Kurwira kodzero dzemitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo muUnited States kwakaumbwa zvikuru nenhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzevashingairi muzvizvarwa zvose. Vachiitira hanya sezvikonzero zvokuchinja, ava vanhu namasangano vakadenha mitemo inodzvinyirira, vakabvisa murangariro wavanhu, uye chinjo dzemitemo nedzokutonga dzinodzorwa nedzinorovererwa. Iyi nyaya yakakura inonzvera zvikuru mabasa enhau neazvino uno echiito, ichiongorora kuti chiito chakaumbwa neboka chakabvumikisa sei nguva dzose miganhu yorusununguko nokuenzana pasi peBumbiro reMitemo.

Mavambo Akadzama Okuda Kupindira Munhau yeAmerica

Kubvira pakatangwa nyika, kupindira mumitambo kwave kuchikurudzira kurwisanisa mutemo weAmerica nepfungwa dzawo dzokutanga.

Sangano Rokusarudza Zvematongerwo Enyika

Sangano rokuparadza rezana ramakore rechi19 rinomira semumwe wemienzaniso yapakuvambasasaidzo yezviito zvechimurenga zvinoshatisa pamutemo. Mirangariro yakadai saFrederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, naWilliam Lloyd Garrison vakashandisa kutaura mashoko okunyora, vakabudisa mapepanhau, uye vakashandisa Uranda hweUnderpround Railrand kuti vafunure utsinye. Nhambu dzavo hadzina kungofutunura bedzi murangariro wavose weNorvest asi dzakadzvinyirirawo hurumende yehurumende, pakupedzisira inotungamirira kukusimbiswa kwechibvumirano che 13th Amendmentment (HPremendement), iyo yakaratidzira kuti dzvinyiriro yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika yaigona sei kubudisa Bumbiro remitemo pacharatimende rimene. Nokuda kwemite yedavi, onawo [FLT:]

Nhimbe Yavakadzi Yakashatirwa

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, vashingairi vakafanana naSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, uye Sojourner Truth vakatanga kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota dzevakadzi. Mumakumi emakore okuronga, kukumbira, uye kusateerera hurumende, sangano rakaguma muPraition yechi19. Urongwa hunokosha hwakabatanidza kufora kukuru, nzara, uye kukurudzira vaiti vemitemo. Kubudirira kwesangano racho kwakaratidza kuti kuzvipira kunoitwa nevarume nevakadzi kwaigona kukurira zvikuru kusarura kwapamutemo, kuwedzera kusarudzwa kwougarikanhene hwemo.

Sangano Revashandi Nekodzero Dzemari

Nepo varwi vakadai saCesar Chavez naDolores Huerta vakarebesa mukurukurirano dzerusununguko rwevanhu, sangano ravashandi rave richikosha mukuchengetedza kodzero dzemari dzinotsigira rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo. Kurova, kuronga, uye kumanikidzwa kwezuva rokushanda ramaawa masere zvakatungamirira kumutemo wakadai seNational Labor Relations Act ya1935. Vashandi vakadai saCesar Chavez naDolores Huerta gare gare gare vakatambanudzira iyi hondo kuvashandi vepurazi, ichibatanidza kodzero dzebasa kurwisana nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Sangano rebasa rinosimbisa kuti kuita mabasa nokuda kweruramisiro yemari inosa rinodzivisa kudzivirirwa kwokutaura norusununguko, kuungana, uye muitiro wakafanira.

Kodzero DzemaIndia eAmerica Nouchangamire

Vanhu vemo vakatoshandisa zviito kuti vatsigire kodzero dzavo dzechibvumirano nouchangamire. American Indian Movement (AIM), yakavambwa muna 1968, yakatamba rwisano dzakadai sebasa reAlcatraz Island neGray of Broken Trease. Izvi zviito zvakakwevera ngwariro kukuputswa kwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo neuchangamire hwedzinza. Kukunda kwapamutemo, kubatanidza Indian Self - Deminitation and Education Act Act ya1975, zvakanga zviri miuyo yakananga yedzvinyiriro. Kurwisa kunopfuurira nhasi pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, kodzero dzenyika, uye mapurisa.

Nhambo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo: Kubviswa Kwechinjo Yebumbiro remitemo

Kusangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo romuma1950 nomuma1960 rinoramba riri muenzaniso mukurusa wechiito wokuchinja mutemo nemitemo.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Nezviito Zvinotanga

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 9556) – Yakafurirwa nokuramba kwaRosa Park kubvisa chigaro chake, uyu mukomana wezuva 381 akatungamirira kudare gurusa kuti kuganhurira pamabhazi avose kwakanga kusingawirirani. Mukomana akabatanidza simba remibatanidzwa yemari nerechiito.
  • Gaysboro Sit-Ins (1960) - Vana vadzidzi vekoreji vaigara panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvokudya zvemasikati bedzi, vachiisa boka ravagari vemo mhiri kweSouth. izvi zviito zvakananga zvakamanikidza mabhizimisi namaguta kubvisa pokugara pavose.
  • March paWashington (1963) - vanhu vanopfuura 250 000 vakaungana paChirangaridzo cheLincoln, vachiraira mabasa norusununguko. Chiitiko chacho chakawedzerwa chinoraira Chibvumirano cheChiviln Rights, icho chakapfuura gore rakatevera.
  • Selma Marchs (65) – “Svondo,” umo vafambi vakadenhwa namasimba masimba, vakakatyamadza nyika uye vakanyandurwa tsigiro nokuda kweChirevo Chekodzero Dzavanhu cha 1965.

Izvi zvinoitika zvakanga zvisiri zvokuzviitikira; zvakanga zviri mugumisiro wokuronga kwokungwarira kunoitwa namapoka akadai seSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) neDare Romudzidzi Nonligth Courining (SNCC).

Vatungamiriri Nezvavaivavarira

Martin Luther King Jr. akatsigira kusateerera kwavagari vemo kusina masimba masimba, kunobva muuzivi hwaGandhi. Malcolm X, pakutanga achitsigira kuzvida, gare gare akashanduka kuva anozvitsiva. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinochinja mumaitiro neapo nepo kupfuudzira mamiriro ezvinhu akaita kuti chiito chemitemo chisadzivisike. Kutaura kwavo namanyoro zvinoramba zviri zvirevo zvavatsigiri venguva ino.

Mitemo Inokosha Yakasundwa Nechiito

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1946 chinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Voting Rights Act ya1965 inorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Iyi mitemo yakanga isiri zvipo kubva kuna vezvamatongerwe enyika; yakanga iri rukundo rwakaoma rwakawanwa navashingairi vakatsungirira masimba, kusungwa, uye tyisidziro. National Archives yeNational Rights Act .

Makambani Amakwenzi Azvino Uno Nokukura Kwerusununguko Rwevagari Vemo

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, masangano anoongorora zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu anoramba achidzvinyirira kodzero dzepamutemo, achigadzirisa nyaya dzokushanda kwemapurisa, kutama kwevanhu, kuzivikanwa kwevanhukadzi, uye dzimwewo nzira.

Upenyu Hwevatema Nechinjo Yamapurisa

Yakatanga muna 2013 pashure pokunge Trairevon’s flareter, Black Lives Confect (BLM) yaita kuti pave nesangano renyika yose rinopikisa utsinye hwemapurisa norudzi rwenyika. Kupfurikidza nokuramba, zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, uye zvinetso zvepamutemo, BLM yaita kuti mapurisa azvidavirire, makamera, uye kubviswa kwekuzvidzivirira. Sangano racho raitawo kuti pave nekurukurirano dzine chokuita nemitemo inodzivirira yakaenzana yePendementment ye14 uye yakaita kuti pave nokuchinja kwenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

Kuenzana Kwavakadzi Nekuenzana Kwavanhu Vane Urombo

Musi waMarch 2017 Vakadzi, mumwe wezvibvumikiso zvikuru zvezuva rimwe munhau yeUnited States, vakakweva mamiriyoni mukupindura kusarudzwa kwaPurezidhendi Donald Trump uye kunetseka pamusoro pekodzero dzokubereka, kunetsa muvatano, uye rusaruro rwevarume. Rwendo rwakamutsidzirwa zviito zvevakadzi, zvichitungamirira kukuwedzera kwenhamba dzenhamba dzevakadzi kunzvimbo. Mazano akadai seCompalement Rights Amerekandment Amendment (ERA) akawanazve chibvumirano, nokutsigira kwarongedzero kwaro yakakwana uye kutsigiro.

Boka Revaroyi Nekodzero Dzevaroyi

Pwere dzisati dzanzi Dreamers, dzakaronga kwemakumi emakore kuti dzive nenzvimbo yepamutemo uye nzira dzokuva mugari wemo. Chiito chavo chakatungamirira kupurogiramu yeDeserred Action for Childhows (DACA) muna 2012. Kupfurikidza nemisangano, kukurudzira, uye hondo dzedare, Varovi vakasimbisa kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo kwegadziriro yakafanira uye kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwevasiri vagari vemo. Sangano racho rinoratidza kuti mapoka anogona sei kuumba mutemo wakaderedzwa pasina simba rokuvhotera.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekuenzana Kweroorano

Kuvambira pamhirizhonga dzeStonewall dza 1969 kusvikira kurwisa roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, LGBTQ+ chiito chakakudza zvikurukuru rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Masangano akadai seHuman Rights Campaign namapoka ouswa anoshandisa kunyoresa, dzidzo yavose, uye chiito chakananga. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2015] muchato mumwe chetewo wezve wevatano yetekisi yorudzidziso nowezvene , muuyo wakananga wamakumi amakore echiito. Misi ichangobva kupfuura, kupfuudzira nokuda kwekodzero dzechinjo nedzinongeri.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokushandurwa Kwedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Kupa hurukuro yepamutemo kwave kuri chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti kodzero dzemitemo dzienderere mberi, zvichiita kuti masangano evanhu ave pamutemo.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapanyika Dzakaumbwa Nechiito

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) – NAACP] nyanzvi dzepamutemo, dzinotungamirirwa naThurmall, dzakadenha chikoro zvakananga. Chisarudzo chakaziviswa kuti “kusaenzana kwakaenzana kwapanyama, kuputsa [[FLT] PV] v.[FLT]]. Iyi yakanga iri mhedziso yamakore echiito chechiito nechiito nechiito.
  • . [773] – shingairo yavakadzi yerusununguko nekodzero dzokubereka yakaunza nhau yokubvisa pamuviri kumatare. Chisarudzo chacho chairatidza kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yekodzero dzemunhu oga pasi peKirefereze. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare yakatendeutswa ne Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022], nhau yacho inoenzanisira kuti kuita chiito kunogona sei kuisa kodzero dzemitemo mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015 - sezvinocherekedzwa, iyi nhau yakabva kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano na LGBTQ+ masangano anodenha roorano. Dare raidavira kuti Amendejeti ye 14 inoda kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano dzechidhinai, kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwemurangariro wavose unodzorwa nechiito cheIVF.
  • [FYN] [2010] – Nepo kazhinji kazhinji ichitsoropodzwa navafambi, iyi nhau yakabvawo mumhesvano yakabva mumapoka anochinjanwa anotsvaka kufutunura maruramiro okutaura akasununguka nokuda kwamasangano. Kunoratidzira kuti chikwikwi chinobatanidza mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru mubasa rematare, bhuku reACLU rekutsinhiranisa rinopa mienzaniso yakawanda yenzira dzokuita nayo zvinhu uye gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinobatanidza.

Basa Romutemo Wefariro Yavanhu Vose Rakasimba

Masangano akadai seSouthern Poverty Law Center, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, uye Center for Constitution Rights zvakaita zviito zvokunyoresa kupfurikidza nounyanzvi hwepamutemo. Zvinorovedza magweta, sutu dzemibato yeboka, uye shoo dzinotarira kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Masangano iwaya anovhara mukaha pakati pokuramba mumugwagwa nehoro dzemabble dzeDare Rapamusorosoro.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuvapo Kwokupindira Muchiito

Kukurukurirana, kutumira mashoko kwakasiyana - siyana, kufadzana, uye kutumira mashoko kwaita kuti zvisaita kuti vanhu vapinde uye vawedzere kufambira mberi.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Sechinhu Chinoshandiswa Kuparadza Vanhu

Mapepa akadai se Twitter, Facebook, uye Istagram anoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kugoverana pakarepo mavhidhiyo, kuridza mhando dzokuti vaende kumabasa, uye zvokudzidzisa. Black Lives Hashtag yakava yakafanana nesangano renyika yose. Hashtag sigtivigism, nepo dzimwe nguva ichitsoropodzwa sechinongodzorwa, chagara chashandurwazve kuva kuchinja chaikwo. Somuenzaniso, sangano re# MeToo rakapararira nokukurumidza paIndaneti, zvichiita kuti pave nokuchinja basa uye zviito zvepamutemo zvinorwisana nevatano.

Kufadza Boka Netsigiro Yemari

Mawebsite akadai seGoFoundMe anobvumira vashingairi kuunganidza mari yezvirongwa zvokuzvidzivirira mumutemo, bheraijair, uye zvenzanga nokukurumidza.Mukuramba 2020 pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, mamiriyoni akasimudzirwa nokuda kwemari yebheyili namasangano anorwira. Uku kuderedzwa kwehurumende kwemari kunoreva kuti zvisawane mari pasina kutsamira pavatengi vemabhiri.

Kushanda Nemagetsi uye Michina Inorwisa

Saka masangano akawanda ari kusimbisa kuchengeteka kwemakombiyuta, achishandisa maapp akanyorwa kuti anoshanda sezviratidzo uye kudzidzisa vanhu vari pachivande.

Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo: Miganhu Mitsva uye Kuramba Kuchitamburira

Makumi emakore ari kuuya achaona kuti masangano achange achitaura nezveruramisiro yemamiriro okunze, uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, kusaenzana kweupfumi, uye kutyisidzira masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Ruramisiro Yemamiriro Okunze Nekodzero Dzezvakatipoteredza

Mapoka anofamba nepwere akadai seSunrise Movement neDandres for Future ari kuraira chiito chehurumende pachinjo yomugariro wokunze. Anoisa kushata kwemhoteredzo senhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo, achiramba kuti kushatisa kunokuvadza nzanga dzakaderedzwa zvisingaenzaniswi. Kutsigira pamutemo kuri kusundwa nokuda kwamaruramiro kumhoteredzo yakanaka, kuchivakira pazvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pechivimbo chavose nomuitiro wakafanira.

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Musiyano wepfuma wakaparira masangano akadai seOccuppy Wall Street uye anoda mari yenyika yose.Vashandi vanopikisa kuti kushaiwa mari kunoderedza kodzero dzemunhu oga uye kudzivirira kwakaenzana. Hondo dzemitemo dzenguva yemberi dzinganangidzira ngwariro pabumbiro remitemo rokuisa upfumi hwakawandisa, zvikurukuru sokurasa mabasa emotokari.

Kudzivirira Utongi Hwose uye Kupa Kodzero

Mukudzorwa kwemitemo inodzvinyirira muvhoti nedenho kurusarudzo, chiito chiri kunangidzira ngwariro pakudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Mapoka akafanana neLeague of Women Voters and Stacey Abramas Fair Fight Action ari kugadzirira kuwedzera kusvika kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kunyoresa kwomura, uye dzidzo. Hondo inopfuurira pamusoro peVoting Rights Act inosimbisa kuti mhindu haitongovi yechigarire.

mhedziso

Basa rekuita chiito mukufambisira mberi kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo harisi simba renhau asi simba ripenyu, rinofema. Kuvambira paDzidziro kusvika kuDreamers, kubva pamabhuku okunyoresa kusvika kuBlack Live Math, vashingairi vakabvumikisa vabvumikisazve kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo harisi gwaro chairo asi isangano ripenyu rinotsiva nokurwisa. Rukundo rwatinarwo nhasi harusi kodzero yokuvhota, dziviriro yakaenzana, roorano, uye rusununguko rwokutaura (h) zvose zvakavezwa nevanhu vairamba kugamuchira kusaruramisira. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvichavapo, mudzimu weachiito ucharamba uchikosha. Kurwira ruramisiro hakutongowanwa zvirokwazvo; kunopfuurirwa kuchizvarwa chinotevera.