Bazu Rine Chiremera: Purezidhendi, Kibheti, uye Chiremera Chavo Chomutemo

Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States injini inoita nokushandisa mitemo yenyika. Yakagadzwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, inotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi uye inotsigirwa naSanihedhendi Purezidhendi, Kabhinya, uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wemasangano ehurumende. Iri bazi rinoshandura donzo remitemo kushanda, rinodzora ukama hwedzimwe nyika, rinoraira mauto, uye rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa chimiro charo nemabasa aro zvinokosha kuti rinzwisise kuti tsika yeAmerica yehurumende yehurumende inoshanda sei, uye kuti simba rayo rinoongororwa sei nemamwe mapazi. Nyaya inopa sei rondedzero yemibato yaPrezidhente, kuumba kwaKBhabhurote, uye mabasa ebazi renyika yose, kubatanidza kushanduka - chitarisiko charo.

Purezidhendi: Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Purezidhendi weUnited States anobatira muzvikwaniriso zvakawanda panguva imwe cheteyo ne-(panguru, mukuru mukuru wemukuru, mumiriri mukuru, mutungamiriri wemitemo, uye mukuru wehurumende. Uku kuiswa kwemitoro kunoita kuti kuva sachigaro kuve rimwe ramahofisi ane simba zvikurusa munyika, bva kunodzorwa necherekedzo dzebumbiro remitemo nezvokwadi dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College uye anofanira kuva naanenge makore 35 okukura, mugari wemo wechisiko, uye mugari weU.S. kwamakore 14.

Mukuru Mukuru Anotungamirira

Samukuru mukuru wehurumende, Purezidhendi ane mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chemitemo yehurumende yokuti itwe nokutendeka. Ikoku kunoreva kutungamirira dare rinofambira mberi rebazu guru, iro rinobatanidza vashandi vasiri varwi vanenge 2.7 miriyoni (kubatanidza mauto). Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 makuru, pamwe chete nezviuru zvavakuru vakuru vakuru, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume (‘vadzoreri vapakusimbiswa kwedare redare.) Purezidhendi anewo simba rokubudisa mirairo yehurumende, iyo inonangidzira sei mitemo yesangano. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akashandisa zviratiso zvehurumende kuti atange michina yeDaucial yeProfesa yeProfesa, neporente Joe Biden yakaishandisa kufambisiramendime.

Mutungamiriri-murwi-murwi

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza Purezidhendi semukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, achiisa vashandi vose vehondo, (*-Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Space Force, uye Coast (panguva yehondo). Iri simba rinobatanidza kuraira mauto kupinda muhondo, kugadza gadziriro dzehondo, uye kubvumira kuti mabasa okuvhozhokera. Zvisinei, Congress inochengeta simba rokuzivisa hondo nokutsigira hondo, kutsigira mauto, kutanga kusawirirana kukuru. Mienzaniso isingataurwi inobatanidza Purezidhendi Harry Truman ‘s kuti apindire muKorea pasina chiziviso chepamutemo chehondo, uye Purezidhendi George W. Chibvumikiso chaBhiro chekuvhotera kuvhozhozhokera pashure perefu ye 9/11. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anodzorawo zvombo zvenyukireya uye ane simba rokubudisa zvombo zvenyukireya.

Mutungamiriri Wezvidhori

Mumutemo wokumwe, Purezidhendi anoshanda semumiririri mukuru wenyika, anomirira United States iri kunze kwenyika, achitaurira zvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare kudzorwa nevhoti mbiri dzakatumidzwa), uye kugadza nhume. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogonawo kusaina zvibvumirano zvehurumende namarudzi okumwe pasina tendero yedare, chishandiso chinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwegadziriro dzezvokutengeserana nechengeteko. Kuwedzerazve, Purezidhendi ane simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon's akashanyira China pashure pamakumi amakore okuzviparadzanisa, uye Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump akaziva Jerusarema sedzimbahwe reIsrael muna 2017, achibvisapo chikwata cheU.

Mutungamiriri Womutemo

Kunyange zvazvo Purezidhendi asati ari mutezo weCongress, Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera pesvedzero yemitemo inokosha. Mutungamiriri weSangano anogona kukarakadza mutemo( somuenzaniso, State of the Union) inowanzoisa zvirongwa zvemitemo(//ndipo anogona kuisa mari yezvikwereti inopfuudzwa neCongress. Aveto inogona kushaikwa bedzi nevhoti mbiri-tatu mumakamu, uko kusingawanzowanika. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo simba rokudana kuti Congresss kuti ives parusando chaiyo uye kuisawo makamuri kana vasingagoni kubvumirana panguva imwe. Mapurezidhedhendi azvino anoshandisa chikuva chevaradziro chamazita kumunhu weAmerica kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau kuti aite. Purezidhendi B. Johnson akakurumbira akashandisawo unyanzvi hwake kubudisa chibvumirano chehurumende chiCity Act of Comment Act of 1964, neast Congssion Arces Oharst paast Assssworks anoshandisa zviito zvinodzodzorame.

Mutungamiriri Wezvemari

Purezidhendi anoita basa guru mukuumba muitiro wemari. Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari yegore negore kuCongress, achironga zvokushandisa pakutanga nokuda kwepurogiramu dzehurumende. Purezidhendi anogadzawo chigaro cheFederal Reserve (pakunangana nedare) uye mitezo yeDare reEconomic Advisers. Panguva yenjodzi dzemari, Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza zvikamu zvinonyandura, mitemo yezvokutengeserana, uye chinjo dzezve. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt's New Seart akatanga ndyiko yehurumende yakakura kuti ipedzerwe nokuderera kukuru kwoKuderera Kukuru kwoupfumi, uye Purezidenti George W. Bush naBack Obama zvose zviri zviviri zvibvumirano zvemari mukati mabhiriyoni e Zverati yeZuludha ra200202013.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi

Nepo purezidhendi achigara achionekwa sebasa rinotsigirwa, hofisi ine revo yebumbiro remitemo neinoshanda. Mutungamiriri weSangano anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvivhoti zvokupedzisa, uye ari wokutanga munhevedzano apo Purezidhendi anenge atadza kubatira. Vateveri vapfumbamwe vapurezidhendi vakabudirira kumonia vachitevera rufu rwapurezidhendi kana kuti kubviswa, kubatanidza Theodore Roosevelt, Harry Truman, naLydon B. Johnson. Muvambi vasarira vaPrezidhente vanowanzova vapfumi veProfetia vamapurendi vama pamamirire echikwata chakananga (g., Kamara Harla akana pamusoro pekodzero yokuvhotera uye kudzokera kuCentral America) uye anobatira sekiosero yekiosando. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anovhotera akasarudzwa naPrezidentiaiaiaiaia asi anogona kubviswa bedzi nerufu.

Dare Ravakuru Vehurumende

Dare rinoumbwa nedare rinogadza dare rinoumbwa naPurezidhendi mukuru wemadhipatimendi 15 makuru, pamwe chete navamwe vakuru vakuru vakadai seWhite House Chivimbo cheStaff, U.S. Trade Mumiririri weHofisi yeDzidzo neHramendi. Mitezo yeKabhineti inogadzwa naPrezidhendi uye inosimbiswa naDare. Vanobatira pamifarwa yaPurezi, kureva kuti vanogona kudzingwa pasina chisakiso. Mavambo eKenkten anodzokera kuGeorge Washington, uyo akabvunzana noMunyori weStatement Alexander Hamilton, uye vamwe. Nhasi, Khabhinet inosangana nguva nenguva kuti ikurukure dare raro, kunyange zvazvo richisiana pesvedzero yarongete-mabhinibhaneti, apo vamwe vanoisa chisarudzo pakati penhau yePreji.

Department of State

Yakavambwa muna 1789, Department of State inotungamirira gadziriro dzokunze nenhamburiko dzemibatanidzwa. Inodzora zvibvumirano nokudzorwa kwenyika yose, inotaurirana, mapasipoti nevhiza, uye inomirira U.S. paChibatanwa chaMarudzi. Munyori weHurumende ndiye mutezo wakakwirira weCabinet pashure paPuence Purezidhendi uye ndewechina mumutsara wapurezidhendi weteshi. Mabhishopi asingatamisi anobatanidza John Quncincy Adams, Hillary Clinton, naAnton Birten. Mari yebato yemarica yeUnited States inenge $60 bhirion, kudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemitezo yemari uye purogiramu dzokumwe nyika.

Department of Defense

Department of Defense (DoD) inotarisira chengeteko yemauto neyorudzi, ine dzimbahwe paPentagon. Iro idhipatimendi gurusa kupfurikidza nebhajeti (rinopfuura mabhiriyoni 800 e $3 000 muna 2023(uye rinoshandisa mauto anoshingaira namamirioni 1,3 uye vashandi vasiri varwi vanoshingaira. Munyori weSangano reUnivendi, uyo anofanira kuva musiri muuto (kupfurikidza nomutemo, makore manomwe kubvira pabasa rokushingaira), anopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro pegadziriro dzehondo nemabasa. DoD inobatanidza Hondo, Air Force, Marine, uye Milive, Switima yeSpace Board, pamwe chete naMakurukota eStaff. Zviito zveDoD zvinobatanidza kuvhozhotera yeIrati yeIrati yeIraq mu 2003 uye yamurangamubatsiri womuzvarirwo pashure pengwavaira dzomusikirwo.

Dhipatimendi Reveimba

Dare reTreasure rePrecial Department rinotarisira mari yehurumende: kuunganidza mitero kupfurikidza neIRS, kubudisa chikwereti (zvisungo zvemari), mari yokutsikirira, uye kupa zano pamuitiro wemari. Idzowo dzinotarisira Sesciro (pakuvamba kurwisa kugadzirwa kwemirimo yokunyepedzera) neFoold Crimes Enforcement Network. Munyori weveMari weMouse mutauriri wemari mukuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirira kurukurirano dzemari yamarudzi ose. Nhau yedhipatimendi inobatanidza kutangwa kwebhangi renyika yose uye kuumbwa kweIRS muna 1913.

Department of Justice

Department of Justice (DOJ) inoita kuti mitemo yehurumende iteererwe uye inomirira U.S. munhau dzepamutemo. Inotungamirira naAttorney General, inobatanidza FBI, DEA, ATF, uye U.S. Marshals Service. DOJ inotonga mhaka dzehurumende, inodzivirira mitemo yehurumende mudare, uye inotarisira majeri ehurumende. Attorney anogara muCamplicaney asi anokarirwa kushandisa chisarudzo chokuzvimirira; tsika yeDOJ kuzvitonga yakaedzwa mumatongerwe enyika azvino uno. Zviito zvikuru zvinobatanidza kunzvera kwemakambani makuru okugadzira zvinhu.

Mamwe Maparedhi Ekirebhiti

Madhipatimendi 11 asara anofukidza nharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro: Nzvimbo dzomukati dzinotarisira nyika dzehurumende nezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo (sezvinei, mapaka ezvenyika); Murima wezvokurima unotarisira kuchengeteka kwezvokudya, mari inogoverwa papurazi, uye gadziriro dzezvokudya; zvokutengeserana zvinosimudzira kushambadza, kukura kwezvemari, uye Censurence; Kusimbisa mitemo yebasa nokuronga mashoko ezve zvoupfumi uye kuronga mashoko ezvemari; Zvombo zvenyukireya uye kuronga mari; Kudzora mari nemari, Kuchengetedza mari, Kuchengetedzwa kwezvitoro nenzvimbo zvehondo zvinogara Panyika; Kudzora upfumi nenzvimbo dzechiuto kudzora mari nedzero; Kuchengetedza mari, kudzivirira uganda, miganhuro, uye kuronga kudzora kufambidzanobuda kwehurumende; uye kugovera dzidzo yezve zvoutano hwehondo; Miteshi yehurumende uye kugovera dzidzo yezve yezve mari yehurumende; Kubudirira yehurumende uye kunzvimbo dzehurumende dzehurumende; Miteshina yokubudirira yezvirongwa zvehurumende; Miteshishi yokubudirira yezvirongwa; Mite

Kuzvimirira Kwezvirongwa Nemasangano

Kupfuura madhipatimendi 15 eCabinet, bazi racho rinobatanidza masangano akawanda anozvimirira anoshuma zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi kana kuti anoshanda neudzori. Awa anobatanidza Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), SNA), Sma Bomassation , uye Federal Reserve Board. Dederal Reserventications. Dependent reconstrication . Departmental shoptions .Preant adzoromations , asi asingagoni kubvisa paari, uye Federal Commissionerce Commissioners (FCC), uye Federal TC) Commis Commis (FC) inoumbwairiranwa kuti iverirwe neboka revhosal dare rezvamatongerwant prolitial .

Mabasa makuru ebazu roUkuru

Kurayirwa uye Kushandiswa

Basa guru redare rebazu rinotonga nderokumanikidzira mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Ikoku kunobatanidza kushandura mirairo yakafara yemitemo kuva mirau yakananga, kuputsa mitemo, uye kupa betsero. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Affordcable Care Act yapfuudzwa muna 2010, bazu guru rakanyora mazana emitemo inodzora tsinhano dzeinishuwarenzi dzoutano, mari inobhadharwa, uye mushandirwi anoraira. Masangano eFederal anonzvera, anobudisa faindi, uye anounza mhaka dzevagari vemo kana kuti dzeutsotsi kuvimbisa kuteererwa. Iri basa rinopa bazi gurusa rinoshanda muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakukotsekanywa kwezvokudya kuenda kumigariro yebasa.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo Nokudzorwa

Zvirongwa zvinotanga mitemo ine udzame yokushandisa mitemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuisa mitemo yehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kugadza mitemo yokupedzisira ine simba romutemo. Federal Register ine makumi ezviuru emapeji emirau mitsva gore rimwe nerimwe. Somuenzaniso, EPA inogadza mipimo inobudiswa nokuda kwemotokari nenzvimbo dzesimba, Department of Transportation inosimbisa mipimo yechengeteko yemotokari, uye FDA inotendera mirimo mitsva nemichina yemishonga. Chiremera ichi chokudzora chinokosha nokuda kwedenho dzazvino uno unotonga asi chiriwo mukuvadziko yemitemo yedzokorodzano.

Kuronga Mari Nekushandisa Mari

Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza neOffice of Management and Balbage (OMB), anogadzirira chikarakadzo chemari yemari yegore negore icho chinoratidzira chengeteko yehurumende. Iyi chinyorwa chinopinzwa kuCongress, iyo ipapo inopfuudza zvikwereti zvokudzosera. OMB inotarisirawo kushanda kwesangano nokudzokororwa kwemitengo. Bazu rebumbiro rinotarisira kuunganidzwa kwemari inopfuura $4 000 000 000 mumari inobhadharwa nemari yemasangano, kubvisa masangano echibhadharo echisocial Security neMedicaresaresare. Department of Treasurences reS shoom kupfurikidza nemicro yemitchero apo ndyi yemari inodzo inopfuura mari yenyika yose inopfuura $333 mabhiriyoni.

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vanenge 4 000 vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza vanyori veCabitte, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vatungamiriri vamasangano akazvimirira. Vazhinjisa vanoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinjisa vebazu paripo, kunyange zvazvo vamwe (v] semitezo yemibato yakazvimirira) inobviswa bedzi nokuda kwechisakiso. Iri simba rinobvumira purezidhendi kuumba dare rejajiritary neramasangano kwamakumi amakore, sezvo vatongi vakagadzwa voupenyu hwose vanogona kupesvedzera mutemo kwenguva refu pashure pokubuda kwehofisi yapurezidhendi.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Miraidzo inodzora idzodzo dzinotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo isiri mitemo, zvinotakura simba rapamutemo chero bedzi zvakavakirwa pachiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti simba rebumbiro remitemo. Mapurezidhendi akaashandisa kubvisa mauto (Truman), kugadza Peace Corps (Kennedy), uye kushandisa mitemo yokubuda munyika (Obama naTrump). Mirairo yechiremera inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kurohwa nematare kana vakapfuura miganhu yemitemo. Zviziviso zvapurezidhendi zvinofanana asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakafanana, zvakadai sokuzivisa National Veterans Vieducation Week.

Kunzvera uye Dzikamo Pachiremera

Utariri Hunotonga

Congress inoshandisa udzori hukuru pabazu guru kupfurikidza nesimba raro kuisa mitemo inorondedzera kugadza, kusimbisa kugadzwa, uye kukunda majere. Matare eCongregational ane mhaka, kuraira magwaro, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kunzvera zviito zvehurumende. Revolution Accountactive Office yehurumende. Nzvero yokupedzisira ndeyokusatevedzerwa: Imba inogona kuudza Purezidhendi nokuda kwa "yere, chiokomu, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakaipa," uye Dare reHurumende rinogona kunzvera ndokubvisa. Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton19989, naDonald Cloberus (209 ne201) dzakava nekusapiwa mhosva; hapana yakawanwa.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rapamusoro namatare ehurumende ane simba rokuzivisa zviito zvokutungamirira zvisingawirirani, nheyo yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Matare akabvisa zvirango zvehurumende pakupinda munyika, zvirongwa zvehondo, uye kukwizvutswa kwezvigadziko zvesimbi (] pwere REPUTYP Comment & Tube Co. v. Sayer mhaka, 1952). Kuhwirudzura kwegweta kunovimbisa Purezidhendi kushanda mukati mepurendi yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo vabati vakuru vebazu vachiwanzoidzika miganhuro, ichitungamirira kuzvinoitika zvechiratidzo.

Zvimwe Zvinetso

Bazu guru rinofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yakadai seFreedom of Information Act, inobvumira kuti vanhu vawane zvinyorwa zvesangano. Federalist system inoisa masimba makuru kuhurumende, ichiganhurira kusvika kwechiito chehurumende. Bureatorc intentia uye tsika dzenyanzvi dziri mumasangano anogonawo kudzora zvirongwa zvapurezidhendi.

Mhindumupindu Yebazu Rine Chigaro Chikuru

Bazu guru rakura zvinoshamisa chifo chezuva raGeorge Washington. Kabhini yapakuvamba yaingova nemitezo mina (Chiteshi, Treasury, War, uye Attorney General). Zana ramakore rechi 19 rakaona wedzero yaMorioride (1849), Agricul(889), uye mamwe masangano. Zana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurira wedzero huru nemhaka yeNew Deal, Hondo Yenyika II, uye purogiramu Great Society. Chisiko cheHofisi yeGuru raPurezi rePresidential (EOP) muna 1939 vanoshanda paInday Whiteal Beast Security Council neOMB. Nhasi, bazu guru rinoshandisa uye rinoshandisa mamirioni emadhora emadhora emadhori. Mitemu pamusoro pesimba reNyika II II, uye masangano ehondo.

Kunzwisisa Basa Rinokosha Rebazi Rinotungamirira

Bazu guru rinopfuura zvikuru Purezidhendi neKibital (ichi chigadzirwa chakaoma kushandura muitiro kuti ushande, rinodzivirira nyika, rinodzora upfumi, uye rinoita mabasa kuvagari vemo. Kubva pamabasa emitemo yaPurezidhendi semukuru wedare uye mukuru wehurumende kubasa rezuva nezuva reDhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs neEPA, bazi rinodzora rinobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Simba raro, nepo rakakura, rinodzorwa nomutemo uye kutarisirwa nedare. Vagari vemo vemo vanonzwisisa iri inhano yokutanga kuzivisa kubvumirano nehurumende kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kusangana navamiriri, kana kuti kutevera kutonga kwehurumende.