Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende

Dzidziso yokudzivisa kutemerwa kwehurumende inomira seimwe yemhinganidzo dzinotyisa zvikurusa nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka kuti hurumende dzinozvidavirira nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Yakavakirwa munheyo yomutemo wakare yokuti "mambo anogona kuita chakaipa," iyi dzidziso inodzivirira kutongwa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwavo. Nepo yakarangarirwa pakuvamba sedziviriro mukurwisana netsoropodzo yehurumende, kushandiswa kwayo kwazvino uno kune miuyo inoparira zvikuru nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji vachisiya vanyajambwa vomufambiro wakashata wenyika pasina kubvumira kwavo.

Pamavambo aro, kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende hakuna kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba asi kwakasimbiswa zvakasimba nokuumbwa kwePrefection yeAndeminth yeNyika muna 1795. Chibvumirano chinoti: "Simba roRuramisiro reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusungirira pembedzo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kusatendeseka, rakatanga kana kuti kutongwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States neVagaricatizer of State, kana kuti neVanicaties kana kuti Zvinyorwa zveNyika ipi neipi yeMaruwa. Mumazana maviri amakore, Dare rapamusoro rakawedzera mutauro uyu kuti utsaure nyika yaro vagari vemo vogaro, kutoumba chidziro chepfupi nepfupi chinenge chigaro chetso chedare kana kuti chigaro chehurumende kunze kwokunge chiri chigaro chehurumende.

Nokuda kwavatsigiri verusununguko rwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa mifungo yedziviriro yekodzero yokuzvitonga kunokosha. Dzidziso yacho inotapura zvakananga mano okukwidza masangano ehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende mumitoro yavo yehurumende, uye kunyange vaiti vezvokuvaka vehurumende mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Inoitawo nzvimbo yakaoma umo chiito chimwe chetecho chakaipa chingava chinokwanisa kuitwa mukurwisana nehurumende yomunzvimbomo (isingafariri dziviriro yehurumende imene) asi kwete mukurwisana nehurumende imene. Iyi ganhuriro inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peruramisiro yakaenzana nokuzvidavirira yavatambi vehurumende vane simba.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu yeBumbiro reMitemo

Penjere Regumi Negumi Nerimwe Netsananguro Dzapakuvamba

Chikuchidzira Dare rePremistry rePreminerment chakavapo kubva panhau ye 1793 yeDare Rapamusorosoro yakamutsa nharo. Georgia, umo Dare rairangarira kuti mugari wemo oga aigona kukwidza hurumende mudare rehurumende. Chisarudzo chakanyandura kushatiswa pakati pevatsi vekodzero dzehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwokukurumidza kweDemendement yePremendement kuti ishandurwe. Kwerinodo nezana ramakore, kugadziriswa kwakanzwisiswa zvishoma(hv) kupfuudzirwa kupfuudzo bedzi nehurumende yavagari veimwe nyika kana kuti vatorwa. Zvisinei, [FLT:] muv [FLT].[FLT] [F:3] [18], Dare gurusa reDare rinopfuvura zvikuru, rinonawo kuti vagarikidzirwewo vagari vemo vomutemo muhurumende.

Kurava uku kwakashandura kudzivirira kuzvitonga kubva muruzivo rwehurumende kuva nheyo yakafara yebumbiro remitemo. Dare gare gare rakatambanudzira dziviriro imwe cheteyo kusungirira mudare rehurumende mu Alden v. Maine [1999]), kuchiva namaruwa haagoni kupiwa mhaka mumatare avo vamene pasina kubvumira kwavo, kunyange nokuda kwokupunzwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Pamwe chete, izvi zvisarudzo zvinoparira mhinganidzo inotyisa yokuti vaparatipu vadzori vehurumende vanofanira kufamba zvakanaka.

Kuzvinyima Kwechechi Nemiganhu Yako

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva manyuko makuru maviri esimba rokuzviisa pasi resimba rehurumende redare: Chikamu 5 che 14th Amendment (inoita kuti kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana uye muitiro wakafanira) uye, kusvika kumwero muduku zvikuru, Dare rakaisa miganhu yakaganhurana zvikuru pairi chiremera.

Mu SAUMINOLE REFORN (1996), Dare rakaramba kuti Congress haigoni kushandisa masimba ayo eChommerce Claus kudzorosesesement. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvisa gadziriro huru yeIndian Gamigatation Act uye chiratidzo chokuti Dare raizodzivirira nyika nokungwarira pawirirano yehurumende. Nenzira yakapesana, Dare rakabvumira kudzorwa kwechikamu 5 che 1450, asi apo bedzi mutemo uri "Grosaru uye rekuyera" kumufambiro unoratidzirwa wogadziro wetsika. Kuedza uku kwakashandiswa mu [FFF:].[FKG.KN, Kgengen.[2]

Iyi mirau inoita basa rakamanikana rokudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, musoro VII weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChivil Rights wa1944 (chinozivisa rusaruro rwebasa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi) nenzira inoshanda pamutemo chivhosvo chehurumende nemhaka yokuti chinomanikidzira dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus. Asi mimwe mitemo yehurumende, yakadai sevaAmerica vane urema husingashandisi (AA) sokushandiswa pabasa, yakawanwa pakutanga kupfuura chiremera 5 mu [FLT: 0] Board of Trust of the University of Alabamas V. [FLT] [2001] [2001]. gare gare gare, mu [FL:]] .VTRANSV] V.[FT3] [2004], Tiroti yeChikamu II yedare chedare reAS (AS.)

Chinokosha Chinosiyanisa Changamire weHurumende

Pasinei zvapo noupamhi hwedzidziso yacho, zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvakasanogadzwa zvinogovera nzira dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo kuti vawane rusununguko. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwokuva nyanzvi.

Kuparadzana Vaduku Nezvipfeko Zvinorwisana Nevakuru - vakuru Vehurumende

Chisiviso chinokosha zvikurusa chakabva mumhaka ya 1908 Ex Young. Dare rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vangakwidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende musimba ravo rehurumende nokuda kwokuda kusunungurwa kwekudzorwa kunopfuurira kunoitwa mumutemo wehurumende. Nhema dzepamutemo ndeyokuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita nenzira isina pamutemo anobviswa dziviriro yehurumende nemhaka yokuti hurumende haigoni kubvumira mufambiro usiri wapamutemo. Uku kubvumira matare kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti varege kuputsa mitemo yehurumende, kusunungura vasungwa kunzi vasapamutemo, kana kuti vadzorerezve migove inorambwa mukutyorwa kwomutemo wehurumende.

Expace Young iji rapashure rekodzero dzakawanda dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti wehurumende weID anogona kukwidza munyori wedare rehurumende kuti apedze mutemo wokudzikamisa. Nenzira yakafanana, musungwa anodzorwa noutsinye nechirango chechienzi anogona kukwidza murindi wetorongo nokuda kwokusunungurwa. Zvisinei, musiyani haabvumiri kukumbira kuvadziko inorwisana nehurumende yeyamuro kana kuti yeyamuro. Kuwana chirango, mabhiringi anofanira kuwana kuti hurumende yakashairira kana kuti kuti Congressson yakaita zvakanaka.

Nyika Inopisa

Mitezo ingaparadza nokuzvidira kuzvidzivirira kwayo kunoitwa nehurumende uye kubvuma kuwirirana. VaWaiver vanogona kuratidzira `sokupfurikidza nomutemo wehurumende unoparira muitiro wokuzviwanira(som) kana kuti unoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvakati, zvakadai sokubvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende. Nyika zhinji dzakaita zvirevo zvetort izvo zvinobvumira kukwirira kuganhurirwa kwaganhurirwa mumasangano ehurumende, asi izvi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinoparira kuvadziko pfupi, uye zvinoda kuwirirana zvakasimba nemirairo yeziviso. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzechipukanana vanofanira kunzvera mitemo chaiyo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende muhurumende umo vanoda kukwidza kukwidza.

Kunobvirawo kuti nyika iparadze kudzivirira utachiona kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende kana mutemo wokupa mari uchibvumira zvakajeka migariro inogamuchirwa pawirirano. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaisa murairo "kutemwa kwakajeka": Dare rinofanira kuratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yaro yokuita kuti mari yehurumende ive inodzivisa kudzivirirwa. Mutauro unoreverwa mari inobvumira kupiwa mutezo unobvumira kukwirirwa ne "munhu upi noupi" wemari yehurumende ingasakwaniswa kubaya nhovo yenyika.

Shoo Pasi Pechikamu cha1998

42 U.S.C. 76 ndiyo mugwagwa mukuru wokureverera pamutemo wehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende. Nepo 76 1983 ichibvumidza sutu mukurwisana na "peperson" ichishanda muruvara rwomutemo wehurumende, Dare rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti masangano ehurumende haasi "masangano" murevo yomutemo. Ikoku kunoreva mutevedzeri wemitemo haagoni kukwidziridza hurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko pasi pe 76 1983. Zvisinei, vakuru vehurumende vamwe navamwe vanogona kukwidzwa mumipimo yavo yomunhu oga nokuda kwezvirango, chero bedzi vasina maruramiro okuzvidzivirira. Mukuwedzera, mabhirimende (masangano ehurumende) anorangarirwa "voruzhinji" uye angasarangarirwa pasi pa 1983 nekodzero dzavagari vemo nemhaka yokushatswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Nokuda kwavatsigiri verusununguko rwavagari vemo, uyu musiano unosimbisa ukoshi hwokusanoziva mukwiridziridziri wakafanira. Kuisa mukuru mukuru wehurumende musimba ravo romunhu oga kunodzivisa dziviriro yesimba rinodzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo asi kunosimudzira dziviriro yokudzivisa kukwaniriswa, iyo inodzivirira vakuru vakuru panjodzi kutoti vaputse kupfurikidza nokutyora mutemo "wakagadzwa zvakajeka". Mubatanidzwa wokudzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo neinokwaniriswa zvinoparira bhingamuviri rinoda kuiswa pamavambo enhau ipi neipi.

Kunetsa Kwokusunungurwa Kwehurumende

Matambudziko Munzvimbo Dzakajeka

Kusvika kwechigadziko chapamutemo chinodzivisa kukuvadzwa kunodokuva nzvimbo iri yose yerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mu zviitiko zvetsika dzisina kufanira, nyajambwa anorohwa namauto angasundira vakuru vakuru vehurumende somunhu oga asi haagoni kuisa mhaka mapurisa nokuda kwekuvadziko kutoti kana hurumende yatapurwa nedziviriro. Mu [[FLT:] kodzero [FLT] [[FLT:]], Kudzora kwe8] kunotaura pamusoro pebato remitemo yeruramisi yezvo yezvokurapa kusingadzorwi neyakakwana; ruyamuro runofanira kutsvakwa kupfurikidza navashandi vamwe navamwe. Nomutooka [FFFF:]

Vatsigiri vekodzero dzinorasika vakatarisana nezvinetso zvakati. Pashure pe Bhejard of Trusee . Garrett, vashandirwi vehurumende vakanga vasingatapurwi zvikuru neshati dzebasa, vachisiya vashandi vane urema vachivimba nemishonga yehurumende kana kuti mano omunhu oga anorwisana navatarisiri. Nepo bviro yeyamuro yemazambiringa pasi pe Ex - Young inosara, kusavapo kwemishonga yekuvadziko kunogona kutonhora ndokuderedza sundo yezvo kubatira pamutemo.

Munzvimbo ye maruramiro , kurwisa maruramiro ehurumende kunoitwa basa mukuisa mitemo inoyera, mitemo yeID, uye kubviswa kwemivhoti. Dare rekodzero dzavanhu ra1965 rakadudzirwa kuva repamutemo wehurumende inodzivirira paPhondo 5 yeGaramende re145, nokudaro nyika dzinganzi dzinonzi dzitongerwa kuputsa mutemo iwoyo. Asi basa rezvisarudzo zvokuvhota rinoreva kuti mimwe mitemo yokuvhotera ingasagovera nzira imwe cheteyo.

Mikana Yavanowana Nokupa Mirayiridzo Yakanaka

Pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo idzi, vatsigiri vakakudziridza zvirongwa zvinobudirira. Mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa ndewokubatanidza kutaura nokuda kwenyaradzo inodzorwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende pasi pa Ex padice Young nechikumbiro chekuvadziko mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru musimba ravo vamene. Ikoku kunobvumira mutevedzeri kumisa kupunzwa kunopfuurira apo anenge akabatawo mutambi ane mutoro wemari. Imwe nzira ndeyokuunza kutaura kunorwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo (maruwa, mapurasitemu, mabhodhi echikoro), panzvimbo penyika dzimene, sezvo masangano omunzvimbomo asingafarikanyi kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo.

Kupomera mhaka kwekirasi kazhinji kazhinji kunotsvaka nyaradzo inorerutsira nokusadzora kudenha kuputswa kwegadziriro, zvakadai semigariro isina pamutemo mumajeri ehurumende kana kuti kutarisirwa kwoudzvinyiriri kwebetsero dzavose. Nemhaka yokuti nyaradzo yakadaro iri kutarira mberi, inowira chose chose mukati [ Exte Young uye inogona kutungamirira ku chinjo huru kunyange apo zvisaririra zvemari zvinowanikwa.

Mukuwedzera, matare ehurumende angava anogamuchira zvikuru kutaura kwakati kupfuura matare ehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakaramba dziviriro yapamutemo yamapoka akati ekodzero dzavagari vemo, kana kuti dzakadudzira mabumbiro emitemo avo vamene kuti agovere dziviriro dzakafara zvikuru kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Vatsigiri havafaniri kufuratira bviro yokuzvidzora mudare rehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende, uko nzvimbo inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu inogona kuva yakanaka zvikuru.

Kuedza Kutonga uye Kuedza Kuchinja Changamire Kubatana

Masangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo akasunda kwenguva refu kuti chinjo dzemitemo dziganhurire mwero wokudzivisa dziviriro yehurumende. Masangano anobatanidza:

  • Mutemo weFederal unoratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yeCongress kudzivirira utachiona muChikamu 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo ye14. Somuenzaniso, Ecumetic Accounting Option Commission yakatsigira nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo kubatanidza mutauro wakajeka wokuputsa.
  • Kuziva mari inopiwa pabvumirano yehurumende. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa nenzira inobudirira munharaunda dzakadai seMedicaid uye zvokufambisa, asi Dare Gurusa re "mashoko akajeka" mutemo unokuita kuti kuve nyore kudenha kana mugariro wacho usina kunyorwa mumashoko akajeka zvikurusa.
  • Kuchinja kwetsika yeruwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakazvidira kuganhurira dziviriro yadzo kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo. Somuenzaniso, Tort Act yeCalifornia Exticess inobvumira sututi dzakafara pakurwisana namasangano avose, nepo Dare reNew York reMazita rinogovera nzvimbo nokuda kwezvirevo zvakati zvinopesana nehurumende.

Parutivi rwekupesana, vatsigiri vanopfuurira kuedza miganhu yezvisingachinji zviripo. Mhaka dzeDare Rapamusoro-soro Renguva pfupi yazvino uno dzakadai se Allen v. Cooper [20]), iyo yairangarira kuti Kompyuta Remedificiation Clarification Act haina kuva nekodzero yehurumende yekodzero yehurumende yokudzivisa kunyorwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu panhau dzinodzorwa, inoratidzira kupfuurira kwedare kurwisana novumbiso. Bva chisarudzo chimwe chetecho chakasimbiswazve kuti masangano haasati ari masuturo eyamuro yeyamuro yeyamuro inorwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru vemifananidzo navagadziri vane zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa pasina bvumidzo dzapamutemo.

Kudzikamisa Uchangamire Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Nharo Dziri Kungoramba Dzichienderera

Kusawirirana pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu kungasagadziriswa nguva ipi neipi.Vatsigiri vokudzivirirwa kwehurumende kukurusa vanotaura kuti kunochengetedza chiremera chehurumende, kunodzivirira pfuma yehurumende, uye kunoremekedza gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende. Vanonyevera kuti kukwirira kusina muganhu kwaizofumura hurumende kuti dzikuvadze uye dzidzore mabasa adzo okutonga.

Vatsoropodzi vanopindura kuti nhoo dzokuzvidzivirira pahosha dzinobva pakuzvidavirira nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama uye dzinoparira gadziriro yeruramisiro isina kuenzana umo mukwirirwi ane simba zvikurusa(jeri) (jere) rinowanzova risingatongopiwi mhaka. Vanonongedzera kumienzaniso yenhau yehurumende dzinoshandisa kudzivirira kukuvadziko yenzanga kuti vadzivise kuva nemhaka yokusarurana, utsinye hwamapurisa, uye utongi hwehurumende. Dzidziso yacho, vanoramba kudaro, idikandwa yeropafadzo yehurumende iyo isina nzvimbo muhurumende yazvino uno inosarudzwa nomutemo.

Bvunzurudzo inopa ngwariro inowanzosimbisa kusawirirana pakati pekodzero dzakakura dzakadzivirirwa neBumbiro remitemo nemishonga mitete inowanika mukurwisana nenyika. Seizvo Purofesa Erwin Chemerinsky akanyora, kuti, “Zvipikirwa zvakaisvonaka zvikurusa zveBumbiro reMitemo zvinoreva zvishomanene kana zvisingagoni kudzorwa mukurwisana nehurumende inodziputsa." uyu murangariro unonzwika nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo dzinoona kudzivirirwa kwoutongi sounyanzvi hunosekesa ufakazi hwebumbiro remitemo.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavarevereri Vamanyoro Maduku

Nokuda kwaavo vanoshanda murusununguko rwavagari vemo, zivo inoshanda yokudzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwapamutemo haisati iri yokusarudza(* idikanwo nokuda kwokuronga mhaka inobudirira. Hezvino zvitsama zvinoverengeka zvinoshanda:

  1. Nguva dzose ziva mukwiridziri wakafanira. Gadzisa kana muiti wechakaipa ari sangano rehurumende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, kana kuti munhu mumwe. Uku kunzvera kuchatema kana kudzivirira dziviriro kwapamutemo kuchishanda uye zvimiroi zveyamuro zvinowanika.
  2. Tsvakai zororo rapanguva ipi neipi inobvira. [[FLT]] Kubva kwapakarepo kunobvumira mishonga inonangidzira mberi. Kunyange kana kuvadziko yemari iri nharidzano yokupedzisira, murayiro unogona kumisa kuvadziko inopfuurira ndokuparira dzvinyiriro yokugadzikisa.
  3. Kunzvera mitemo yemitemo. Nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo inobvumidza kukwidza mhaka mumigariro yakati. Iyoyi inowanzoda kuneta kwehurumende, miganhu mipfupi yokunyora, uye ziviso chaiyo. Kushaiwa ganhuriro yeziviso kunogona kuva inouraya kunhau yacho.
  4. Rangarira dare rehurumende nomutemo wehurumende. matare eHurumende angadudzira mabumbiro emitemo awo amene kugovera mishonga iyo matare ehurumende asingagoni. Dzimwe nyika dzakaparadzawo dziviriro yezvitakuri zvetort namatomutemestone, kugovera mushonga wekuvadziko uyo mutemo womubatanidzwa usingagoni.
  5. Chengeta zviitiko zveDare Rapamusorosoro. Mutemo wekudzivisa dziviriro yesimba rinochinja neshoko rimwe nerimwe. Vatsigiri vanofanira kuongorora nhau pamusoro poukuru hwokukweva, Kuregiwa kweYoung kusiiwa, uye batano pakati pemitemo nemubatanidzwa.
  6. Akabatana namasangano enyika. Mapoka akafanana ne American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) uye GEPAL Defense & Education Fund nhau dzinodzora dzedziviriro yezvisakiso zvedziviriro uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinogovera tsigiro yeaibhuro.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira Hurumende kusatapurwa kwemitemo hakungoviwo zvayo chinhu chaichoicho chomutemo webumbiro-mitemo. Chinoumba chisarudzo chiri chose pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo, icho chinopomerwa zita, uye mishonga yokutsvaka. Nepo dzidziso yacho ichipa denho huru, kusaruramisira uye gadziriro dzakarongwa pamusoro apa zvinoratidzira kuti ruramisiro ichiri isingadzoreki. Kurwira kuzvidavirira kwakaoma apo mukwirirwi ari nyika, asi haisati iri nzira isingabviri. Sezvo matare anopfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yedziviriro, uye sezvo vatongi vanorangarira kugadziridza, dzikamo pakati penhau dzapamutemo nerusununguko zvicharamba zviripo. Vatsigiriri vanonzwisisa dzidziso vanogona kudzora kugadziridza uye kudzivirira kodzero dzayo dzinodzivirirwa neBumbiro reMiteo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve: Rugwaro rweDemendi rePramende ye11 runowanika kubva ku .gov Constitution Anementivement. Kusanonzvera kwenhau nemamiriro ezvisakiso zvazvino uno ezvisakiso zvehurumende zvinogona kuwanikwa mu [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute’s Wex [[FLT:]] pawirirano youdzori. Zvisaru rwazvino unosarudzoro zvedare rapamberi-pamusoro se [[FLT:] All] ALTUS [FFF:]