Chitanga Kubudiswa: Nei Hurumende Ichifanira Kuronga Zvinhu Kuti Kuve Nechinjo Yezvemari

Kuchinja kwezvemari uye kugadziridzwa kwemapurani hakuiti muzvinhu zvinonzi zvisaririra. Zvinoumbwa, zvinokurumidza, kana kuti zvakavharirwa negadziriro dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinoshanda. Kuvakwa kwehurumende — ingava inopa simba kana kuti inoiparadzira, kana vakuru vakuru vakanangana neganhuriro dzisina simba dzemitemo kana kuti kuongorora kwakasimba, kana mapoka akarashwa kana kuti akakamurwa — kunoparira chirongwa chezvimbichimbiso uye mitsimba yebhotoro inosarudza kuti nyika inogona kuvandudza sei uye zvakakwana upfumi hwayo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha nokuda kwevagadziri vemitemo, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye vagadziri vemiitiro zvakafanana.

Gakava pamusoro pegadziriro yehurumende nokuchinja rine chimuko chenguva refu. Nyanzvi dzezvemari dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakaonesa kuti “kuvatambi” — vanhu kana kuti mapoka ane chibvumirano chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuchinja — rinogona kudzora kunyange chinjo dzakasanosimudzirwa. Nenzira yakapesana, gadziriro dzinobvumira chiito chokudzora chinotsunga chinogona kupfuurira nokugadziridza kunorwadza, asi dzingashaiwawo nzvero dzinodikanwa kudzivisa zvikanganiso zvemitemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti zvivako zvehurumende zvakasiana - siana zvinopfavisa sei kana kuti zvinodzivisa chinjo dzemari nenzvimbo, kunyora paufakazi hwakasanobatana nokupa gadziriro yokunzvera.

Kunyora Mabhuku Anogara Akanaka: Ganhuriro Dzehurumende Dzezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Mugadziriro yeparamende, bazu guru (gurukota guru) rinotorwa kubva uye rinozvidavirira kudare. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunogona kuparira kusatsiga kwekukurumidza kana kuti kukuvadza, kuchitsamira pagadziriro yebato. Hurumende imwe yebato — somuUnited Kingdom kana kuti New Zealand yenhambo zhinji yehondo yehondo — inogona kuita mutemo nokukurumidza nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru anodzora anodzora purogiramu dzemitemo. Zvisinei, apo hurumende dzebatanidzwa dzinova mutsika, somuItaly kana kuti Israeri, kugadziridza kugona kudzorwa kunogona kudzorwa nechinodikanwa chokugutsa fariro dzakawanda dzebato.

Chirango chamapati eparamende chimwe chakasiana-chinja. Mumiitiro yeboka reWestminster ine shamhu dzakasimba, kumukira kwegover, inobvumira hurumende kuita matanho asingadikanwi asi ari madikanwa. Nenzira inopesana, masangano ane chirango chebato risina simba kana kuti asingazvipinyi kazhinji kazhinji angaona kuchinja kwachinja pashure pechinjo yehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Gadziriro dzaPrezidhendi dzinoparadzanisa mapazu makuru ehurumende nemitemo, imwe neimwe nemirairo yamavhota. Uku kuparadzana kunogona kuita zvose zviri zviviri mikana nemhinganidzo. Purezidhendi ane voruzhinji vemitemo inotsigira, zvakadai seUnited States pasi paFranklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, anogona kusunda kupfurikidza nokuchinja kukuru. Asi apo kuva sachigaro nesangano zvinodzorwa nemapoka akasiyana - siyana — mugariro unozivikanwa sehurumende yakakamukana — remitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi wehurumende dzinovawo nemirano muteveridzo dzakatsiga, idzo dzinogona kugovera tsigano asi dzinodzivirirawo mutungamiriri wehurumende akasirira padzvinyiriro yakakurumbira.

Rutivi rukuru rwemiitiro yapurezidhendi mizhinji kuvapo kwechekero dzakasimba nedzikamo, kubatanidza hwirudzuro yedare nemirairo yemibatanidzwa. Iyoyi inogona kudzivisa chinjo dzechimbichimbi kana kuti dzechimbichimbi, asi inowedzerawo nhamba yamapfundo eveto. nokuda kwokupa maruramiro, ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange purezidhendi akazvipira angatarisana nemwedzi kana kuti makore okuzvidzwa pamberi pokunge bhizimisi rehurumende ragona kutengeswa.

Semi - Presiteries Nemadhiridha

France, Russia, uye nyika dzakawanda dzepashure peSoviet dzinoshanda mugadziriro dzakaita sedzisina kurongwa, umo purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anogara nemutungamiriri wehurumende uye dare rine mutoro kuparamende. Dzikamo yesimba inotsamira pakuti boka rapurezidhendi rinodzora mutezo. Kubatana — apo purezidhendi neparamende voruzhinji vari vamasangano akasiyana - siyana — vanogona kuparira rwisano yomukati iyo inodzosa chinjo dzemari, seyaionwa muFrance mukupera kwama1990.

Mimwe miitiro yemhuka, yakadai seSwiss Federal Council kana kuti kudzora kukuru kweChikwata cheKomonisiti cheChina, inoshora kuiswa kwechinzvimbo kuri nyore. Mugadziriro dzokudzora kana kuti dzechikamu chimwe, kukurumidza kugadziridza kazhinji kunowedzera nemhaka yokuti vatambi vevhato vanobviswa, asi kushaikwa kwokuzvidavirira kunogona kutungamirira kukuparadza nokushatisa.

Unitary Programs

Kupfuura ukama hwevakuru vakuru, kuparadzirwa kwenhau dzesimba. Gadziriro dzenzvimbo (muremo, India, Brazil, Germany) dzinobvisa chiremera chinokosha kuhurumende kana kuti maruwa. Ikoku kunogona kupfavisa kuedza kuchinja — mitoo yenzvimbo yehurumende inogona kugadziridzwa — asi inoparirawo mibatanidzwa mizhinji inooma kubvisa simba. Somuenzaniso, muIndia, kuedza kwehurumende yepakati kunyurusa danda rayo mumugodhi wemarasha kwakanonotswa kwenguva refu nokudzivisa kutakura marasha.

Miitiro yeUnitary (mutoo, France, Japan) inopa simba pakati, ichiita kuti chinjo dzenyika dzive nyore kushandisa — asi inozviisawo mungozi yokufuratira misiano yenharaunda iyo ingada mitoo yakagadziridzwa.

Vatsigiri Vechinjo Dzoupfumi Nokuchinja

Chiremera Chinodzora Chakagadzwa Nechido Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Apo mutungamiriri kana kuti boka rinotonga rine murairo wevhota wakajeka neganhuriro shomanene dzesangano, chinjo dzinogona kufamba nokukurumidza. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji ndokwakaitika mugadziriro dzeparamende dzine nzvimbo huru imwe. Kuchinja kukuru kwezvemari kweNew Zealand muma 1980, uko kwakabatanidza kubviswa kukuru, kushambadzira, uye kuiswa kwepfuma yehurumende, zvakasundwa nehurumende yeLabour yaidzora paramende. Nenzira yakafanana, kudzorwa kwependi yeChile mumidyandiva yapambe muma 1980 kwakaitwa noutongi hwehondo husati hwatarisana nechishoro chehurumende.

Zvisinei, chiremera chikuru ibakatwa rinokomberedzwa nemativi maviri. Pasina nzvero dzokuzvimirira, chinjo dzingava dzakagadzirwa zvisina kunaka kana kuti kubata betsero nokuda kwavakuru vakuru. Chinokosha ndechokuti kuda kwakasimba kwezvamatongerwe enyika, apo kunobatanidzwa namatechnocrates anokwaniriswa nemiitiro inojeka, zvinogona kukurira icentia iyo inoparadzanya.

Mhoteredzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Yakasimba Nekusava Nesimba

Vatengi vanoda kufanofeyafeya. Zvivako zvehurumende zvinogadzira mibatanidzwa yakatsiga kana kuti zvikamu zvikuru zvinoderedza ngozi yokuti miuyo yokuchinja ichachinjwa pashure pesarudzo inotevera. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi, nemirairo yadzo yakatsiga, dzinogona kupa dzikamo kunyange kana mukuru mukuru asingafarirwi, chero bedzi purezidhendi achiramba akaitwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, hurumende dzinowa kazhinji kazhinji mugadziriro dzeparamende (g., hurumende 69 dzeItaly chifo cha 1946) dzinodzivisa kutengeswa kwenguva refu uye kuita kuti kutengeswa kwemari ive chinhu chinofadza kumitengo.

Kubatana kunotsamirawo pakuzvimirira kwemasangano makuru. Apo mabhangi makuru, masangano anodzora, uye masangano anodzivisa uori anodzivirirwa pakupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika — somugadziriro yeparamende yeGermany kana kuti gadziriro yapurezidhendi weChile — kutendeseka kunokwira.

Masangano Anobudirira Nebasa Rokutungamirira

Kuchinja nokuchinja hazvisi pamusoro pokungopa mitemo; zvinoda masangano ane unyanzvi kuti agadzirire maitiro okutengesa, zvinhu zvinokosha, uye kugadzirisa kuchinja. Nyika dzine tsika dzebasa rehurumende dzakasimba, dzakadai seSingapore neNew Zealand, dzinogona kushandisa gadziriro dzokuisa zvinhu panzvimbo yazvo nenzira inobudirira. Mukupesana, nyika dzine masangano asina simba dzingaona kugadzirwa kwechinhu kuchiparira kutengeswa kana kuti uori.

Zvivako zvehurumende zvinotsigira kunyoreswa kwehurumende uye zvinodzivirira vashandi vehurumende pakupfurwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika (sokufanana nomugadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende) zvinokombamira kuvaka nzvimbo yakakwirira yesangano.

Basa Rezvidzori Nembwa Dzinozvimirira

Kubudirira kwemasangano anozvimirira kunowanzoda kutangwa kuti atarisire misika ichangobva kugadzirwa nesangano reparamende reUK rakagadzira vadzori vakadai seOstem neOstrom. Nenzira yakafanana, kuchinja kwemateruko eIndia kwakabatsirwa nechiremera chakasimba. Kuvapo kwemasangano akadaro kunoderedza ngozi yokutsiva nyika, izvo zvinogona kuvaka kutsigira kugadziridzwa kwematongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwezveupfumi Nokuchinja

Kusakwanisa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kuchinja Kwehurumende Nguva Nenguva

Hurumende dzinorarama nguva pfupi dziri pakati pemhinganidzo dzine simba zvikurusa dzokuchinja. Munyika dzine zvivhoti zvakawanda kana kuti dzisingavimbiki kazhinji kazhinji, nguva inodzorwa navaiti vemitemo inoderera. Hapana hurumende inoda kupedza dzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika pakuchinja kunorwadza uko kungabereka michero bedzi pashure pokunge yawa. Chinetso ichi chakakura zvikuru mumitemo yeparamende nokukamukana kwemasangano makuru, zvakadai seItaly muma 1990 kana kuti Israeri munhau yayo. Zvirongwa zvekuchinja kwamashoko zvinowanzotangwa asi ipapo kudzorwa semibatanidzwa.

Uori uye Kubatwa Nehurumende

Uori hahungotsaudzi bedzi asi hunoparirawo mapoka ane simba ezvisarudzo anoshora kuonana nokukwikwidzana. Mumibatanidzwa ine nzvero nedzikamo zvisina simba — vangava vapurezidhendi kana kuti vaparamende — vatongi vangashandisa kutsiva mabhii. Apo zvivako zvehurumende zvinobvumira vakuru vakuru kufuratira kunzvera kwemitemo (zvichirevo, kupfurikidza nomutemo mumiitiro yapurezidhendi), kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yapasi kunogona kuva motokari nokuda kwokuwana mari pane kuva budiriro. Kuparwa kweRussia Priservatation mu 1990 muenzaniso wenyevedzo: kusavapo kwokutarisirazve kunobudirira kwegadziriro yapamberidzo inotungamirirwa kukudzora kwezvinokosha zveindaneti).

Kusiyana neizvi, gadziriro dzine masangano akasimba anorwisa uori uye kuzvimirira kwokutonga — zvakadai sehurumende yeparamende yeSweden — dzinoumba mhoteredzo umo kukwikwidzana kungangoparira misika yemakwikwi.

Kupa Simba Nokushaikwa Kwepfungwa

Nepo vatambi vazhinji zvikuru vachigona kuvhara chinjo, vashomanene zvikuru vanogona kuita chinjo idzo kushaiwa chikaro chenzanga mumo uye gare gare dzakachinjwa. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi umo boka rimwe rinodzora mapazu ose, kuvakwa kwapamhene kungasava madikanwa, asi chinjo dzingachinjwa apo chishoro pakupedzisira chinowana nzvimbo. Chinjo dzeChile pasi pePinochet dzakatsigirwa zvikurukuru pashure pokudzokera kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi nemhaka bedzi yokuti chishoro chakaiswa pamwe chete kana kuti chinjo dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinoshanda. Zvisinei, munyika dzakawanda, chinjo dzinotangwa nebvumirano duku dzinokurumidza kudzorwa.

Vatambi: Mitongo, Matare, uye Vashandi Pamwe Chete

Nhamba nemhatsa yavatambi vevhato — masangano kana kuti vatambi vane kubvumirana kunodikanwa nokuda kwechinjo yemitemo — vanogona kudzoresa zvikuru. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru anofanira kutaurirana kazhinji kazhinji nesangano rakasiana; mugadziriro dzehurumende, mapoka amarudzi ose anogona kuvhara chinjo dzorudzi; munyika nematare ebumbiro remitemo, kunyoreswa kwenzvimbo kungadenhwa sechiputsiso chekodzero dzezvinhu. Kunyange masangano ebasa namasangano ebhizimisi anogona kuita savatambi apo anosimbiswa nenzira yepamutemo mukugadzirwa kwemitemo, somumuitiro wedare rehurumende reGermany.

Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru wekukakavara kwenzvimbo yezvoutano kukundikana kweUnited States kuita chinjo huru yezvoutano kwamakumi amakore, kunyange zvazvo simba rakafanana richigona kumisa kushatisa.

Kuongorora Vara

New Zealand: Mushonga Wekuchinja weParamende

Mugadziriro yokutanga yeparamende yakare-kare neparamende ine hurumende dzakawanda, New Zealand yakawana chinjo huru yemari pakati pa 1984 na 1993. Hurumende dzeNyika dzakabvisa upfumi, dzakabvisa mari, uye mamiriro endege neraruwe. Kushaikwa kwevatambi vemongi — imba imwe bedzi nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakaneta — dzakabvumira chinjo yokukurumidza. Zvisinei, kuchinjwa kwapashure pemakore kwairatidza kuti simba guru rinogonawo kutungamirirawo kukuva rakashatiswa. Kuchinja kwapanguva ino kwakatanga kugadziridzwa. Kuchinja kwapapo pagebhata kunobva mamiriro ezvinhu echikamu. Kuchinja kwa1996 kwakatanga kuderera kugadziridza kufamba, asi nguva yapakuvamba kunoramba kuri bhuku renhau yokugadziridza nzvimbo yeparamendiro. [FF:]

Chile: Utongi hwechiokomuhomwe, Kudzvinyirira, uye Kutsigira Kuchinja

Chile chiono chenhauro yehurumende chinoratidzira kuti gadziriro yehurumende inotapura sei kuumbwa kwechinjo bedzi asiwo kutsigiswa. junta (1973-1999) yakashandisa simba rayo rakakwana kuparira chinjo huru dzemisika, kubatanidza kuiswa kwechengeteko yenzanga, utano, uye dzidzo. Apo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakadzoka, hurumende itsva yakachengeta kuchinjwa uku kwakawanda nemhaka yokuti yakanga yaita kuti pave nokuchinja kukuru uye bumbiro remitemo raida kuti zvinhu zvive zvakatanhamara pakuchinja kukuru. Garadheni raChena, rakabatanidzwa namasangano makuru echichikamirire, akagovera chigadziko chakasimba chokuchinja kunopfuurira. Bva kuiswa kwesimba mumiitiro yehurumende nemhaka yokuchinja zvinhu, zvakadai sokutengeswa kwemitengo yemitengo yemari pasi pemitengo. [FF]

India: Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaoma Eparamende

Gadziriro yeparamende yehurumende yeIndia inobatanidza mukuru mukuru mukuru akasimba nehurumende dzine simba nemativi akawanda enzvimbo. Kuchinja kwezvemari nenzvimbo kwave kusina kufanira. Musi wa 1991 njodzi yemari yaidzosa yaita kuti hurumende yepakati irambe ichimanikidzira nokuwedzera nemhaka yokuti mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika akaderedzwa kwechinguvana. Asi mafungu echinjo anotevera anowanzovakwa nevavambi vemibatanidzwa, hurumende, uye matare. Somuenzaniso, kudzorwa kwamabhangi ehurumende namakambani einishuwarenzirenzi yave yakavharwazve neyamupidhiya yadzorwazve neyamubatanidzwa yavanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika. Panguva inongodaro, telecom neratetewo yakaitwa nemhaka yokuti masangano ehurumende akaumbwa nehurumende yagara iripo. World Bank’s [FFFFD] inonzvera nyika inowirirana nehurumende.]

Kubatsira Kuchinja Zvinhu Kunoitwa neHurumende

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yehurumende hakusi kungoshandisawo dzidzo chete. Kune revo dzinoshanda kuvachinji, masangano enyika yose, uye varonzesi. Uko mifungo mizhinji, vachinji vangada kuvaka mibatanidzwa mikuru, kushandisa njodzi dzepachimbichimbi kuti vaite mafafitera emukana, kana kuti kugadziridza kuderedza chishoro. Mugadziriro dzine simba guru rokutungamirira, vachinji vanofanira kusimbisa kuonana nokuzvimirira kudzivisa kubatwa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvinotsigirwa.

Kusarudza nzira chaiyo, nhau. Kunyoresa kwapachivande, marongedzero avose, uye mushandi zvinokodzera chimwe nechimwe chazvo mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana. Muparamende ine chirango chakasimba, gadziriro yokuisa mamiriro ezvinhu mumapoka inogona kugadziriswa nokukurumidza. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzine hurumende dzakakamukana, vachinji vangana zvinangwa zvehurumende zviduku, zvisinganyanyi kunzwisiswa mune zvematongerwe enyika kutanga kuvaka ruvimbiko.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yehurumende haisati iri jambwa, asi inobvumira zvakasimba nzira nefambiro mberi yezvinjo nenzvimbo. Gadziriro dzeParamende dzine zvirongwa zvikuru zvinogona kuva injini dzechinjo yokukurumidza, bva zvinogona kuva ngozi yokusangwarira nokuchinja. Masangano aPrezidhendi anogona kupa kutsiga asi jasi. Zvirongwa zvinobvumira kuti kuedza asi kuti kuomesane. Vachinji vanobudirira zvikurusa ndivo avo vanonzwisisa nzvimbo dzavo negadziriro dzounyanzvi dzinoshanda nadzo — kwete zvinorwisana — zvishuvo zvakatangwa negadziriro yehurumende yavo. Kubudirira, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika acharamba aripo, asi kuti anosangana sei nemitemo yenyika. Sezvipfuurira munyika yose kuwirirana nezvinetso zvokuzvirongwa uye kudzorwa kwehurumende, zvidzidzo zvinowirirana nedzidzo yezve mune zvematongerwe enyika. [FT][0]