga kana kuti kuva chitsoropodzo chisingakwanisi kudzora simba rehurumende mukutarisana nechinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Zvisarudzo zvavanoita nhasi zvichaumba nzvimbo yakavanzika kwamakumi amakore anouya, zvichitapura upenyu hwemamiriyoni evaAmerica uye migadziro ichatungamirira masangano emitemo, uye makambani oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu sezvo vanopfuura nomumhizha mukuru mukudzikano coga yogaro.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pedziviriro dzeChina nechakavanzika chemitemo, shanyira [[FLT: 0] American Civil Liberties Union's Infish & Technology peji. Kunzvera zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa reSamende nenzvero, ona [ STUS[[[FLT:]]. Zvemifungo dzedzidzo pamusoro pomutemo wemazakavanzika, bvunza Mutemo weK [[FLT:] Nhengeta]. Zvinhu zvokuwedzera pamutemo uye muitiro zvinogona kuwanikwa pa [[FLT:]][FLT][FLT]]