Kunzwisisa Basa Rehurumende Rinotonga

Masangano ehurumende anoraira anopiwa mitumbi yehurumende chaiyo kugadzira, kududzira, uye kudzikamisa mitemo inoshandisa muitiro wavose. Aya masangano anobatira soruoko runoshanda rwehurumende, achishandura mirairo yakafara yemitemo kuva mipimo yakananga, inomanikidzirwa. Chiremera chawo chinobva mumirau inopiwa nevanopa mitemo, inopa mitemo, inopa simba, uye inodzivirira kuti mitemo ibudirire. Pasina aya masangano, maitongei aizova asinganzwisisiki, pasina miitiro inoshanda inodikanwa kudzivirira vagari vemo, kuchengetedza misikata yakanaka, uye kudzivirira pfuma yomusikirwo.

Nyika yazvino uno inodzivirira yakatanga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 nemavambo erechi20, ichiita chimwe chinhu kumabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvinetso zvemari, uye kudikanwa kwavanhu vose. Nhasi, masangano akadai se Entron Protection Agency Agency (EPA), [[FLT]] , [[FLT] SAUTSC] , [SEC], uye Food and Drug Administration (FDA) zvinosimbisa kuti unyanzvi hunoshandiswa sei kumiitiro yakaoma. Basa ravo rinobata pedyo namativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva kuchengeteko yemari yemari uye kumugariro wemvura.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzokutungamirira

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunoratidza kuti mutemo unoshandiswa nevanhu vakawanda muhurumende yose kunoparadzirwa sei.

Federal vs. Hurumende v.

  • .Federal APPressure - Idzi dzinoshanda munyika yose pasi pechiremera zvinopiwa neCongress. Mienzaniso inobatanidza EPA (mipimo yemipimo yendangariro yemipimo yemipimo yenhau), SEC (kudzora kwemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemitengi), Federal Commissions (FC, tetransformation , transfernation), uye Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, kotseko yebasa). Miteko yadzo yavo yadzo yapavhura iri munzvimbo dzakawanda asi kazhinji inobvumira masangano kushandisa mipimo yorumano.
  • State APPresmial-Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mitumbi yayo imene inodzora, yakadai semibato yezvishandiso zvavose, madhipatimendi ezvakatipoteredza, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru veinishuwarenzi. Vanotaura nhau dzakati kumari kana kuti vanhu, kazhinji kazhinji vachibatira pamwe negadziriro dzehurumende kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzokuchengeta.
  • Nzvimbo dzinopoteredza-Masangano eMasipala neruwa anobata nzvimbo, mabumbiro emitemo okuvaka, kunzvera utano, uye mitemo yemhoteredzo yomunzvimbomo. Vari pedyosa navagari vemo uye vanoita chiito nokukurumidza kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga, zvakadai sokushandisa kukakavadzana kwenzvimbo kana kuti kotsekano yeresitorendi.

Gadziriro Dzinodzora

  • Commissions dzinozvimirira - Idzi dzinodzivirirwa kubva kudzorerwa kwakananga kwapurezidhendi, navakuru vakuru vanobatira mashoko akatsiga, anokatyamadzwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza SEC, FCC, uye Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Kuzvimirira kwavo kunogadzirirwa kuganhurira vhiringidziko yezvamatongerwe enyika muruzivo, zvisarudzo zvedare.
  • Zvinoshanda [ - Izvozvi zviripo mukati memadhipatimendi ekabhineti (mutoo, FDA mukati meBato roUtano naMabasa avanhu, OSHA mukati meBato reBasa). Vakuru veAgency vanogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokubatira pamifarwa yapurezidhendi, vachibvumira nhevedzano yakananga zvikuru yomuitiro.

Mitambo Yemakora: Kugadzira, Kuisa Mitemo, uye Kuisa Mitemo

Masangano anotungamirira anoita mabasa matatu makuru pamwe chete anoumba musimboti wokuitwa kwemitemo yavose: kudzora, kuisa mutemo, uye kuvimbisa. Basa rimwe nerimwe rinosanganisira maitiro akasiyana - siyana uye kudzivirira kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti munhu achazvidavirira uye kuti achaita zvakafanira.

Kutonga

Kugadza mitemo muitiro uyo masangano anotanga nawo mitemo ine udzame inopa simba kumitemo inopfuudzwa nevanopa mitemo. Munsi meAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), kuisa Hurumende kwakawanda kunotevera mutoo we “mazita nerokutonga”:

  • Kutsvakurudza uye kuongorora dambudziko racho, kusanganisira kuongorora kwazvakaita mari uye kuongorora kwesayenzi.
  • Kuziviswa kwemutemo unokarakadzwa mu Register, kuchida tsinhiro yavose nokuda kwenhambo yakatarwa (sezvo 30-90 mazuva).
  • Kuhwirudzurwa kwetsinhiro dzinobva kuvatarisiri vemari, mapoka amaindasitiri, masangano okutengesa vanhu, uye vagari vemo voga.
  • Kupinzwa kwomutemo wokupedzisira nesumo inotsanangura kurangarira nemhinduro zvesangano racho kutsinhiro dzinokosha.
  • Kudzokorora uye kudzokorora nguva nenguva kuti uchinjire kumashoko matsva kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja.

Uyu muitiro unojeka unobvumira mubatanidzwa mukuru apo uchiva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yakavakirwa muufakazi nechiremera chapamutemo.

Kumanikidzwa

Pashure pokunge mitemo yatangwa, masangano anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuteerera.

  • Mipinduro neMitemo yePurces - Vashandi veAgency vanoitisa shanyo dzemafekitari, masangano ezvemari, nzvimbo dzezvoutano, uye mamwe masangano anodzorwa. Vatarisiri vanobvumirana, somuenzaniso, vanonzvera nzvimbo dzebasa nokuda kwengozi dzekotsekano; SEC inonzvera zvinyorwa zvekudzokorora.
  • Complant Investigations - Wistlepitor super, nyunyuto dzavatengi, uye mahedhiri kubva kumamwe masangano zvinonyandura nzvero. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) inoshandisa shopu yezvichemo zvevatengi kuziva mitoo yemiitiro isina kururama.
  • Mirairo neNzvimbo - Hurumende dzinogona kuisa faindi, marezerefu, mirairo yejeri, kana kuti mirairo mudare rehurumende. Kukura kwezvirango kazhinji kazhinji kunowedzera nokuda kwokudzokororwa, kuchiparira muuyo wokudzivisa.
  • Compice copartivation - masangano akawanda anopa gadziriro dzokuzvidira, betsero yemichina, uye sundo dzokuteerera, zvakadai sezvirango zvakaderedzwa nokuda kwokuzvipora.

Kuregerera

Vatongi vomutemo (ALJs) vanotungamirira pakutonga kwakafanana nokutongwa kwedare asi kusiri kwetsika. Nhanho dzetsika dzinosanganisira:

  • Kuramba kunyunyuta kana kuti kuziva kuputswa.
  • Misangano yokuongorora nyaya dzisina kuoma uye uchapupu hwokuchinjana.
  • Kunzwa kwevanhu kunopupurirwa uye kunoratidzwa.
  • Kubvuma chisarudzo chokutanga chakaitwa neALJ, chingakwidziridzwa nesangano racho.
  • Chiito chesangano rokupedzisira chinodzokororwa mumatare ehurumende.

Uyu muitiro wokutengesa unogovera muitiro wakafanira apo unobvumira masangano kushandisa unyanzvi hwawo chaihwo kumibvunzo yakaoma kutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora kweSEC mukurwisana nenyanzvi dzemari nokuda kwokushambadzira kunobatanidza kuwana kwechokwadi kwakakwana nenzvero yapamutemo.

Chikonzero Nei Kutungamirira Kuchitarisirwa Nokuda Kwomutemo Wevanhu Vose

Masangano anoraira anoita zvinopfuura kuchengetwa kwemitemo — anoita muitiro kupfurikidza nounyanzvi hwavo, kugadziridza mitemo kumigariro inogadziridza, uye kubatira senzvero pasimba ravanhu. Nhatu dzinosimbisa basa radzo rinokosha: utano hwavanhu nekotsekano, perero yezvokutengeserana, uye tarisiro yemhoteredzo.

Kudzivirira Utano Hwevanhu Vose Nokuchengeteka

Zvirongwa zvekotsekano zvebasa zvinogadza mipimo inodzivisa kuvadziko isati yaitika. FDA inoyera mirimo mitsva nemichina yemishonga nokuda kwekotsekano nebudiriro zvisati zvasvika kuvatengi(a mutoo wakaponesa upenyu husingaverengeki. Mipimo yekotsekano yebasa inoderedza kuvadziko nekufa mumaindasitiri epamusoro. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHITA) inona dziviriro yemotokari inoyeuka apo utera hunowanduku. Zviito izvi zvinotsamira pamitengo yesayenzi, kunzvera, uye kuongorora kunopfuurira, kuratidzira kuti masangano anoshandisa sei maruramiro avanhu kuchengeteka.

Panguva dzengozi dzoutano hwavanhu vose, dzakadai sedenda reCOVID-19, masangano anodzosera mutemo akatenderera nokukurumidza. FDA yakabudisa Emergency Uself User Relations for pementings neraptions, nepo CDC (kunyange isiri sangano rinodzosera pamutemo pase) yakagovera nhungamiro iyo nyika inoziva uye inodzora yomunzvimbomo. Kukurumidza uku kunobvira bedzi nemhaka yokuti masangano ane gadziriro dzapamberi dzechisarudzo nedzokuvimbisana mutengo wepabhengi.

Kuongorora Zvitoro Nezvikepe Zvinobudirira

Masangano ezvemari uye ezvokudzivirira anochengeta chivimbo muupfumi. SEC inomanikidza gadziriro dzinodzivisa kukweretesa. Inoda kuti makambani anotengesa pachena kuti azivise mashoko emari akarurama. FTC inorwisana nokunyengera nokubatanidza pamwero wezvemari. CFPB inodzora chikwereti chechikwereti, makadhi okukweretesa, uye zvikwereti zvavadzidzi kuti vadzivirire vatengi pakukweretesa. Pasina izvi zvinodzivirira, misika ingava nengozi yokushandisa, mukati kutengeserana, uye ngozi yegadziriro yemari inoratidzirwa nenjodzi yemari ya20088, izvo zvakatungamirira kusikwa kweCFPB uye kutarisirwa kweSECCC.

Department of Justice Division, inoshanda pamwe chete neFTC, ichangobva kutevera kurwisa mabhinya makuru ezvombo zvemazuva ano nokuda kwemiitiro yokurwisa mijaho inofungidzirwa, ichisimbisa kusimba kunoita mitemo yemabhizimisi panguva yemadhigirii.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo Nokutsigirwa

Masangano anodzora mhoteredzo anodzikamisa mitemo inodzivirira zviwanikwa zvezvino uno nezvinotevera. EPA inotarisira Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act, uye Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compisensiation, uye Lization Act (Kuchengeteka), pakati pezvimwe. Mibato mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kuisa mipimo yorudzi yemhepo yakanaka nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvakadai seozone, zvinhu zvinokamuranisa, uye mutobvu.
  • Kubudisa mvumo dzokupinda mumvura dzenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
  • Kunyanyotarira kucheneswa kwenzvimbo dzetsvina dzine ngozi uye kuita kuti mapati ane mutoro azvidavirire.
  • Kudzora kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziyisa kugadziridza kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, sezvinotsigirwa mu [FLT: 0] Massachusetts v. EPA (2007).

Masangano emhoteredzo ehurumende anowanzoshandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende munhume, achiwedzera mashoko omunzvimbomo namabasa okuchengeta. Kuwedzera kwave kuri kuva kuvandudza kunotapukira: kuderedza tsvina yomumaguta, nzizi dzakachena, uye kuvandudzika kwemarudzi ari mungozi. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvakadai sokubuda kwezvinonhuwira (zvikurukuru, PFAS) uye kudikanwa kwokuvandudza mugariro wokunze kunopfuurira kuraira kuvandudzwa kwesangano.

Fundo Chaiyoiyo Yenhau Yenyika: Kumanikidzwa Kushanda

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunoratidza kuti masangano anotungamirira anoshandura sei mutemo kuva migumisiro inooneka.

SEC v. Indadir Trading: Mhaka yeGalleon

Muna 2009, SEC yakapomera Raj Rajaratnam neSaniheni yake yeSaniheni nemota vachitengesa mari yaibva pamibayiro inobva kuvashandi vekambani uye vapi vemirayiridzi. Boka reSaints raishandisawo mawadhi ewaya ewaya ezvokutengeserana, mapepa ezvokutengeserana, ufakazi hwezvimwe kuti zvivake nyaya yacho. Kutenderwa kwemhosva kwakabva kwaguma nokurasika kwe $92,8 000 000 000 uye kurasika kwemari kwakabva mumisero yakasimba yeSEC kumusika. Mhaka iyi yakawedzerawo kuwedzerwa kwemitengo yedata yeSEC, zvichibvumira kuonekwa kwemiitiro yokutengesa zvinhu zvinonyumwirwa kuti ive ibudirire zvikuru.

Kumanikidza: Kuita Kwakachena Mvura

Guta reLouisville, Kentucky, rakatarisana nemutemo webvumirano wehurumende muna 2005 pashure pamakore okudziurira tsvina isina kuraswa muRwizi rweOhio. EPA neBato reKentucky nokuda kweNzvimbo Dzemhoteredzo Dzezvipfuva zvakada kuti guta ripe mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni US $56 mumiitiro yetsvina. Pakasvika 2020, kufashaidzwa kwetsvina kwakabatanidzwa kwakanga kwaderedzwa ne 95%, zvichiratidza kuti zviito zvokutarisira zvinogona sei kutungamirira kuvandudzwa kukuru kwenzvimbo dzinodzivirira utano hwevoruzhinji nemhoteredzo dzemvura.

Kutenderwa Nezvinodhaka ZveFDA: Kumhanya Zvakanaka uye Kuchengetedza

FDA yakatendera kuongorora kwokutanga kwenzvero yecheki, ipil mouceab (Yervoy), nokuda kwemishonga yekenza yakakwirira muna 2011 yakaratidza basa resangano mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva painenge ichidzivirira varwere. Kuongorora kwakabatanidza kubvumira kwokukurumidza kwakavakirwa pamashoko okuedza ePase II, kuchiteverwa nenzvero dzepashure kuti kusimbise kuti kuraramike. Iyi muenzaniso wazova mutevedzeri wemishonga yokubvisa kenza, unoratidza kuti masangano anogona sei kugadziridza gadziriro dzawo kuti asvitse zvinodikanwa zvokurapa nokukurumidza pasina kukanganisa kuchengeteka.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Zvinotarisana Nezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nemabasa azvo akakomba, masangano anodzora anotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinopfuurira zvinogona kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo.

Zvirongwa Zvezvinhu Nenhau Dzebasa

Masangano akawanda anoshanda nemwero yemari isina kuvambirana nemitoro yawo kana kuti kukura kwamaindasitiri anodzorwa. Office yeMagariro (GAO) yakazivisa yawadzazve kuperevedza kwavashandi paOSHA, FDA, uye SEC senhau dzakakwirira. Migumisiro inobatanidza:

  • Kuongorora kushoma, kuchibvumira kuputswa kusingaonekwi.
  • Kudzokorora kwenguva refu nguva dzezvinhu zvitsva, mvumo, uye zviito zvokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe.
  • Kuwana nokuchengeta unyanzvi chaihwo, zvikurukuru muzvinhu zvounyanzvi zvakadai sesayenzi yemashoko neruzivo rwezvoruzivo rwezvinhu zvine chepfu.
  • Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwava kutogadzirwa hunotadzisa kuongorora mashoko uye kubatana kwezvimwe zvinhu.

Kuedza kugadzira zvinhu zvinoda mari, zvakadai sokushandisa kwakaita FDA uchapupu chaihwoihwo hwenyika kana kuti mashoko anobva mugore, kunoda kuti pave nemari yakawanda inoshandiswa ingaita kuti pave nyore kuronga mari.

Dzvinyiriro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedzemaindasitiri

Masangano anotungamirira anoshanda mumhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika umo mapoka efariro, akasarudzwa vakuru vakuru, uye murangariro wavanhu anoshandisa pesvedzero.

  • Kubatwa kwedare kwapamubatanidzwa - Kana sangano rikanyanya kuwirirana nemaindasitiri raidzora, kazhinji nemhaka yokuwanazve mari yapaimba, kukwidza kukuru, kana kuti mashoko. 2015 Volkswagen “Dieggate” yakaratidzira kuti ukama hwakanaka pakati pekambani neForces Air Board (CARB) yakabvumira kubiridzira kuti hurambe huripo kwemakore.
  • Kudzora kwoMutongi weChibvumirano - Vatasvi vebhajeti vanogona kudzvinyirira masangano anononotsa mitemo kana kuti kudzikamisa kudzokera shure. Congress Review Act inopa simba rokuputsa mitemo yesangano yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, chishandiso chinoshandiswa nenzira ine simba pashure pechinjo dzapurezidhendi.
  • Zvinoshanda zvinopesvedzera - Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa miraidzo yavakuru vakuru kuraira masangano kuderedza mitoro kana kuti kuisa nzvimbo dzokuchengetera. Magwaro enhungamiro, akadai se2020 OMB pachinoitika chenzvero yendyiko yemari, kugadziridza zvimiro zvemitemo pasina mutemo wetsika.

Idzi dzvinyiriro dzinoda masangano kuchengeta kuzvimirira kupfurikidza nemiitiro inojeka, ufakazi hwakasimba hwesayenzi, uye kuvimbisana kunobatanidza mifungo yakasiana - siana.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwezvoruzivo Nezvokutengeserana

Kukurumidza kuvandudza kunoparira misiyano pakati pemirau iripo nengozi dziri kubuda. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Cryptical and Fintech[FT:1] – SEC neCFTC zvakarwisa kuronga zvinhu zvemichina sezvinhu zvinochengetedzwa kana kuti zvinhu, zvichitungamirira kukusava nechokwadi nokudzikamisa mumitemo mukurwisana nemitengo mikuru yakadai seBinance neBhinbase.
  • Uchenjeri hunogadzirwa – FTC yakashandisa chiremera chayo pa “mabasa kana kuti miitiro inonyengera” kukurukura tsvete yemitemo mukurovha nokukwereta, asi mirau yeAI inoramba yakapatsanuka mumasangano.
  • Kuronga uye Biotechnology – FDA kurapa kwakavakirwa paCRISPR kunoda kuti pave nokubudirira kunenge kwaita kufambira mberi nezvinoguma zvaitika kwenguva refu zvisingazivikanwi, nepo USDA ichidzora zvirimwa zvakachinjwa magene.

Masangano ari kupindura nehofisi dzakatsaurirwa (sezviro, Dare reNhengo reScreenturation for Innovation and Financial Technology), mapoka anoshanda anofambiswa, uye nhungamiro yakavandudzwa. Zvisinei, chiito chemitemo chinowanzodikanwa kupa zviremera zvitsva kana kuti miganhu yemitemo yakajeka.

Kuongorora Kwokutonga uye “Mibvunzo Yamakurukota Dzidziso”

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rePamusoro peUnited States rakashandisa “dzidziso yemibvunzo mikuru” kuganhurira chiremera chesangano pamusoro penhau dzezvemari kana kuti dzezvamatongerwe enyika kutoti Dare rakapa zvakajeka simba iroro. Zvisarudzo zvakadai se West Virginia v. EPA [2022] [202]) yakarovanya Gwaro reSocial Purce Plan, rinorangarira kuti EPA haigoni kuisa gadziriro yechipapu neratisi pasina kubvumira kwakananga kwakananga. Iyi dzidziso inotyisidzira mano emasangano okutaura zvinetso zvitsva nemheyo yepane yemagariro enguva dzapakuvamba.

Nguva Yemberi Yokumanikidzwa Kutungamirira

Masangano anotungamirira acharamba achichinja achichinja - chinja achiitira kuti agadzirise basa rawo.

  • [[NUMBO:0] Kudzosera tsvina-Durgate - Masangano ari kuisa mari muuchenjeri hwokugadzira, kudzidza michina, uye mashoko makuru kuti aone kutyorwa, kufanoziva ngozi, uye kuisa mari. Somuenzaniso, SEC’S trakets Information Data Analytics System (MIDAS) inoona musika munguva chaiyo.
  • Colitive Federation - Nepfuma yehurumende yakaoma, hurumende namasangano omunzvimbomo zviri kuita mabasa makuru okuchengeta, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvebatira pamwe uye kupa mari. Nhume dzeEPA dzeCeac Water Act dzinobvumira purogiramu kuti izivikanwe.
  • Regatoria Sandbots ne Innovation Hubs – Kukurudzira zvitsva apo unodzivirira vatengi, mamwe masangano ari kuedza kuvatsiki vechinguvana kana kuti mapurogiramu endege. CFPB ye “mubato webetsero wejechajeni ” inobvumira makambani ezvipfeko zvitsva pasi pemiraudzo yakasununguka.
  • Transparency neKutora rutivi kwavose - Online kugadzira mitemo, kunzwa kupenyu, uye kuparadzira mashoko kuri nani zviri kuita kuti mibato yesangano isvike. Mitemo.gov chikuva chinobatsira kuzviisa pasi pevoruzhinji nokutepfekedza.

Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwemasangano anotungamirira kunotsamira pakuvimba kwevanhu kwenguva dzose, zviwanikwa zvakakwana, uye kurongwa kwepamutemo kunodzikamisa kuchinjika nokuzvidavirira.

mhedziso

Masangano anoronga haasati achingovawo zvavo vamanikidzi; ivo vagadziri vemitemo inoshanda inoshandura donzo remitemo kuva rechokwadi chezuva riri rose. Kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo, kuchengetwa, vanodzivirira utano hwavanhu, vanovimbisa ruramisiro yezvebhizimisi, uye vanochengetedza mhoteredzo. Nepo vachitarisana nedenho dzinokatyamadza(recustos reconsoles), dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, chinjo dzekugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinokurumidza, uye mitemo yokutonga (hrongedzero) inoramba iri chiratidzo chokutonga kwazvino uno. Kusimbisa masangano okudzora kupfurikidza nemari yakakwana, vashandisitiri vezvo, uye zvibvumirano zvakajeka zvichava zvinokosha kana vachizopfuurira kuita basa ravo rinokosha munyika ine simba uye isingadeyiki. Nokunzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoshanda, vagari vezvipo, vagari vezvipo, uye vagadziri vemitemo zvakafanana vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti titsigire pamutemo nokuda kwenzanga, uye kuti titsigire nzanga.