Nhoroondo Yekodzero Dzavanhu

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights, rakasimbiswa pana December 15, 1791, rinomira serimwe remagwaro anopesvedzera zvikurusa munhau yavanhu.

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatumirwa kunyika nokuda kwetendero muna 1787 - 788, gakava rinotyisa rakamuka pakati paFederalists, uyo akatsigira gadziriro itsva yehurumende, uye vaAnti-Fedalist, avo vakatya kuti hurumende huru yaizotsika rusununguko rwakawanwa muChinjo yeAmerica.nti-Federalist yakataura kuti pasina mutezo wekodzero, hurumende yehurumende pakupedzisira yaizofunga masimba anodzvinyirira, ichiwedzera kudzvinyirira kukuru kwakanga kwaitwa namakoroni akanga arwa kuti atize.

Kokorodzano dzehurumende dzinoverengeka dzinorerutsira, zvikurukuru idzo dzaiva muMassachusetts, Virginia, uye New York, dzakasimbisa tendero yadzo pachipikirwa chokuti chinjo dzaizowedzerwa kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Iyi dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaparira muuyo uviri: Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa, asi nenzwisiso yokuti mutengo wamaruramiro waizotevera.

Mutsvaki Wekodzero Antiererast

VaAntifererarist vakanga vasiri mubatanidzwa mumwe chete asi muunganidzwa wavatungamiriri vakatanhamara kubatanidza Patrick Henry, George Mason, naRichard Henry Lee. Vakabudisa nhevedzano yenhau dzinozivikanwa zvino se Anti-Fedalist Papers, iyo yakanyevera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakapiwa simba rakawanda zvikuru kuna purezidhendi naCongress apo raisiya vagari vemo vasina dziviriro. George Mason, uyo akaramba kusaina Bumbiro remitemo paFiladelphia Convention, akazivisa kuti pasina chibvumirano chekodzero, chinyorwa chakanga chisina kukwana chose chose.

Patrick Henry, mukokorodzano yeVirginia yaikwidza, akapa hurukuro dzechishuvo dzokutaura kuti kusavapo kwedziviriro dzakananga kwaizobvumira hurumende yehurumende kuparadza uchangamire hwehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Pesvedzero yamanzwi iwaya haigoni kunyanyotaurwa; kuomerera kwavo pakugadziriswa kwakagadziridza nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

Virginia Declaration of Rights nedzimwe Pesvedzero

George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights , yakagamuchirwa muna June 1776, yakabatira somutevedzeri mukuru weBill of Rights. Iri gwaro rakadzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rwevatsigiri, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero kukutonga kwakarurama, uye dziviriro pabhegi rebhedha rakanyanyisa nechirango choutsinye. Basa raMason, rakabva muChirungu Bill of Rights ya169, Magna Carta, uye vazivi veKujekesera vakadai saJohn Locke naMontesquieu.

Thomas Jefferson, kunyange zvazvo achibatira somushumiri kuFrance mukati mekurukurirano dzokuparadza, akachengeta tsamba dzakasimba naJames Madison. Jefferson akataura nesimba kuti "rugwaro rwekodzero ndirwo runofanira kurwisana nehurumende iri yose pasi pano. Tsamba dzake dzakabva Paris dzakabetsera Madison kutsigira kugadziriswa apo Dare Rokutanga rakaungana.

Mifananidzo Inokosha Mukusikwa Kwechibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu

  • James Madison: Pakutanga anopanikira kuti mutemo wekodzero wakanga uri madikanwa, Madison akabuda sesimba rinosunda serinotsikirira kugadziriswa. Iye akasarudza nokupfupikisa kugadziridza kunopfuura 200 kwakarongwa kubva kukokorodzano dzinobatanidza hurumende kupinda muCongress gumi nembiri dzakatenderwa nehurumende. Gumi rakatenderwa nehurumende rakava Bhili rekodzero.
  • George Mason: Virginia Declaration of Rights yakagovera hwaro hwouzivi nokuda kwegadziridzo. Mason akaramba kusaina Bumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti rakanga risina gwaro rekodzero, nzvimbo yakabvumikisa kuva yakareruka.
  • [[FOM:0] Thomas Jefferson: kupfurikidza netsamba dzake dzakabva kuFrance, Jefferson akashandisa pesvedzero inokosha paMadison. Kuomerera kwake kuti rusununguko runoda dziviriro dzakajeka kwakabetsera kuumba mativi okupedzisira ezvigadziriso.
  • Roger Sherman: Somutezo weImba yaVamiririri, Sherman akabetsera kukurukura chimiro chokupedzisira chegadziridzo, achitaurira nenzira inobudirira kuti zvinofanira kubatanidzwa kuBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pokubatanidzwa murugwaro.

Kuchinja Gumi Kwacho: Kuongorora Kwakajekeswa

Zvibvumirano izvi zvinotaura nezvekodzero dzakananga uye ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, zvichiumba gadziriro yakatungamirira mutemo weAmerica kwamazana anopfuura maviri amakore.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rushanu

First Amendment inogadza rusununguko runokosha urwo hurumende yeAmerica inotonga: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro.

Zvikamu zviviri zvezvitendero zvinoshanda pamwe chete. Kudzivirira Claus kunodzivisa hurumende kuita rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kufarira rumwe rudzidziso pane rumwe. Free Self Edefice Claus[ inodzivirira kodzero dzavagari vemo dzokushandisa zvitendero zvavo pasina vhiringidzo yehurumende. Magentare akadai se [[FLT:] Engel v. Vital [[FLT:] [1962]], iyo inorambidza munyengetero wehurumende, inopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano yapachena pamusoro poukama hwakafanira pakati porudzidziso nehurumende.

Rusununguko rwokutaura zvichida ndirwo rwakaoma zvikurusa uye rwakakwikwidzwa maruramiro. Dare Gurusa rakakudziridza mutumbi wakapfuma wedzidziso inosianisa pakati pekutaura kwakadzivirirwa (kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mabasa ounyanzvi, kutaura kwokufananidzira) uye mapoka asina kudzivirirwa (kushorwa, kushatisa, mashoko okurwa). Brandenburg v. Ohio[FL:1] chisarudzo chakaitwa pakati pekuedza kwazvino uno kuti kutaura kunogona kuganhurirwa bedzi kana kuchitungamirirwa pachiito chokunyandura chisakarurama chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kuita chiito chakadaro.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Pedzisai Confection inoti: "Aya anosanodzorwa Militia, achiva ari madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Kwaanodokusvika mazana maviri amakore, kugadziriswa kwakadudzirwa zvikurukuru pamusoro pebasa mumasangano akarongwa. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu [Didzo] yeCount [Genesa] yeColumbia [Filet] v. Heller [2008] [2002] uye [[FLT]] McDonald v. Chicago [20]) yakazivisa kuti maruramiro evombo anodzivirira munhu oga kuva nepfumba nokuda kwemadonzo rapamutemo, zvikurukuru mukati mogaro.

Mitemo iyi haisati yapedza kukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mibvunzo ichiri pamusoro pokuva nemitemo yemitemo yemarudzi akati ezvombo, zvinodiwa zvezera, nguva dzokumirira, uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ekare.

Wechitatu: Kubatanidzwa Kwevarwi

Third Amendment inorambidza hurumende kuva necherodzisa vana mudzimba dzavanhu mukati menguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwomuridzi. Nepo isingawanzopiwi mvumo mumatare azvino uno, iyi kurukurirano inokurukura chichemo chakananga chehurumende mumiitiro yeBritain muMabasa Ekirea. Inoratidzira nheyo huru yokuti misha inzvimbo dzavanhu dzakadzivirirwa pavhozhokerwa nehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokusashanda

Chibvumirano cheChina chinodzivirira vagari vemo pa "nzvero isina mufungo nepfari" uye chinosimbisa kuti zvibvumikiso zvinofanira kutsigirwa nezvikonzero zvinobvira ndokurondedzera zvakananga nzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Iyi gadziridzo inoparira kupiwa mhaka kukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi, sezvo matare anofanira kusarudza kana zviito zvokuchengeta mutemo zvichisvitsa mipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinonanga pamichina yakavanzika. Dare reSupreme Court rakatambanudza dziviriro kumashoko orunhare rweserura, GPS kunyorwa, uye rumwe ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa. Mu Riley v. California [2014] (2014, Dare rakataura kuti mapurisa haagoni kunzvera zviri muserura pasina pamutemo, richiziva kuti makombiyuta ane mashoko akawanda emunhu oga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Findremendment inogovera dziviriro dzakawanda nokuda kwavanhu vari mugadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi. Inovimbisa mhaka huru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, inodzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, inodzivirira kusazvirongera, uye inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira womutemo. inopa Clause[[FLT: 1] inodawo hurumende kubhadhara mari bedzi apo inotora nzvimbo yapachivande nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu.

Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa umene zvichida rutivi rwakarovedzeka zvikurusa rweFindrefera, yakataurwa zvakakurumbira munyevero dzeMiranda dzinodikanwa pashure pe Miranda v. Arizona (66). Muitiro wakafanira, panguva ino, wakadudzirwa kubatanidza dziviriro dzose dziri mbiri dzeprocedtural (miitiro yemhepo mumiitiro yemitemo) nedziviriro dzechipapo (kodzero dzehwaro idzo hurumende isingagoni kudzivirira).

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare reSikisi reMitemo rinovimbisa kuti utsotsi hunopomerwa nokukurumidza uye pachena nohunotongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, kodzero yokuziva pomero dzavanopomerwa, kutarisana nezvapupu, kumanikidza chipupuriro munyasha dzavo, uye kuva nezano remitemo. Kodzero yezano rakawedzerwa zvinoshamisa mu Gideon v. Wainright[ [1963], iyo inoda kuti ipe magweta nokuda kwavapomeri vasingagoni kuvaridzi vemhosva.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mumhaka dzavagari vemo umo chitsama chemari mugakava chinopfuura madhora makumi maviri (Z $5 000) Chinogoverawo kuti maidi akasarudzwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi haagoni kuongororwazve kunze kwemitemo yavose. Iyi gadziridzo, imwe yedzisingashandisiwi zvikuru kunyika, inoratidzira chitendero chavavambi chokuti majaji avagari vemo ikokero dzinokosha pasimba redare.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reMitemo rinorambidza bherai rakawandisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango chine utsinye nechisina kufanira. Kurambidzwa kwechirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose kwave kuri chinhu chikuru kugakava pamusoro pechirango chorufu, migariro yetorongo, uye mitongo nokuda kwavapari vemhosva vechiduku. ROURF (2005), Dare rakataura kuti kuuraya vanhu vakanga vari pasi pe18 panguva yemhosva dzavo kunoputsa Kutemwa kweMitemo Yenyika Yechisere.

Mugadziridzi Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzisina Kubviswa

Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakananga muBumbiro reMitemo hakugoni kushandiswa kuramba kuti dzimwe kodzero dzinochengetwa nevanhu dziripo. Iyi gadziridzo yakagadzirirwa kutsiva nharo dzinotaura kuti kuronga dzimwe kodzero kwaizoreva kuti dzimwe kodzero dzose dzakaraswa. Yakataurwa munhau dzine chokuita nokuva voga, maruramiro omuviri, uye dzimwe rusununguko dzinokosha dzisingadudzwi zvakajeka murugwaro.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Simba Rakasara

Masimba egumi eTenst Amendment haana kupiwa hurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira chiono chomuvambi chechiremera chehurumende chakaganhurirwa uye yave iri chinhu chikuru kugakava pamusoro pehurumende munhau yose yeAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Pession yegumith mumiitiro yakadai seNew York v. United States kuganhurira mano eDare rokuraira Hurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Dzidziso Yokusarura: Kushandisa Bhizime Rekodzero Dzevanhu kuUnited States

Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, Bill of Rights yaingoshandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. United States yakanga yakasununguka kutanga marudzidziso apamutemo, kutaura kunoganhurirwa, uye mufambiro pasina maruramiro pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kwakachinja nokugamuchirwa kwedzidziso inowirirana [, iyo yakashandisa Bill of Rights dziviriro zhinjisa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Clause of the Indaclement.

Muitiro wakavamba ne Gitlow v. New York (1925), iyo yakashandisa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzeFirst Amendment kunyika, uye yakawedzera nomunhambo yeDare reWarren yama 1960. Nhasi, inodokuva gadziriro dzose dzeBill of Rights dzakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nenyika, kuumba uriri hufanani hwerudzi rwekodzero dzavanhu.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Rinotsanangura Chitendero Chamaruramiro

Dzimwe nyaya dzinotevera dzinosanganisira:

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): yakatangwa kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, kupa matare simba rokushayisa simba mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza Bill of Rights.
  • [FLT]] Gitlow v. New York (1925): Yakapa rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura kuhurumende kupfurikidza nePrefence Yechigumi namana, ichitanga dzidziso yokubatanidza.
  • [FLT] Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Yakaita mutemo weDurmendement reconstrument kuhurumende, ichida ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kuti ubviswe mukutongwa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): nyika dzinodikanwa kugovera zano kuvakwirirwi vemhosva avo vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta mumhaka dzose dzemhosva.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) yakagadza chinodikanwa chokuti mapurisa azivise maruramiro avo eFirefemedzo yeshanu pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero yokuchengeta.
  • . [[FLT]] yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga pasi peKirenati Amendment, kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho yakatendeutswa mu Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi Voungwer [2022]
  • Ditional of Columbia v. Heller (2008): Akaziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwokuzvipfura muIndement Yechipiri.

Kugamuchirwa Kwekodzero Dzavanhu Kwenguva Ino

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights harisi bhuku renhau asi richiri kuumba upenyu hweAmerica.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Kudzivirirwa kweFramendment yeChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo kunotarisana nedenho dzisina kumboenzana muzera remitemo. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzokunzvera, kuunganidzwa kwamasaini eruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kushandiswa kwoungwaru zvinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pechinoumba "search" uye apo zvibvumikiso zvinodikanwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Carplatent v. United States[FLM] [FLT] [2010]), iyo yaida pamutemo wenzvimbo yenzvimbo yerunhare, inoratidza kuti Dare riri kugadziridza dzidziso yechina yePrejimende kuruzivo rwezvigadzirwa zvazvino uno.

Kutaura Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Mibvunzo pamusoro pemwero uri mukati mehurukuro yavose, kusimbisa mitemo yemitemo, uye basa rechikuva chakavanzika senzvimbo dzokutaurira zvakakamuranisa matare nevanoronga mitemo. Dare Repamusorosoro harisati rasarudza zvizere kuti nheyo dzetsika dzokutanga dzeFirst Amendment dzinoshanda sei kuzvikamu zvemichina.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri muAmerica Yazvino Uno

Gakava rekodzero dzepfuti rinopfuurira kuparira rwisano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika neyapamutemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], iyo yakarova mirau yapachivara yapaNew York, chakavhura denho itsva kuhurumende nemirau yepfuti yomunzvimbomo. Matare epasi ari kupesana nenzira yokushandisa nayo muedzo weBruten, inoda kunzvera kana miraudzo yezvombo ichiwirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Inochinja uye Bhiropo Ramaruramiro

Nharo pamusoro pokusungwa kwavazhinji, kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa, uye kuenzana kwedzinza mugadziriro youtsotsi dzinotonga dzinobatanidza zvakananga Bhishopu Yamaruramiro. Mitemo yeChina, Yechitanhatu, uye Yechisere yose inogovera zvishandiso nokuda kwokuva netsoropodzo yehurumende mukuita kuti mutemo uteererwe nechirango. Vashandisi vemitemo nenyanzvi vanopfuurira kutaura kuti chipikirwa chakazara chedziviriro idzi hachina kuzadzikwa nokuda kwavagari vose vemo.

Kudzidzisa Ganhuriro Yamaruramiro

Kunzwisisa Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu kunokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemunyika achiziva.

  • Kunzvera nhau chaidzoidzo dzeDare Gurusa kunobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda sei kurwisano chaidzoidzo. Zviwanikwa zvinobva kunzvimbo dzakadai se Oyez Project[ zvinogovera zvinhu zvakawanda.
  • Kuedza nokukakavadzana: uye kuenzanisira kwemitemo kunobvumira vadzidzi kuwana zvakananga kusawirirana pakati pekodzero dzinokwikwidzana nefariro dzehurumende.
  • Nheyo yeChidzidzo:[[FLT: 1] Kurava Federal naAnti-Federalist Pepals, pamwe chete nenharo muGungano Rokutanga, zvinobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa mashoko apakuvamba eChinyorwa cheRegion of Rights.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Conventions: yenhau yezvinoitika zvazvino inoratidza vadzidzi kuti Bhizi rekodzero dzavanhu rinoramba richikosha kuupenyu hwavo.
  • Chibvumirano cheKonkmoni: Chinofadza vatongi, magweta, uye vakuru vakuru vanoona kuti kushanda kwekodzero dzinofanira kukurukura kuti Bill of Rights inoumba sei basa ravo inogovera mirangariro inoshanda.

mhedziso

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights igwaro renheyo rinorondedzera zvarinoreva kuva mugari weAmerica.

Mugari wemo ari wose ane mutoro wokunzwisisa Bill of Rights, kwete sechinyorwa chenhau chenhau asi sebumbiro remitemo ripenyu rorusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kodzero dzedu, tinogona kudzidzivirira zviri nani apo dzinotyisidzirwa ndokudzishandisa nenzira ine mutoro muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Bhishopi yekodzero hadzisati dziri kunyoresa amene; inotsamira pavagari vemo vanovimbisa kuti hurumende yavo ichazvidavirira kunheyo dzorusununguko idzo chizvarwa chakagadzwa chinodzorwa muBumbiro reMitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Relard Archives [[FLT: 1] inogovera rugwaro rwakazara nenhau, nepo Constitution Center yeNyika [ inopa kunzvera kwounyanzvi kwekugadziridzwa kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe nenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa dzinozvidudzira.